CONTAINERISATION, UNITISATION AND INTERMODALISM

8/19/2019 CONTAINERISATION, UNITISATION AND INTERMODALISM

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Chapter 5

CONTAIERISTIO, UNITISTIO DTERMOALIS

5.1 INTRODUCON

oday e gatr pa of a lne cargo s handld n cotane t t as 165 irst l conar svcs, eat by pupos bt hps conc e method o opeaton replaced cao hadig ysts at had a ome 300 year preioy.

5.11 Growh in Wold Tae

ee wee nmber o pree tha led to e rsach r es a eternatna oveen o geera carg Ce aog these a th daa wrd ae the yes owng the Secon Wor a (99 -94). T ta the reult of a nber of factos.

choogica dvelope: Te war had ee gea advacs i aproion anactrng a ivaon esecaly n te o eca a eegierng h o sopstcated cnu good becoig mc a tem.

Conue epctatos I th ua devepe ntries pa o ·a as exected to great poveents i livg tandard and ags

pence e ay ey depdt contie had hgh apaio o e

n saa thr peo ad o th deeopnt o the insNewly eveopg couts ey wer ang advantage o te rod da ad a ceape aur fre to ceate or sregthen te anuatung a nstraae.

T was begng o wat late was o co t k as the goaa wdrae.

Vss Opating Coss a Assocad Ecoomc Facs

he se o breakk argo vesss ad he aocat p n ro a econoiciplcatons tat went eyd te deay to he ves and the se o a ar ao oce

athogh thee er vey poat. ee ad the flowng 'lab factos t apy wheconventiona ese ae ued oday.

Slow port tun creates severa economic costs

Te vesse ot arng a ip eas whe it cayng cao o pac to anthand o me s s proct A vsse an expsv asset o sand i

e erth is e ised; t pot is makn te et s t aet n argos log acros it quay uicy. ubstatia trait she space s eeded oandin o ad oad/a vehices ceates nlan ongstion ad poo tlati oveces


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CONTAIElS, J: D fRMLM

e lfn equpet was sle, ontane could e moe om one 'moe o tanoo anote wt ese.

I a extree case e ety ontne o be fied (sed) at he epoer pemesn moved om ere by trck o a al eial Then t woud e aen by tra o e oadgot en by strade rre o te dockse head to e sip. A eeer shp pepswo take o ranpment pot to e oae on e ocean ce

On arrva e hrgig por e woe poede old hppen in evese o eoetcyne seae oes o nspo o be se o a sgle osgmen

Wn tweny years ome of oaeriston was ode nto evey jo ine rotend wit y years the cotaerao of wor ine rades ws ompleted

ECONOMY OF SCAL

As leady onidee e arge te i e more argo be ced o valy theme be o cew n te moved podtivty o e otve powe e ene o asp o 0000 ones s o 4 mes te powe o p o 10000 onnes o gve e amepeed lg uch gree powe s neede to heve ige sees

Econome of sae stem ro he oved ao of ecosed pae to e dmeson o tesee hul ose e olow coarisons:

Bek-b oaner ps

1960 70 200 00

L m 3 3 DCC 6000 29000 2,000 120000U - 1500 000 0000HP 8000 H 0000 SP 7000 S

Speed nots 9 2 5

WORD CONTAIN GOWTH

e oowing abe ad r ows e owh o te otal e of conaners n sevceat ve yea es sice 1970

Ye 90 9 9 9 1990 99 00 00 est

000 0 82 4000 4500 9250 1480 18000

20000

17 95 180 0 000

Y ear


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-· :'" l LC I , ,

U xa L T -v f l s e m 19 b I o er g a , r k H p .

5.7 CONTAIER DMS

5.71 The ISO tandr Coi

W O e e

S () q a . s" t a

h o 8 e 2 4 . ' 0 n u a 0 w 3 .

6 i o 7

a

·

b c o d e h y c su h c i

a 5 A a i E a s. w + s e u Jt e N n Dg ued o p d .

C C , 3 0 o. m

o y p w g o

8 YP F

u . z/ h n g u l i :

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CONTAIERS, u�.'r ·: -;c•_ s

) Standar ' van' General Pupose (GP) Containes. 0 or x 8 6"Usuay seel oo u some ae a o GR oae oo ed oly IO e 22 a .

Hgh Cbe Containers coars wch ae 9 ig te ae f gbu buly comodtes. Coe 45G

Blk oaine sally 2 te cariag o y lk age, eg edbaey h be ade The oae may av hace te oo f ooa ay av a nn g say ad o plc S Code B

v Oen-o Containes o heavy bky o ovr heght argo oth a ey ca e loaed by cane m aove o tog doors emoa heade a d he ae ped ith a tapauln it ove So oen top uts a aoveae see roo - Hadop conaines SO Code 1 ad 4.


