Operational Oceanography Operational Oceanography as a tool for ICZM in the Andalusian as a tool for ICZM in the Andalusian

Atlantic coast (Conil):Atlantic coast (Conil): Bottom-up approach Bottom-up approach

Contact:ALFREDO IZQUIERDO GONZÁLEZ

University of CádizFaculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences

Av. República Saharaui, s/n11510-Puerto Real (Cádiz) SPAIN

Phone: +34 956 01 6753Fax: +34 956 01 6078

e-mail: alfredo.izquierdo@uca.es

OUTLINES IOUTLINES I

• 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA– 1.1.1 Landscape features1.1.1 Landscape features– 1.1.2 Geology1.1.2 Geology– 1.1.3 Morphology of the coast1.1.3 Morphology of the coast– 1.1.4 Relevant marine physical processes1.1.4 Relevant marine physical processes

1.2. Socio-economic aspects1.2. Socio-economic aspects– 1.2.1 Population rate1.2.1 Population rate– 1.2.2 Major functions of the coastal zone1.2.2 Major functions of the coastal zone – 1.2.3 Land use1.2.3 Land use– 1.2.4 Assessment of capital at risk1.2.4 Assessment of capital at risk

OUTLINES IIOUTLINES II

• 2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION– 2.1. Urban sewage discharges 2.1. Urban sewage discharges and their management and their management

– 2.2. Impacts2.2. Impacts

• 3. SOLUTIONS / MEASURES. SOLUTIONS / MEASURES– 3.1 Strategy3.1 Strategy

– 3.2 Technical measures3.2 Technical measures

• 4. EFFECTS AND LESSONS LEARNED4. EFFECTS AND LESSONS LEARNED– 4.1 Effects related to socio-economic aspects 4.1 Effects related to socio-economic aspects

– 4.2 Effects in Andalusia region 4.2 Effects in Andalusia region

– 4.3 Conclusions4.3 Conclusions

1.1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREAOF THE AREA

1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREAAREA

• Conil: “a different place in the south European coast” • Vacation town on the Atlantic coast in the southwest of Spain

(Andalusia)

• Rocky coast and sandy beaches with a wide forest extension • Specially mild climate (in winter it doesn’t get much colder than

15°C )

1.1.1 Classification1.1.1 Classification

• The area of interest has:– slopes and coastal sandbanks more or less stabilized by

the vegetation; – rock cliffs, mainly constituted by calcareous rests,

commonly known in the zone as oyster stone “piedra ostionera”.

1.1.2. Geology1.1.2. Geology• The geologic characteristics of Conil coast comprises two

different types of beaches : – Beaches to the north of Conil: there the most resistant

materials have been exposed to the action of the sea, originating multiple coves and cliffs.

– Beaches to the south of Conil: where the sea has acted on soft and horizontal materials, generating wide beaches with big sand accumulations.

1.1.3.Morphology of the coast1.1.3.Morphology of the coast

• In the beaches of Conil can be distinguished the typical structure of beaches: – The part of the beach which always remains under the water– Low beach covered by the water during the high tide but

uncovered during the low tide ( “walking zone”)– High beach: that spreads up to where the water reaches in

thunderstorm moments (“sunshades zone”)– Cliff or dunes zone: constituted by the remobilization of the

sand of the beach

Dunes

High Beach Low

Beach

Storm line

Spring tideNeap tide

1.1.4.Hydrodinamic characterization:1.1.4.Hydrodinamic characterization: tidal currents tidal currents

• Predominance of the currents in the direction NW-SE, parallel to the coast and to the bathymetry of the zone, intensified towards SE. Tidal currents predominate over other forcings.

Fig.1:Statistical analysis with current roses of the currentmeter temporal

series (August-October,2004)

Fig. 2: Coastal Coordinate System (abscise axis transversal to the coast and ordinates axis

longitudinal to the coast) imposed by the own nature of the hydrodynamic in the coastal stripe

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CABO ROCHE

1.1.4.Hydrodinamic characterization:1.1.4.Hydrodinamic characterization:tidal currentstidal currents

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d) NOVIEMBRE

e) DICIEMBRE

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

diagram a de bastones de la serie observada inercia l de datos . C abo R oche. Vectores a lineados respecto a l e je long-shore a la costa

The rotation of the currents, typical characteristic of the tides, presents a semidiurnal period and with clockwise sense, although with a diurnal clear inequality. The intensities of the current (e.g. full moon on September 28th, 2004) show spring-neap tides.