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v) Half-height 20' open to coaine. Used heavy ago were he deadwegreqes med cubi cpaciy (ow oage ato Tey an be sowed wo igi e se spe s sndrd eght coe

vi Parms o wkwrdly sped d/ heavy be-l cago ' d 40 ens he o sides to, jst a ase wt sig os and lg ugs IS o29 ad 49P

Fa Racks are pats w ends w eae e ts o be sked on op ec oe te sae way s G it ese ens ay be oasble o eabte uits to loked gee eae et e e. O ode P3 42P3 d ote odes speca yes.

i Vnad Conans codtes s as cofee ad coco bes s0 O Code V

ix Tank Cnn fo b ds 20hese ae usualy e m o a ova asppoed a seea ecgu fe IO Code 22 hee ae ote odf pesse ested it k one ca aso be eaed o e arriag cei id argoe t need to e e fld sae o uoadg e

.

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CoN.\IEilSP,TO LA D RM:U

) Refrigratd (Rr) coas. 20' and 40 e a quppd wt aereatn whi s pggd no a ectrca supply on t s o thtal, soe hav her ow di geerat set Tose wt th ow ntgaeraig achny a fly vrail ad a ove ay dac by ad o aatr he ea asag Ty ae, owv m oe o o onsu

ee are ao h ub e ota.

ISO od R1 ad w or ode o varat nt

xi Insul Connr 0 ad Anoer ty o e oae as o igarfgeating t as t es o cold r b low rough oroes te edof e coain om a ctra od ar ductd ytm th vs Som nuatedconanes a js a, atd to dc perature vaato but wthosf ao s tye o oatio s icasgy obot

S Cod H ad 4

5.9 OTHER 'CONAIR XPRESSONS

a tc like os o ads as ao wo mag is a iaroy o o voved i te day-today nig of te busss

May of th abbrvatos ave aray od ad LC F and EU a teost we ow

o ot xsos a pcuiar to cotaie use suc a:


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On amer ( J

Thi l w d t y a I e ·


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CONTAIERS, U \f ·.:s r�-'1

Hv, j e w LC a ' ( ) B a · dn.

'Box Rate

T FAK m g

FAK (righ l nds)

h k w i o x a l b f e i ;i a.

5.10 CONIER VT

n qa o e o

u z / a m .

5.10 Inveto Crl

i e o irs p O lw w d y i i e frg .

W t t ob a e

o

I a us o c i o

G e i i n e s te e

E p c s w oe e O s n o h ors pl p i o y

u Lc

o a r w


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weer n prac ce eac ra e rote w ere a nu e o ps a eac p mawe be eed a umbe of nand ocaton wih coaie depot Mo peraoswil hae oe a e ae oute wi he ager peas ag a whoe newko tercnecting eces. As e me o ocaios seved a e eceinrute ieae o oe he cmpexy o acevg the s cost efectve sto o ecotaner sup prbe

Oen, deret oaer Opear ee petion w eac he, wl ave aecage aageent tat ca ne ca e the the' coaer (wth apopaiacal aragee) ae a eac peaor nc empy oeet ss

Thee s a agent a oeal costs cod e educed i ee wa a wo-we po

coaers p wc ay opeao cou daw as equie ig he cost of pisiad reducg e umer o ecessay baace oe. he aes wod eed e u t a taa secat wihou te crs o mas owerhp a iupeatr s s ow as e Geybox ccept

Agaist sch a gloa onep ae e poes werip o the coae a whwod eue te eal ece aageme of te wwde upy Conane eacopaes wud ague ha they ch a e e aet pae

Determing he Fle Sz

A mle apoac to deemg e uer cotae ere peae a aruservce is to cder ta at ay me eac ip wll equre a se f cntaie to t ea esiae is needed of how ma addtoa se are eue o ad at any oe me

aw f the me tae upack caes ae dcage ad the me eue to pacotaie and tansp he o e po bee te aa o a vese

However thi appoac deped on usg a patca s sceue paten to eastea ewee ca at a paica o ad prbay some compex mde deemne e popn of caes wch ca be oaded ac te ex cal, te eb one ec Diuo pater f he uers o aies eac po cal will a a w m w h n n ype

An aernatve appoach palaly sed o he cno and mig a ade wic Jaeady eg opeaed s o coser he plem wo pas; te demad cntaa the caer vecy

he dead coaies i aessed fecasg e volue of busiess to e oeve a gie perid ay one yer Sh an aesmen shod in any case e ceal to cpay ar plang Were a evce cove a ume o cuntes he assessenw a leat have o be be dw no he type cntane reuie

I wi al e eceay t deemng e dna decon e ade sic it w ehe lume n ts ireco whc will deee he nmbe o cnaes reqed

he cotane eoity urrd te is a mease o e ie aes a nae eade to peo a opete rcu Fo examle in he rade fm UK o Hg Kog woud e e nme of day fom beg ade e UK o comee a p o og K

t e aded wih ren cago, be dschage K ad t e reay or commesecod i.

hs ca omay e ease saay y ecodng e aveage umbe o days s e vau eees o he joey:

• e expo ad n U

sea U og g

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CONT�1rnSJ,O UN·IN A.D iERMl

• ue mo oad n ong Kong

• emy avaiae og Kong

• uner ex ad n Hong Kg

• at sea Hog Kong-K

• une imp load n UK

• epy avaae UKWie e emp avaale mes can e educed by hoding a sale sock coaes te tmes wl be eered b e aen o te sevce ad te geogapal a oopeatng feaues o e core n whch e ctaes ae de ad

Wee e mvemes all cnaines ae beng recored a cmpte e e esf ese as acves w be easy eraced he te a ee sea e sas UKog Kog gh e o te orde days

Wh a tme o 1 days a cnaer wd ae 3.65 oud tis e ea. Cots data wh te er of cane mves o e mae in te an de ayear is pose to cacae e eoecal nube of canes eqed. Sa ce

0000 oves pe yea, wi cnaes dog aeage 3 nd tis pe e ureie

1 divie b 3 = 274 cotainers

Ths does ese a eately ssc pcure as hee wll e ote faco o nsde exampe:

i bin n r y, r hr n cnser

wat ee does te cacuai eed be vaed t aow or ey maaeoves o a up areas o sup ad emad?

• wa s e eec o eendg he cacula to a nber ee caepes

• o wa ee sd an aowace e ade f 'aey o o ensre aere ae alwas caes avaabe o meet csme dema and o ea wuecas inceases usness?

5.102 Ownig Versu Leas

avg deemne e me o oaners eede ee s e ce o pog em yng em o a seciast manufacre o easg hem om oe o e man cmpaneswse sness s ow contanes t hire em oeatos

e ets of ownng vesus easg conainers ae not sstanay ee om ose o

ohe capal asses bu ae se u n e beow

3 Ownn

Advantges• Tis sho ove ceae n he og un as i avo e eee o cos whc ays

e easng cmpays os

contaers can e o e Oeraos esg ad he eao w as be abe ocn te maenace a ea seccao

• e ear wll ave te coaes hs cous/oo wc creases awaness he opay


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Co�r,\INiR1$AO UTS• D EM/LM

Howeve thi pesoses that e Oeaor a a suciet uber o the conaner othe pacuar easng copa at the urp ocato Th wll no poe a pble f teOeao's feet obae 10% o e ame eag coay Howeve , a moekey he ee s paally owne aaly eaed ad/or he eaed coaes ae obtanedro sevea eag coae he Opeao ust conie f e a uabe conaie oeec he o of.

Oerwse the osequece co be tha te pick-p o oanes at the efc ocato wi

ae pace bt o baacg droof wh a coeuent cease n ovea cost

Were e surplseft aea are at ee as o te word here wl ao ee to beace avaae o e p o move e ept conaie.

he Opeator us ece how a i advance o a epty coae poso euthe n avace te moe ucetan are he eman orecas; empy contane codbe ove o mee a deman whic oe ot aterae. oweve hee ms be ea toavo a stock deict, a ead me o up o two mohs a be euie (alowig o oor te sea tansit bt o na oveet ad tme orgag e ecesar ace ona ship)

erefoe whe ovea pas shoul be ae as ar ard a eabe ey cotaeold no e oe u the a oibe oe wh reaso cae a alteae,lowe co, solo develops a te operatoa tao changes.

An aeave paicar f a Oeao w a mal ake sae ade i acte oeek buses tat w rece te umbe o uofable e epy contaner moes

If e perao has a pemanen ep urplus a parcula por he may cooe o ecth r b h p d pu n di h hoage o coaner Nata ver goo tea cool yses ae eede e eoof e copan ae tea ae gog to be geae o secung ues whch w eeoveal co aical as he ation can cange apiy

his ago selecvt poc canot be puse o eas by an Opeato wo a membeo a s coerence o cono w a obgao to cove he oveal reuremeso the trae

However a he wa o ece baace co s to oo or o cae aria cobunes o fl epty coae te a regula ovee o ep conaes o PoA o o B t ca be age hat a the coane w ave to move away ay reveue bee tha og heeoe exteey ow reight rae ca be oeed o ecoagecomode o ove a oese woul not be ppe a al o o conaner becauseo ter ow value

h a vai eto o edcng cosnceag pof, but oes have agers feae e sp o cotae a o A de up becae o a chae the geera

balace o ade a the Opeaor ha a commtme to ca he1

maginal cargo e maywe o o a a os because o the cost o uppy adional coae

Tracking the Coainer Flee

t e cea ha he above ethos o ool a maageet of the feet wll otwor es e eao a aa a aate a o-date pcure of s toc ptccong to te ere contae type a a hs ocao

he coane sock epeets a very ubsantial aset o he copany o i poaa eac dvua coaier s tace o ere tha ot o o ue ebeaey o

· cceta b anothe eato


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5.1

2

CONT-ERISA, Ut D TEM/L

ntae 'paed a i y ear eta pla o wc is c thir sa stcarry capac kos n t da e a e inspeci accrdance w e1972 Cven o af Coas ( cvt)

Missng Contaners

Shou a coai o v s atus eed r me csdeable time, checks re caedut ad the et o eot at t at nwn lcain he containr ask o veiy atu Soud th not b psl, e eiter te coine hs bn toe o moved o

wio ifco f t late e cas i may e necesay to s a p andinan gent t ceck e ig box - o ey t

Dme Rep

The cst piig daged ots i assse gs ti cptl vlu eg nm tht y e sy depet ov 5 ye If t epr to o than evu o te ox y e log v ts ay ded on t vialty ostte ep.

sce cov wi meet ccd dmae pai bt th cos of dmae cused y pais hs to eovee whic o aways easy e pcpal problem s povig

a whic pon g rap movm he daae caly occred ad eideig e py ct eon. Eve i the ercange docmts ve eenpopey copted otig a vee s vy difct

We e pte onanes de Ms ragem i quite commo aag o e len cmpy tak eby damag coae th inepayg a addita pemm n e caer he is is a Damage Poction Polcy(D).

3 Cotne Lo

h iece los of coane genery s i rc ivese prpr t t icncy fte co sysem opg. I the s cass he os very smal a epset a sml

co o the ca cost.

Coaies a ve e we d casnay appa ain ca cdkeepg ic

4 The Aent' Role n Cont ono

e sze o te Agnts to a t troghpt wl deemine th copexiy of tectai cotro sy eede Ms les wi eqr h Aget t ainti diret lk tohe is cpuer system.

atever e system no cmpu c d h wr o eig appyn an ntelintite cpd with cuity ch stge f ctains mvnt ac cang f

stat a Equpme Interhae Reep ER} ul be sgd. Ver oe hs dyas to b degaed o ck drver a ome ar mor cscietio h er

· 5.12 FCLs LCLs AND ICs

2 Fu Cone od

h xpeo FCL Cnane Ld eas mre n pl saem tt teconai s n fct may y b patilly fld t stially mes tht te shippr asasmed th eposiy pacig t gods o h cnanr hn clsi drs adaig a sal xcpt t pssiy the Cust athritis wsig t ispect thconent whc ae ty eseal te cote wi r w s FL eaces ecnsiee js t lt e Shippers pses


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1 1 ,u : ' m b x A ( p h ) j r g

T l S e k f e a o o v ap

I o m FC L c r od i

n o o O . t ea w l oc

5.1 2 Quay-to r D

W h M - s

o, s B t u n, u U o o s

contr u / e H e y e s. of

e g

sa

q e e r s e w . s a

o q -

di y

3 Les hn f I Ci d ( )

e a ;

98


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C servce of e own we hers pee to encoage csae saro

Te ocere s ams the same e a eence s a f he ie i eg e acty, te Spe ges te Line's bl f ang wheeas a NVOC is ng ter Hose l o ang

May frwarder se emseles u a VCs ao cae VCCs - N esse ea(Commn or Conae) Carrer. As suc hey acce e same ab as a a isse a caes Bl o aig. Sch ls of aig ae say accepted e eCed accance wh e ban U P PG [e Capte See a 12] as ag te se se as es f Lag.

e se o CL cargo w peset s gos to a esigae e CF e smpl eceip

Becaue e ada ag a te c at tere w be al sors an se n an C cae e e wil have t use moe substaa pacagg g e case wt C. ee experece has sow tat e pacagng o C a

be less an wo have be sed cago beg oae dect no a u o

e labiy LCL cago s vuay te same as for breabuk Jag e cosolang oare/VOCC caes espnsty r eac pace appate ae r agueisby rules a a iscagg por as take e o e contane ta ey may be ivay haned ve o e resece sge

nce aga hee are aaos n e tee t s by meas usa ae consgmes A yca case wou e a caco cstcg someig destatio. Compnes may e aw fro seeal sctracors he ecounty u o coe al go he sae Cnsee Wh CC te Le beas e seaby as LCLLC becase the swg o e cago he coae was

cayng e or is sbconrao e aa Sppe.

moements are me rae; e Sper wises to spy me a oe sge suc a case e Siper s essbe r stg e coane a dee e wen e cnae is opeed a e scargg o, ere are nt e eac quaies eac te ifere consgees

ICDS

he esiga l actay peates conanesa a aexse me adoke coures me cago er he Cstms sea o g

por e lan bde wee wd be ceared fr mporato. e sse adope by he K a e begng o e cner eouto

nle many cries te has a ery arge nmber o os a sry has ee gw u aron he. e ea wi a cae sece s se oy e couy. accommoae Spes eote rom e cotaine pos he es aag seres depos clse o the taoa s so ha mercats coud coue deer coeced ter cago n a ama aea ese epots ha Csms satus ee mecas cnine t ae her Cstoms eries ocay ICs adled boh C C carg Sbseeny he ICD ccept has been widely aoped oer c

Regetaby he expessn CD is en adope o ay epo sed to assebe cag een og e gna name mpes tat s ad a as a Cs

aeance clea e cag.


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a onra o cariage cold we commene rom the Ees w ee Lie provdng he rad vehice t aso he goods o e shp, ere ·shalage' o lie haage. Whe the xoe poves e uck ad ees oo he cs ecans hauage) he good pass ino te cst e eCotaer Yad adjace t te laig e wich is soe disance ( ess ra

A this sage e hipper ca be gve a Bl o adng saig a e a a ee gods r shipen a whceve pon s appriae Sppes pemses P

e te Combne asp B ang is invaably ded as shipment' Bl of Laing de t comply wih contas o ae / e1f et t wil eed t have a eaae endosemet statn ha the go eeShped o Bard ollowed by the date o oadng ad te e sgaure

as saed eare ha he caying ine aceps abiy as so as he gods ass s cstody b rememe a r e ea assage hee is a lmi t he ae eou n the Hagu aguNby rul. (hese ae deat wth deph i ap eeThse ules hwever o o cove aspoaio vead so hw does e C

abilty? here ae oe internatoal oves o sve te re

ere s he "Coveio relave a corat de traspo ienatna des Macises vis de Rue Coneion elaing to cracs r itenatina t�nst gs efeed o a CMR

Wi Epe ost aiways are sigaoie he IM vei s l e veo Ineraoal enan e aso e Mahadse pa ce tra en goods l he a wider cnvetn COTF wc as coves pasenges.

So he arrer de a omed anso B f ag takes cae o icle s ondo arrage e act ta i ss o damage aes pace a a he e ia

lailty aprae t he covento coceed w apy I is mpssbe cewhee the ls daage cred hen is asmed to have happened a sea s a eHage o agueNisy rles wl ay. (These and oter rules meioed beow apea Aece 2 o 4.

Anote obem n he aea o iablty ha arse m te rafican of he UTHamburg Rle, whc eae he Hague Res i hse untre whch ae ades cvei Hague es apy ny the cony of ept of he car eeasHabug ules apy t cago expoed o impored This eas to a onfct n t abegie eause he s and appa of abiiy s dere i the tw cnet si aso dea w i geae deph in Chapte Six.

he probem r e Sppe o me corecly i insers s ta ea o he ce

meioed as diee tems conio ad mis o omesatio Aems pe asgle conventio o cove a moes tansp to whch a cntaner ay be bec ebeen ae

CC Rue fr Cmbned Tranp Dcume

Some yeas ago an aempt was ade to da a onveni o cove oss deo oos aied e a Cbined asr Dcme Knwn as te Toy esit aed see suppo e erational ae merce to p e aan made comercaly me attrave hs is pished as he "CC es aombied as Dcen ad has o wde accepace. Mos ag oasapy tes an codiions which ae ased n the C ules f o presely clgwith e


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Th U fc o Dv () : u w y t G M 1980 "t n C I - NA O n s k q 3

UNCTAD/I Rules fr Mti-moda np c

NC e g R m H V . 4 2

r p b 5

A w v?

e r o a g l' ; d a l, E xa b j o ei po e S

a

6

m a e o d .

5.13 SELF-AMNT D QUIO

. l c?

.

.

. W w B F AK

e C Y

W n

7. o s

. lai i

e

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CONTAINERISATION, UNITISATION AND INTERMODALISM