Fig. 3: Roche Cape. Temporal evolution of the current vectors (cm/s) in the coastal coordinates system (ordinates axis is parallel to the coastal line) for August (a), September (b), October (c),

November (d) and December (e).Observed hourly series.

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S eries con juntas orig inal, de predicción y residua l de la corriente de m area para la com ponente transversa l a costa , u , de la serie 2 (Agosto-O ctubre 2004)

1.1.4.Hydrodinamic characterization:1.1.4.Hydrodinamic characterization:tidal currentstidal currents

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S eries con juntas orig ina l, de predicción y res idua l de la corriente de m area para la com ponente long itud ina l a costa , v , de la serie 2 (Agosto-O ctubre 2004)Transversal component Longitudinal component

Fig.4: Measured current velocity series (black), tidal velocity prediction series (red) and residual series (blue) for the transversal and the longitudinal components of the current.

(August-October, 2004)

Maximum values of the currents are reached in the longitudinal or parallel axis to the coast.

1.1.4.Hydrodinamic characterization:1.1.4.Hydrodinamic characterization:wind fieldwind field

Fig. 5: Annual Wind Rose corresponding to the year 2004 of the analysed meteorological data from the Automatic

Meteorological Station of Vejer de la Frontera (Emma Reyes, 2005).

• The most common winds in Conil coast are from E and W directions• The most frequently and energetic is the easterly wind while the westerly wind is associated to storms. • Seasonal character of the wind in the area:

• easterly wind (Levante) is predominant from April to November • westerly wind (Poniente) is predominant from December to March

1.1.4.Hydrodinamic characterization:1.1.4.Hydrodinamic characterization: quasi-inertial oscillations quasi-inertial oscillations

Fig.6: Downwelling and quasi-inertial oscillations in Roche Cape. August, 2004 (Emma Reyes, 2005)

•The effect of the easterly winds (Levantes) would generate a net water transport (Ekman) towards the coast •In the coast would take place a water accumulation up and a consequent subsidence of superficial warm water (downwelling)• When the easterly wind intensity decreases or vanishes, the downwelling tends to relax generating quasi-inertial oscillations.

1.2. Socio-economic aspects1.2. Socio-economic aspects

Fig.7: Population evolution in 1900-2005 in Conil. (Spanish Statistic National Institute –INE-.Graphic elaboration by Wikipedia, 2005)

•The population density of Conil is 223.2 inhab/km2 (in 2005)•Since 1900 the population of Conil grew from 579 inhabitants to 19,417 in 2005•This population doubles in Summer Season due t tourism.

1.2.1. Population rate1.2.1. Population rate

1.2.2 1.2.2 Major functions of the coastal zoneMajor functions of the coastal zone Tourism

Fishing and aquaculture

Agriculture

Urbanization

Ports and ships

1.2.3 Land use1.2.3 Land useUrban areas

Natural areas

Camping

Agriculture

Golf course

1.2.4 Assessment of capital at risk1.2.4 Assessment of capital at risk

• Fishing: the damage of the water quality in the coastal area of Conil by discharges can affect the traditional fishing in which more than 500 families are employed at Conil

•Tourism: the loss of the blue flag award for the beaches in Conil by the contamination of the bath waters has a direct effect in the tourism, in which hundred of people is involved.

•Ports: A negative effect in the tourism and in the fishing, principal economic sectors of this locality, culminate in a negative effect in the management and conservation of the industrial and marina port activities.

2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

2.1. Urban sewage discharges 2.1. Urban sewage discharges and their and their managementmanagement

• The river Salado is a tidal channel with scarce freshwater flow. Approximately at 1500 m up-stream from its mouth it receives the discharge of the effluent of the sewage treatment station of Conil. Sometimes, apparently randomly, water quality analyses demonstrated the presence of faecal coliforms in concentrations over the guideline standards what forced, by law, to loss the blue flag award to the beach of Conil.

Residual water treatment Station

X

Fig. 8: Aerial photograph’s composition of Conil coast.

2.1. Industrial or sewage discharges 2.1. Industrial or sewage discharges and and wrong management of the residueswrong management of the residues

02/07/2005 07/07/2005 12/07/2005 17/07/2005 22/07/2005 27/07/2005TIM E(d a ys)

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Fig. 9: Graphics of the wind field (intensity in continuous line and direction with red points) and the concentration of faecal streptococcus, total coliforms and faecal coliforms during July 2005 –left- and

August 2005 -right- in Conil. (David Roque Atienza)

The graphs inform us that the spilt of the Sewage Treatment Station is a source of microorganisms to the estuary.

During summer, when the population doubles (July and August principally) the flow quality diminishes due to the increase of load received by the Sewage Treatment Station.

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2.1. Industrial or sewage discharges 2.1. Industrial or sewage discharges and and wrong management of the residueswrong management of the residues

Taking into account the wind direction high concentrations of microorganisms were found during easterly wind periods (Ekman transport: the sea was returning the contaminated water to the coast) and otherwise low concentrations were found during westerly wind periods. Concerning the time of the sample-taking procedure the results were also different because the processes of dilution and other environmental factors as the salinity and the solar radiation.

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Fig. 10: Graphics of the wind field (intensity in continuous line and direction with red points) and the concentration of faecal streptococcus, total coliforms and faecal coliforms during easterly wind direction

in September 2005 –left- and westerly wind direction in July 2003 -right- in Conil.

2.1. Industrial or sewage discharges 2.1. Industrial or sewage discharges and and wrong management of the residueswrong management of the residues

Fig. 12: Location of the off-shore aquaculture installation in Conil (left) and one of the aquaculture cages used in this installations (right). (Jaime Andrés Castro)

•Benefits:•Larger surface•Larger volume•Energy saving•Restructuring of the sector

•Disadvantages:•Environment condition•Accidents (escapes and breakages)

The development of the aquaculture bears a kind of benefits and problematic consequences:

2.2. Impacts2.2. Impacts

•The major impact of the discharge and wrong management of the residues is the loss of the “blue flag” award of the beaches due the contamination of the bath water• Conil economy depends basically on tourism, and mainly summer tourism. •The beaches quality losses are the main worry for all the stakeholders involved.

Fig. 13: Photos of the principal beaches, which have lost the award “blue flag” . (Antonio González Ureba)

3. SOLUTIONS / MEASURES. SOLUTIONS / MEASURES

3.1 Strategy3.1 Strategy

AGENDA 21

• Section II:“Conservation and management of the resources for the

development”

• Chapter 17: “Protection of the oceans and seas (included semienclosed seas),

coastal zones and protection, rational use and development of their natural resources”

“The use and rational development of the coastal areas, of the seas and the marine resources require the capacity to determine

the present state of these systems and to forecast their future conditions”

3.2 Technical measures 3.2 Technical measures

OPERATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY SYSTEM IMPLEMENTING IN THE ANDALUSIAN ATLANTIC COAST

“An activity to understand the measures and modeling facts in the oceans, seas and atmosphere, their diffusion and interpretation,

everything in a routine way”.

Operational Oceanography Development: Bottom-up approach.Local level National level International Networks

•To give a continuous forecast of the sea future conditions with the possible biggest beforehand.•To give the most precise description, from the users point of view, of the sea current state, including the natural resources.•To collect climatic data that will give the necessary information to describe last states and to elaborate temporal series that show the tendencies and changes.

4. EFFECTS AND LESSONS LEARNED4. EFFECTS AND LESSONS LEARNED

4.1 Effects related to socio-economic 4.1 Effects related to socio-economic aspectsaspects

Socio-economic aspects benefited by the application of the operational oceanography:- Contamination and healthiness of coastal waters.- Accidental Marine Spill - Coastal zone tourism and recreation.- Removal of sediments and coastal erosion.- Global warming and the sea level increase.- Conservation of coastal ecosystems.- Achievement of Hydrotechnique works. - Exploitation of natural resources and marine minerals.- Forecast and alarm of extreme coastal events, including tsunamis.

High risk area of accidental marine spill

4.2 Effects in Andalusia region4.2 Effects in Andalusia region

Up-to-day situation of the operational oceanography in Andalusia:

What have we just implemented in the andalusian region?• An adapted model in pre-operative state • The training human resources

What is it lacking?• The creation of an operative service• The improvement of the oceanographic measurement network. • The necessity of an investment

4.3 Conclusions4.3 Conclusions The operational oceanography is an effective instrument for the

management of numerous problems related with the coastal zones as a whole

Necessities: Methodology "top-down“ from the technological point of view “Bottom-up" approach: from the point of view of the sustainability of the operational oceanography system. Previous research and technology development: what product can we offer? and how can we prove their advantages ? Appropriate training of the human resources Meetings and exchange forums are indispensable with the participation of all the prominent actors in the coastal area.

THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTIONATTENTION