CONSTRUCTION WORKPLACE SAFETY HEALTH AND WELFARE

CONSTRUCTION WORKPLACE SAFETYHEALTH AND WELFARE

A Guide to Bangladesh Law for Developers Owners and Contractors

[ English and Bengali ]

Editor Prof Munaz Ahmed Noor

Promoting Safety, Enforcing Rights

Construction Workplace SafetyHealth and Welfare

A Guide to Bangladesh Law for Developers,

Owners and Contractors

EditorProf Munaz Ahmed Noor

Department of Civil EngineeringBangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)

Bengali VersionSyed Azizul Haq, PEng.

Superintending Engineer, Public Works DepartmentMinistry of Housing and Public Works


Supported by

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Construction Workplace Safety Health and WelfareA Guide to Bangladesh Law for Developers, Owners and Contractors

Published bySafety & Rights Society14/23 Babor Road, Block B, Mohammadpur, Dhaka 1207Tel: 01193 200207, 01191 [email protected]

Date of PublicationMay, 2013

CopyrightSafety & Rights Society

DesignMithu Ahmed

Printed by Chowdhury Printers and Supply48/A/ Badda Nagar, B.D.R. Gate No. 1Pilkhana, Dhaka-1205

ISBN : 978-984-33-7340-3

"Erection, alteration, renovation, remodeling, repairing, removal or demolition of a building or structure shall be conducted in a safe manner. Suitable protection for the general public and workers employed therein shall be provided according to the various provision of this Code.

All equipment and safeguard required for the construction work such as temporary stair, ladder, ramps, scaffold, runway, barricade, chute, lift etc shall be substantially constructed and erected so as not to create any unsafe situation for the workmen using them or the workmen and general public passing under on or near them."

Extracted from BNBC, para 1.4.1 of part-7

"The owner or the professional appointed by him to supervise the work, shall ensure the quality of materials used, soundness of the work and observance of all precautionary measures."

Extracted from BNBC, para 1.2.1 of part-7

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CONTENT

CHAPTER-1 : INTRODUCTION 5

CHAPTER 2 : LEGAL BACKGROUND 7

CHAPTER 3 : PRINCIPLES OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT 11

CHAPTER 4 : WORKERS WELFARE FACILITIES 13

CHAPTER 5 : THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT 18

CHAPTER 6 : PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 20

CHAPTER 7 : FIRE HAZARD 25

CHAPTER 8 : SAFE MANUAL LOADING AND UNLOADING 28

CHAPTER 9 : MEASURES TO PREVENT FALLS 30

CHAPTER 10 : MAKING SAFE EXCAVATIONS: MEASURES TO PREVENT EARTH COLLAPSES 38

CHAPTER 11 : ELECTRICITY 42

CHAPTER 12 : MISCELLANEOUS PROVISION 45

ANNEX 1 : WORKING WITH ASBESTOS 48

ANNEX 2 : SUMMARY OF RESEARCH REPORT COMMISSIONED BY WHO 49

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CHAPTER-1INTRODUCTION

BackgroundThe construction sector is a vital and an integral part of infrastructure development, providing a tremendous boost to Bangladesh's economy. The sector comprises a wide range of activities including the construction of residences, bridges, sea-ports, and roads. Despite mechanization, construction work is still very labour intensive. According to the Labour Force Survey 2005-06, construction employs about 1.5 million construction workers, 7% of whom are women.

However, construction is also one of the most potentially hazardous forms of work, accounting for a disproportionate numbers of injuries and fatalities compared to other sectors. The constantly changing work environment and site conditions and the simultaneous undertaking of different types of work by several different contractors makes construction work particularly challenging from a safety perspective. Every year in Bangladesh hundreds of workers are killed on building sites, and many thousands suffer injury and work-related illness and disease. The vast majority of these deaths and injuries are preventable by simple steps on the part of those who are managing those construction sites. Therefore, to maintain workplace safety and health, on construction sites, a guide is an essential tool.

Purpose of this guideThis guide is intended to assist property owners, developers and contractors in safeguarding the safety, health and welfare of workers on construction sites and reducing the levels of death and injury.

It sets out some key hazards faced by workers on construction sites and what action should be taken - in the context of the obligations imposed by Bangladesh law - to reduce the level of workplace death and injury. Recognizing the importance of safety management some principles of safety management are set out in this Guide. This should make it easier for owners, developers and contractors to comply with the detailed legal obligations set out in the law.

This is not a comprehensive guide - it does not deal with all workplace hazards on construction sites and does not explain all aspects of the law. However, this guidance sets out the most important actions that the law requires developers and others to take to improve workplace safety, health and welfare conditions on their sites.

This guide follows research commissioned by the World Health Organisation (WHO) that indicated that most construction sites in Dhaka were failing to comply with basic safety and health requirements set out in law. The research - summarized in the annex - also finds lack of understanding on the part of those involved in the construction of buildings about the safe management of sites.

Bangladesh National Building CodeThe laws setting out the obligations relating to workplace safety on construction sites are principally contained in the Bangladesh National Building Code 2006 (BNBC) which become law in November 2006 through powers set out in the Building Act 1952. Some provisions of the Bangladesh Labour Act 2006 (BLA) are also relevant to the safety of construction workers.

The BNBC is a large document most of which relates to ensuring that once buildings are constructed they are safe and meet certain quality standards. However Part 7, Chapters 1- 4 of the BNBC contains obligations relating to worker safety issues. This part of the BNBC is relevant to this guide.

The BLA deals with a wide range of issues relevant to the workplace - but it is only Chapters, 5, 6, 7 and 8 that are relevant to workplace safety.

This guide does not set out every single obligation relating to worker health and safety- instead it concentrates only on the most important requirements. In order to understand all the legal requirements it is necessary to look at the full text of the BNBC and the BLA.

However, this booklet provides the most important actions that the law requires developers and others to take to improve workplace safety, health and welfare conditions on the sites. This will help the construction industry

- Improve health and safety;

- Have the right people for the right job at the right time to manage the risks on site;

- Focus on effective planning and manage risks - not the paper work.

Who should use this guide?This guide has been developed to assist property owners, developers, contractors, project managers and supervisors to better fulfill their responsibilities in managing occupational health and safety. In particular, it has been prepared to provide supervisors with a broad, introductory understanding of the principles for systematically managing workplace health and safety. The guide will assist those contractors and other employers within the industry to have better manage construction hazards.

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CHAPTER 2LEGAL BACKGROUND

In relation to workplace safety, health and welfare, the owners, developers, contractors and employers need to be aware of two Bangladesh laws - the Bangladesh National Building Code 2006 and the Bangladesh Labour Act 2006. In relation to health and safety issues, the BNBC is most important; in relation to welfare issues, the BLA is the most crucial.

The Bangladesh National Building CodeBangladesh National Building Code is the cornerstone of legislative and administrative measures to improve occupational health and safety in Bangladesh - with the obligations most relevant to workplace safety set out in Part 7 of the BNBC1 .

Owners and Developers' responsibilitiesThe obligations set in the Code are imposed directly both upon the "owner of the property" involved in construction activity and upon "any developer" who has been given responsibility by the owner to undertake the construction activity.

This is set out in Part 2, para 2.6.1 of the BNBC which states that:

"Any person, firm, corporation or government department or agency who as owner of the property erects, constructs, enlarges, repairs, moves, improves, removes, converts, demolishes, equips, uses, occupies or maintains any building or structure or cause or permit the same to be done in violation of the this Code shall be guilty of an offence, and the Authority shall take legal action against such offenders. The term owner shall, for the purposes of these provisions, include any developer who by appointment, contract or lease is or has been responsible for the actions listed above."

It is important to note that the obligations in the BNBC are imposed upon owners and developers even when they do not themselves directly employ workers on the construction site.

Responsibility of engineers, architects and plannersIn addition to the responsibility directly imposed upon the owner and the developer, the BNBC also requires engineers, architects and planners to "ensure compliance" with the provisions of the Code. Part 2, para 2.6.3 of the BNBC states that:

"The engineer, architect or planner responsible for design, supervision or certification of any construction or other work of a building or structure shall ensure compliance of such work with the provisions of this Code, any violation of which of any other professional misconduct insofar as implementation of the provision of the Code is concerned including making false statements or issuing false certificates or any incident of proved professional incapacity shall make him liable to penalties as prescribed by the Authority including withdrawal of recognition."

Particularly, in relation to safety, Part 7, para 1.2.1of the BNBC states that:

"the owner or the professional appointed by him to supervise the work, shall ensure the quality of materials used, soundness of the work and observance of all precautionary measures."

1All references to the BNBC in this guide refer to Chapter 7, unless otherwise specified.

ContractsThe BNBC requires clearly defined contracts between the different parties involved in the construction of the building. However, it makes clear that nothing in the contracts can absolve the owners (including developers) of their responsibilities under this Code.

Part 7, para 1.2.1 states:

"In a construction or demolition work, the terms of contract between the owner and the contractor and between a consultant and the owner shall be clearly defined and put in writing. These however will not absolve the owner from any of his responsibilities under the various provisions of this code and other application regulations and bye laws."

Overview of ResponsibilitiesThe main categories of safety responsibilities are set out in the table below. They are categorised in terms of the activities undertaken on a construction site and not the nature of risks.

Enforcement and PenaltiesPart 2, para 2.1 of the BNBC states that:

"The Government will establish a new or designate an existing agency responsible for enforcement of this Code with a given area of Jurisdiction."

At present, for Dhaka, Rajuk is the body responsible for enforcing the Code. The 1952 Building Act provides the sentence of imprisonment for breaches of any of the duties set out in the code.

The Bangladesh Labour Act 2006The Bangladesh labour Act 2006 applies to all 'establishments'. Section 2(61) of chapter one defines establishment to include:

"Contractors or sub-contractor's establishments for the purpose of construction, reconstruction, repair, alteration or demolition of any building, road, tunnel, drain canal or bridge …."

Whilst the language of this section is not very clear, it is apparent that the BLA 2006 applies to construction sites.

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Key area of safety Responsibility Sections Storage, Stacking, and Handling of Materials Part 7, para 2.2.1 – 2.2.20 Loading and Unloading of Materials Part 7, para 2.3.1 – 2.3.2 Excavation and Foundation Worker Part 7, para 3.2.1 – 3.2.12 Pile Rig Part 7, para 3.3.1 – 3.3.4 Construction of Walls Part 7, para 3.4.1 – 3.4.4 Construction of Floors Part 7, para 3.5.1 – 3.5.6 Concrete Work Part 7, para 3.6.1 – 3.6.4 Formwork and Scaffold Part 7, para 3.7.1 – 3.7.6 Erection Operations Part 7, para 3.8.1 – 3.8.7 Electrifica tion, Equipment and Operations Part 7, para 3.9.1 – 3.9.7 Construction Hazards Part 7, para 3.10.1 – 3.10.5 Demolition Part 7, Chapter 4

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Duty holdersObligations under the Act are imposed upon "employers". In any construction site there are likely to be a number of different employers. Most of the workers on a site will be directly employed by a contractor of one kind or other. Developers (and sometimes landowners) will also employ engineers and other workers on the site. Therefore, along with the contractors, developers and land owners are also employers on whom duties are imposed.

Although contractors are likely to employ most of the workers on the sites, many of the BLA obligations - particularly those relating to welfare - are not within the control of a contractor. Implicitly, these will become the responsibility of the others employers on the site who are in the control of the site - the developer or the property owner.

Overview of ResponsibilitiesMany of the health, safety and welfare obligations contained in the BLA 2006 are not relevant to construction sites. Below are the obligations that have some relevance to construction sites.

EnforcementThe BLA 2006 is enforced by inspectors from the Inspectorate of Factories and Establishments. Although they have the authority to enforce these provisions in construction sites, in reality they rarely do so.

Section Obligation Section 57 Sufficient and suitable lighting

Section 58 Sufficient supply of wholesome pure drinking water Section 59 Provision of clean and sanitary latrines Section 62 Precaution in case of fire Section 63 Fencing of machinery in motion or use Section 68 Maintenance of cranes Section 69 Maintenance of hoists Section 72 Secure covering and fencing of ‘floor openings’ Section 74 Carrying of weights, ‘likely to cause injury’ prohibited

Section 89

Availability of ‘first aid boxes’ etc

Section 90

Presence of ‘safety record book’

Section 80

Notice by employer to inspector of death or bodily injury

Section 91 Facilities for ‘washing and bathing’

Relevant articles from ILO Safety and Health in Construction Convention 1988 on general employers obligations

Article 8Whenever two or more employers undertake activities simultaneously at one construction site

(a) the principal contractor, or other person or body with actual control over or primary responsibility for overall construction site activities, shall be responsible for coordinating the prescribed safety and health measures and, in so far as is compatible with national laws and regulations, for ensuring compliance with such measures; (b) in so far as is compatible with national laws and regulations, where the principal contractor, or other person or body with actual control over or primary responsibility for overall construction site activities, is not present at the site, he shall nominate a competent person or body at the site with the authority and means necessary to ensure on his behalf coordination and compliance with the measures, as foreseen in subparagraph (a) above;

(c) each employer shall remain responsible for the application of the prescribed measures in respect of the workers placed under his authority.

Whenever employers or self-employed persons undertake activities simultaneously at one construction site they shall have the duty to cooperate in the application of the prescribed safety and health measures, as may be specified by national laws or regulations.

Article - 9 Those concerned with the design and planning of a construction project shall take into account the safety and health of the construction workers in accordance with national laws, regulations and practice.

Article - 11National laws or regulations shall provide that workers shall have the duty to -

(a) Cooperate as closely as possible with their employer in the application of the prescribed safety and health measures;

(b) Take reasonable care for their own safety and health and that of other persons who may be affected by their acts or omissions at work;

(c) Use facilities placed at their disposal and not misuse anything provided for their own protection or the protection of others;

(d) Report forthwith to their immediate supervisor, and to the workers' safety representative where one exists, any situation which they believe could present a risk, and which they cannot properly deal with themselves;

(e) Comply with the prescribed safety and health measures.

Article - 12

1. National laws or regulations shall provide that a worker shall have the right to remove himself from danger when he has good reason to believe that there is an imminent and serious danger to his safety or health, and the duty so to inform his supervisor immediately.

2. Where there is an imminent danger to the safety of workers the employer shall take immediate steps to stop the operation and evacuate workers as appropriate.

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CHAPTER 3PRINCIPLES OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT

Safety on a construction site needs to be properly managed. It cannot be simply assumed that safety will take care of itself - it needs direction from the top of the organisation, and it needs managers within the organisation taking responsibility for different safety issues.

Para 1.2.1 of the BNBC states that:

"The owner or the professional appointed by him to supervise the work, shall ensure the quality of materials used, soundness of the work and observance of all precautionary measures."

Bangladesh law however does not set out principles of safety management in relation to construction - instead it sets out discrete and specific actions that developers or employers should undertake to avoid a particular hazard. However, it is unlikely that the organisation will be able to comply with these separate requirements unless the organisation has in place a proper system of safety management.

The focus of safety management is to reduce the level of risk so that deaths and injuries are less likely to take place. Just because a dangerous practice has not yet resulted in a worker suffering an injury - does not mean that it will not. The more dangerous a practice the more likely an injury or death will take place. It is the job of those involved in the management of safety to reduce the level of risks so that the work is done without unnecessary dangers.

It is difficult for an organisation to manage safety without it first having a written safety policy. This should set out (a) the safety and health standards that the organisation hopes to achieve (b) which people within the organisation have responsibilities for different safety issues and (c) how the organisation intends to achieve those objectives.

The policy should give the name of the senior executive ultimately responsible for workplace safety in the organisation: this is the person who has the authority to delegate and allocate responsibilities to different managers and supervisors at different levels, and to ensure that these responsibilities are carried out.

In the safety policy itself, or in other documents, the organisation should also set out

- the arrangements for the provision of training to its staff and others;

- the methods by which particular kinds of hazardous work will be done safely;

- duties and responsibilities of managers, supervisors and key workers;

- selection and control of sub-contractors;

- arrangement by which information on safety and health is to be made known.

The ILO states that purpose of a Safety Plan should be to create an Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) management system that supports:

(a) the minimum, compliance with national laws and regulations;

(b) where appropriate, a clear definition, priority setting and quantification of the organization's OSH objectives;

(c) the preparation of a plan for achieving each objective, with defined responsibility and clear performance criteria indicating what is to be done by whom and when;

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(d) the selection of measurement criteria for confirming that the objectives are achieved; and

(e) the provision of adequate resources, including human and financial resources and technical support, as appropriate;

(f ) continual improvement in OSH performance.

In addition, a site-specific safety plan describes the methodologies for identifying and analyzing safety risks dealing with major process steps, operations, and facilities; approaches for mitigating identified risks; and the process for reporting safety events to the necessary parties.

The plan must be kept current as part of the project and available to all persons involved, who must understand and comply with its requirements.

CHAPTER 4WORKERS WELFARE FACILITIES

Work in the construction industry is arduous; it involves much physical activity. Moreover, it is hazardous and dirty. Good welfare facilities not only improve workers' welfare but also enhance their efficiency. Owner and contractors have responsibilities regarding welfare facilities on construction projects. The owner must ensure the construction phase does not start unless they are satisfied that there are arrangements for welfare facilities to be provided. Contractors must maintain the facilities throughout the life of the project. The nature and scale of facilities required will depend on the size, location and type of project. These welfare requirements include provision of:

- drinking water

- toilets

- washing facilities

- place for eating food

- first aid facilities

Both the BNBC and the BLA contain obligations relating to welfare - and both need to be considered to determine what the law requires.

Drinking WaterConstruction workers must be provided healthy drinking water at readily accessible and suitable places. In Bangladesh, the easiest way this can be provided is through large water dispensers.

The law requires that the water be 'wholesome', 'conveniently located' and 'sufficient' to cater for all the workers. In addition, when more than 250 workers are present, the water should be cooled.

Section 58 of the BLA states that:

(1) In every establishment effective arrangements shall be made to provide and maintain at a suitable point conveniently situated for all workers employed therein, a sufficient supply of wholesome drinking water.

(2) All such points shall be legibly marked "drinking water" in Bengali language

(3) In every establishment wherein more than two hundred and fifty workers are ordinarily employed, provision shall be made for cooling the drinking water during the hot weather by effective means and distribution thereof.

4. Where dehydration occurs in the body of workers due to work near machineries creating excessive heat, there workers shall be provided with oral dehydration therapy.


"Drinking water shall be supplied to the site. In absence of any water supply facility at the site, hand tube wells shall be sunk to meet the requirements of drinking …."

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ILO Construction Safety Convention, Article 32(2)

At or within reasonable access of every construction site, the following facilities shall, depending on the number of workers and the duration of the work, be provided and maintained sanitary and washing facilities;

ILO Construction Safety Convention, Article 32(1)

"At or within reasonable access of every construction site an adequate supply of wholesome drinking water shall be provided."

Sanitary facilitiesSufficient toilets should be made available to the workers - and they should be accessible and clean. Separate toilets should be made available for male and female workers. The number of toilets required will depend on the number of people working on the site.


"Temporary toilets shall be enclosed, screened and water proofed and shall be installed and maintained in accordance with section 3.1.4".

Para 3.1.4 goes onto state that: "Toilet facilities shall be provided at all construction sites. If sewer connection is not available, temporary wells shall be used. The wells shall be provided with proper covers.

The toilet facilities shall be located at a corner of the site so as to avoid any obstruction. Protection from bad weather and falling object, and proper privacy shall be provided to the toilet users.

Temporary toilets shall be dismantled, all wells filled up, and the whole area made level, dressed and restored back to proper grade at the end of the project. All temporary sewer connections shall be removed and the sewer capped."


In every establishment -

(a) Sufficient latrines and urinals of prescribed types shall be provided conveniently situated and accessible to workers at all times while they are in the establishment;

(b) Enclosed latrines and urinals shall be provided separately for male and female workers;

(c) Such latrines and urinals shall be adequately lighted and ventilated and no latrine or urinal shall, unless specifically exempted in writing by the Chief Inspector, communicate with any work-room except through an intervening open space or ventilated passage;

(d) All such latrines and urinals shall be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition at all times with suitable detergents or disinfectants or with both;

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Washing Facilities

Washing facilities must be provided so that workers can use them immediately after using the toilet or urinal, even if they are provided elsewhere. Hence, it should be as close as possible to both the toilet facilities and the canteen facilities. Washing basins should be large enough to allow people to wash their faces, hands and forearms.


"Washing facilities provided at the site shall be connected to the available running water supply...... In absence of any water supply facility at the site, hand tube wells shall be sunk to meet the requirements of … washing."


(1) In every establishment

(a) Adequate and suitable facilities for washing and bathing shall be provided and maintained for the use of the workers therein

(b) Separate and adequately screened facilities shall be provided for the use of male and female workers

(c) Such facilities shall be conveniently accessible and shall be kept clean

(2) The Government may in respect of any establishment or class or description of establishments or of any manufacturing process, prescribed standards of adequate and suitable facilities for washing.

First Aid FacilitiesFirst Aid can save lives, reduce pain and help an injured person make a quicker recovery. A site should provide adequate and appropriate equipment, facilities and personnel to enable first aid to be given to the workers on the site if they are injured or become ill at work.

It is important to note that there should at all times be on the site a person trained in first aid - including at weekends or if there is any night working. Where the site employs more than 300 workers, more substantial first aid is required.


(1) There shall, in every establishment be provided and maintained, so as to be readily accessible during the working hours, first aid boxes or almirahs equipped with the prescribed by the rules contents

(2) The number of such boxes or cupboards shall be not be less than one for every one hundred fifty workers ordinarily employed in the establishment.

(3) All such boxes and cupboards shall be kept in charge of a responsible person who is trained in first aid treatment and who shall always be available during the working hour of the establishment

(4) ...

(5) In every establishment wherein three hundred or more workers are employed there shall be provided and maintained an ambulance room or dispensary of the prescribed size containing the prescribed equipment or similiar facilities in the charge of such medical and nursing staff as may be prescribed.


"Depending on the scope and nature of the work, at least one person trained in first aid for every 100 workers shall be available at work site to render and direct first aid to casualties. The first aid attendant shall have a refresher course every five years and certificates renewed.

A telephone, if possible, shall be made available to first aid assistant with emergency telephone number prominently displayed."


"a first aid box or cupboard shall be provided for every 150 workmen and be accessible. The provision shall also include a stretcher and cost with accessories for every 300 workmen.

"In case of a site where more than 600 workmen are employed at any one time, or in which more than 300 workman are employed at any one time and is 15 km from the nearest service facility, provision of an ambulance shall be made."

Shelters/rest rooms Construction sites, on which more than 50 workers are usually employed, should have rest facilities available to the workers. These should allow workers to eat. Separate spaces need to be available to female workers.


"(1) In every establishment where in more than fifty workers are ordinarily employees, adequate and suitable shelters or rest rooms and a suitable lunch room with provision of drinking water where workers can eat meals brought by them shall be provided and maintained for the use of the workers.

(2) The shelters, rest room or lunchrooms provided under sub-section (1) shall be sufficiently lighted and ventilated and shall be maintained in a cool and clean condition.

(3) In every establishment, wherein more than 25 woman workers are employed, separate shelter rooms hall be provided for male and female workers and where less than 25 female workers work, the portion of the rest room for female workers shall be separated by a curtain."

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ILO Construction Safety Convention, Article 31

The employer shall be responsible for ensuring that first aid, including trained personnel, is available at all times. Arrangements shall be made for ensuring the removal for medical attention of workers who have suffered an accident or sudden illness.

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Working with AsbestosBreathing in asbestos dust can kill by causing irreversible lung damage and cancer. In relation to working with Asbestos, there are some special welfare requirements.

Para 2.2.19.4 of the BNBC states that:

"Changing room and shower facilities shall be provided for the exclusive use of persons working in an asbestos working area. Locker accommodation shall be provided for every person required to wear respirators and coveralls.

Lockers for work clothes shall be separated from others. Contaminated clothing shall be placed in a dust proof container immediately on removal. Contaminated clothing shall be placed in a dustproof container immediately on removal. Contaminated clothing or belongings shall not be shaken or brushed. These shall be superficially cleaned by vacuum clothing or hosing down with water.

Food and drinks shall not be handled, stored, or consumed in the asbestos work area. Smoking shall be prohibited.

Workman shall taken shower before changing back into their own clothing: work clothing shall not be taken home. Parts of the body exposed to asbestos dust shall be thoroughly washed after completion of the job of before taking any meal.

Asbestos workers shall have a full-size chest X-ray before commencement of work and also yearly. The reports shall be kept properly by the contractor for ready reference."


(a) At or within reasonable access of every construction site, the following facilities shall, depending on the number of workers and the duration of the work, be provided and maintained.

(b)The accommodation should be designed and constructed so as to screen the occupants from view and afford protection against the weather;

(c) The accommodation should be separate from any messroom or rest-room;

(d) Facilities for changing and for the storage and drying of clothing;

(e) Accommodation for taking meals and for taking shelter during interruption of work due to adverse weather conditions.

Asbestos To see other requirement relatingasbestos see page 19 and 48 of this guide.

CHAPTER 5THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT

It is important that the site is kept tidy and organised - in order to reduce the risk of workers falling, and to reduce the risk of fire. A walk though the workplace is a direct way of identifying many hazards.

Thus a suitable "housekeeping" program requires ensuring these conditions. Some basic principles for this are set out below.

� Materials and equipment should not be stored where they obstruct access routes or where they could interfere with emergency escape

� Walkways and stairways should be kept free of tripping hazards such as trailing cables, building materials and waste. This is especially important for emergency routes;

� Flammable waste materials should be cleared away regularly to reduce fire risks;

� Floor areas should be kept clean and dry;

� Outdoor footpaths should be level and firm and should not be used for storing materials.

� Storage areas should keep tidy by removal of scrap, waste and debris at appropriate intervals.

� Deliveries should be planned to keep the amount of materials on site to a minimum.

Routes free of obstruction

Para 2.1.3 of the BNBC states:

"Stairways, walkways, scaffolds, gangways and access ways shall be kept free of building material, tools, accumulated rubbish and obstructions."

Storage of Materials


"Materials shall be stored and placed so as not to endanger the public, the workers or the adjoining property. Materials shall be stacked on well drained, flat and unyielding surface. Material stacks shall not impose any undue stresses on walls or other structures.

Materials shall be separated according to kind, size and length and placed in neat orderly piles. High piles shall be staggered back at suitable intervals in height. Piles of materials shall be arranged so as to allow a minimum 800 mm wide passageway in between for inspection and removal. All passageways shall be kept clear of dry vegetation, greasy substance and debris."

Flammable materialsIn relation to flammable materials and explosives, para 3.10.2.2 of the BNBC states that:

"Highly flammable materials, such as gasoline, oil, paints etc. shall be stored in approved containers. Storage of large quantities shall not be allowed unless stored in separate compartments or enclosures of noncombustible construction … ."

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"Explosives like detonators, gunpowder etc. shall be stored in conformity with relevant regulations for storage and handling of explosives. Combustible materials shall not be stored on any floor under construction until all combustible form works are removed from the tier immediately above."

In relation to the storage of paints, Para 2.2.16 of the BNBC specifically states that"Sources of ignition, such as open flame and exposed heating elements shall not be permitted in paint store, nor shall smoking be allowed there."

"Buckets containing same be kept ready to use. A 5 kg dry powder fire extinguisher confirming to accepted standard shall be kept at an easily accessible position close to the paint store."

Removal of wastePara 3.10.2.1 of the BNBC states that:

"All waste, such as scrap timber, wood shavings, sawdust, paper, packing materials and oily substance, particularly in or near vertical shaft openings like stairways, lift shaft etc. shall be collected and disposed off safely at the end of each day's work."


"Rubbish, trash, nuts, bolts and small tools shall not be allowed to accumulate on the site and shall be removed as soon as conditions warrant. Combustible rubbish shall be removed daily. Rubbish shall not be burnt on the premises or in the immediate vicinity. The entire premises and area adjoining and around the construction site shall be kept in a safe and sanitary condition."

Working with AsbestosAs noted above in relation to welfare activities, breathing in asbestos dust can kill by causing irreversible lung damage and cancer. There are also important storage obligations.

Para 2.2.19.1 of the BNBC states:

"The best standards of good housekeeping and hygiene shall apply to cutting areas which shall be segregated and used for no other purpose. Waste materials and dust shall not be allowed to accumulate in working area or store.

A vacuum cleaning device with a high efficiency filter shall be used to keep floors, walls and fixtures free from dust accumulation. Alternatively all surfaces shall be cleaned with a wet rag and floors washed by gently spraying water. Dry sweeping or compressed air blowing shall never be used."

(Please aslo see page 17 and 48 of this guide in relation to asbestos)


1. All appropriate precautions shall be taken to ensure that all workplaces are safe and without risk of injury to the safety and health of workers.

2. Safe means of access to and egress from all workplaces shall be provided and maintained, and indicated where appropriate.

3. All appropriate precautions shall be taken to protect persons present at or in the vicinity of a construction site from all risks which may arise from such site.

CHAPTER 6

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

When a hazardous substance or process cannot be substituted by a safer one, or when engineering controls cannot achieved an appropriate degree of safety, the only solution is to provide exposed persons with suitable personal protective equipment and protective clothing. Employers should consult workers or their representatives on suitable personal protective equipment and clothing.

Working with Chemical substances Construction work deals with several chemical substances. Frequently used chemical substances are adhesives, cleaning agents for brickwork and stonework, decorative/protective treatments for timber and metals, floor treatments, fungicides, cements and grouts, insulants, sealants, paints, solvents and much else. Commonly, liquid solvents are used in paint strippers, lacquers, varnishes, surface coatings, thinners and similar cleaning materials. These chemical substances can cause injury in various ways depending upon whether it is solid or liquid, or in the form of airborne dust, vapour, fumes or gas.

ILO training materials suggests that ill health from the use of chemicals can be prevented if one:

- First tries to substitute the chemical with a harmless or less hazardous one.

- If that is not possible, then enclose the process using the chemical, or provide other engineering controls such as exhaust ventilation; this is often difficult in construction processes.

- And only if the two options above are not possible or effective, use personal protective equipment (PPE).

Personal protective equipment (PPE) must be used wherever physical contact, absorption, or inhalation of a hazard could cause any injury or impairment to the function of any part of the body.

Wearing of HelmetsFalling objects, overhead loads and sharp projections are to be found everywhere on construction sites. Safety helmets protect the head effectively against most of these hazards. This can happen in the following kinds of situations:

- loose material being kicked into an excavation;

- material falling from a scaffold platform;

- material falling of a load being lifted by a crane or hoist;

- A scaffolder dropping something whilst erecting or dismantling a scaffold.

Hats can also stop workers suffering injury if the worker hits his head against machinery or on other parts of a construction site.

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Para 3.1.2 of the BNBC states that :

"Helmets confirming to BDS 1265 and BDS 1266 shall be worn by the workmen and other personnel at all times during the work."

There are many types of hats - and it is best to provide a range of different hats so that workers can decide which is most-comfortable for them.

Hand and skin protectionHands are extremely vulnerable to accidental injury, and in construction more injuries are caused to hands and wrists than to any other part of the body. Open wounds, abrasions, fractures, dislocations, strains, amputations and burns occur. Among the common hazardous tasks where hand protection should be provided are:

- Operations involving contact with rough, sharp or jagged surfaces;

- Contact with or splashes from hot, corrosive or toxic substances such as bitumen and resins;

- Working with vibratory machines such as pneumatic drills where some cushioning of the vibrations is desirable;

- Electrical work in humid conditions.

Suitable gloves can help protect workers against wet concrete, and solvents which can cause dermatitis. They can also protect against cuts and splinters when handling bricks, steel and wood. A range of different kinds of gloves should be available on site.

The law itself requires gloves to be specifically used for workers involved in formwork, pile driving, undertaking welding, gas-cutting and polishing

Para 3.7.2 of the BNBC states that: "Workers removing formwork shall wear … gloves …"


"To operate energised electrical installation [when involved in pile driving] … wearing apparal such as gloves etc shall be used."


"The welders and gas cutters shall be equipped with proper protective equipment like gloves …"


"Leather gauntlet gloves with canvas or leather cuffs, shall be worn by welders."

Para 3.11.5.2 and 3.11.5.4 of the BNBC states that:

"[G]loves … shall be provided to the workmen applying polishes."

"Protective clothing, gloves … shall be used in terracing work, specially while handling lime and other ingredients."

Para 2.2.12 (c) of the BNBC states that in relation to storing and handling of sheet and boards such as asbestos or CGI sheets, or particle/gypsum boards:

"Suitable hand protection like gloves, jelly etc shall be provided to the workmen where necessary."

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Para 2.2.14 of the BNBC states that workman handling glass sheets, glass remnants and waste glass pieces and fibre glass

"shall be provided with gloves, jelly and other suitable hand protections."

FootwearProper footwear is necessary for workers to have proper footing when undertaking all kinds of work. They are also necessary to protect feet from materials being dropped on workers feet, or nails or other sharp objects penetrating the foot. Boots are also necessary in preventing burns from wet cement or concrete as the cement content when mixed with water, becomes highly corrosive and can cause severe burns to the skin.

Proper footwear should be provided to all workers, but the law in fact only requires that welder and gas cutters wear safety boots:


"The welders and gas cutters shall be equipped with ... safety boots."

And para 3.11.5.4 of the BNBC states that:

"[S]hoes shall be used in terracing work …."

Safety goggles and other eye protectionSafety goggles are necessary for any work which could result in injury to the eyes. Para 3.1.2 of the BNBC states that:

"Safety goggles of accepted standard (BDS 1360) shall be used by individuals engaged in drilling, cutting, welding and all such works which cause hazard to the eye. The welders and gas cutters shall be equipped with proper protective equipment like … hand shields having filter glass of accepted standard and suitable to the eyes of the particular worker. "


"For all arc welding work, either a helmet or a hand held face shield conforming to BDS 1360 shall be used.

When slag is being removed from weld by clipping, the eyes shall be protected by goggles conforming to BDS 1360."

Aprons Para 3.1.2 of the BNBC states that:

"The welders and gas cutters shall be equipped with … aprons."

Respiratory equipmentRespiratory protective equipment should be considered for all workers involved to activities creating dusts, mist, fumes and vapors. However, it is generally considered good practice for this kind of equipment to be the last line of protection and measures should be taken at source to prevent exposure taking place in the first place. This is because:

- RPE can only protect the wearer. Control measures at source protect all those in the area.

- RPE can easily be used incorrectly, or can be badly maintained, in which case the wearer is unlikely to receive adequate protection.

- RPE is uncomfortable to wear and is an intrusion into normal activities.

- RPE can interfere with work.

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That being said, if other control measures are not adequate to prevent exposure, RPE should be used.

There are many different kinds of RPE - some that deal with dust, and some that deal with vapour. It is important to make sure that the right kind of RPE is provided. It is also important that the RPE fits the workers, is properly maintained, and has the correct filters.

The BNBC only imposes a requirement about the provision of RPE in relation to the use of polishes and when working with asbestos - though it does say that they should be available on sites when there are inhalation hazards.


"Adequate number of absorptive respirators shall be provided to sites with inhalation hazards. Full breach apparatus shall be used for works of limited period in dangerous situations."


"Respiratory equipment, etc. shall be provided to the workmen applying polishes."


"Whenever work methods create asbestos dust, suitable protective respirator shall be used. Respiratory protective equipment shall be properly maintained and regulatory cleans and services. Every person required to use protective equipment shall be full inspector and trained in its use."

Special protective Clothing for AsbestosAs mentioned above, in both the chapters on welfare and house-keeping, asbestos is a highly hazardous dust and where it is used on a construction site, particular care must be used in relation to it. Failure to protect workers can cause their death.


"Workmen engaged in works using asbestos-based materials shall wear full body overalls with pockets and close fitted cuffs and necks together with a head cover. Protective clothing shall also be worn by all persons in an area into which asbestos dust is liable to escape.

The clothing shall be made of synthetic fiber. Wet eater overalls which can be hosed down may be used.

The use of suitable working clothing shall not be necessary when minor handling of asbestos-containing insulation is carried out provided adequate dust control techniques are employed."

Working with limePara 2.2.15 states that:

"Workmen handling bulk lime shall wear protective clothing, respirators and goggles, shall be instructed in the need of cleanliness to prevent dermatitis and shall be protected with and cream, petroleum jelly or similar protectors."

Skin protectionPara 2.2.1 states that:

"Workers handling cement shall put on protective hand and face coverings and use skin protective."

Para 3.10.4 of the BNBC states that:"Workmen engaged in works which may splash liquid or other materials liable to injure the skin shall have enough protective clothing to cover the body and limbs."

Safety belt/harness The majority of fatal accidents in construction are due to falls from heights. Where work cannot be done from a scaffold or ladder, or from a mobile access platform, the wearing of a safety harness may be the only way to prevent serious injury or death. There are many types of safety belt and safety harness available. A full safety harness should always be used in preference to a safety belt. A safety harness and its lanyard must:

- limit your fall to a drop of not more than 2 m by means of an inertia device;

- be strong enough to support your weight;

- be attached to a strong structure through a firm anchorage point above the place at which you are working.

Safety precautions relating to falls from heights are dealt with in Chapter 9.

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Personal protective equipment and protective clothing

1. Where adequate protection against risk of accident or injury to health, including exposure to adverse conditions, cannot be ensured by other means, suitable personal protective equipment and protective clothing, having regard to the type of work and risks, shall be provided and maintained by the employer, without cost to the workers, as may be prescribed by national laws or regulations.

2. The employer shall provide the workers with the appropriate means to enable them to use the individual protective equipment, and shall ensure its proper use.

3. Protective equipment and protective clothing shall comply with standards set by the competent authority taking into account as far as possible ergonomic principles.

4. Workers shall be required to make proper use of and to take good care of the personal protective equipment and protective clothing provided for their use.

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CHAPTER 7FIRE HAZARD

Cutting, welding and brazing processes produce sparks, smoke and fine shards of extremely hot particles. Hot showers of sparks can shoot molten metal quite far from the work area, where they can slowly start a fire without anyone noticing. The company responsible for a construction site, depending on the characteristics of the site, the dimensions and use of rooms, the on-site equipment, the physical and chemical properties of the substances present and the maximum potential number of persons at work present, shall provide or cause to be provided on the site an adequate number of fire fighting devices.

Preventive measuresWithin minutes a fire could ravage the entire construction site causing serious damage and posing a considerable risk to personnel working. Precaution and careful planning minimises the spread of fire in construction sites. The following are some precautions to minimise the opportunity of fires spreading.

� All combustible materials, liquids and containers are removed from the work area to dramatically reduce the likelihood of a catastrophic fire. Store high volume flammable and toxic substances well away from work areas. Although this may not always be practical it will be easier to adjust to than the effects of a fire.

� Some outdoor natural features arrangements like ditches, slopes and embankments help to stop the flow of a fire from reaching risky areas.

� Label and mark areas where flammable fumes and vapours may be present and add signs prohibiting naked flames.

Fire extinguisher In relation to the provision of a fire extinguisher, para 3.10.2.1 of the BNBC states that

"Fire extinguisher, preferably of water type shall be placed at strategic points. Extinguishers shall always be placed in cranes, hoists, compressor and similar places. Where electrical equipment are used, CO2 or dry powers extinguishers shall be provided."

In addition to fire extinguishers, other fire extinguishing equipment, e.g. sprinklers and hydrants shall also be provided and conveniently located both within the building under construction and at the building site. All extinguishers shall be maintained in an usable condition at all times in accordance to the instructions of the manufacturer.

All workmen and supervisory staff shall be clearly briefed on the use of fire extinguishers provided at the construction site. Free access shall be provided and maintained at all times to all fire fighting equipment including fire hose, extinguishers, sprinkler valves and hydrants.

In relation to the provision of fixed fire fighting equipment, para 3.10.2.1 of the BNBC states that:

"Where the project itself requires the installation of fixed fire fighting equipment, such as hydrants, stand pipes, sprinklers and underground water mains or other suitable arrangements for the provision of water, it shall be installed and made available for permanent use as soon as possible, in no case later than the scheduled time."

A permanent hydrant system shall be made available before the building has reached the height of 20 m. This shall be extended with every increase in the number of floors, and securely capped at the top. Top hose outlets shall be at all times not more than one floor below the floor under construction. All construction sites with a fire risk shall have at least two exits. Temporary stand pipes with required pumps may be provided in place of permanent systems if they are designed to furnish 400 litres of water per minute at 450 kPa pressure with a standpipe size of not less than 100 mm.

"A metal box of substantial size preferably to be kept open, shall be provided and maintained near each hose outlet. It shall contain adequate length or hose fitted with 12 or 20 mm nozzle to reach all parts of the floor. Free access from the street to such stand pipe shall be maintained at all times. Materials shall not be stored within 1.5 m of any fire hydrant or in the roadway between such hydrant and the centreline of the street ... ."

Identification and location of fire-fighting equipment Fire-fighting equipment shall be identified by using a specific colour for the equipment and placing a location signboard, or by using a specific colour or both for the places where such equipment is kept, or their access points. Most of the cases for this purposes the specific colour shall be red. The red area shall be sufficiently large to allow the equipment to be identified easily. The signboards provided shall be used to mark the locations of this equipment.

Boards with caution signs, along with safety regulations and emergency instruction painted in bright colour, preferably red shall be erected near the entry and in prominent places of the site. It shall describe appropriate measures for the elimination or control of the danger and the conduct and course of action to be taken. Red caution marks shall also be placed on the building, equipment and utility connections. Signs to be used,

All waste, such as scrap timber, wood shavings, sawdust, paper, packing materials and oily substance, particularly in or near vertical shaft openings like stairways, lift shaft etc. shall be collected and disposed off safely at the end of each day's work.

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This Way(supplementary information sign)

Fire Hose Ladder Fire Extinguisher Emergency fireTelephone

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An independent water storage facility shall be provided before the commencement of construction operations for fire-fighting purposes. The tank shall be kept filled up at all times.


"A minimum of two dry chemical powder (DCP) type fire extinguishers shall be provided at both open and covered locations where combustible and flammable materials are stored."

In relation to Fire Exits, para 3.10.2.6 of the BNBC states that

"All construction site with a fire-risk shall have at least two clearly marked fire exits. Other means of escape as required by various sections of this Code shall be provided in a construction site. Fire exits shall be easily openable; stores, packing materials or rubbish shall not obstruct the exit.

Fire walls and exit stairways required for a building shall be given priorities in construction schedule. Where fire doors, with or without automatic closing devices, are to be set in the building, they should be hung as soon as practicable, and before fire risk is increased by way of greater use of combustible material."

CHAPTER 8SAFE MANUAL LOADING AND UNLOADING

Lifting and moving loads manually (by hand) is one of the most common causes of injury at work. Many manual handling injuries result from repeated operations, but even one bad lift can cause a lifetime of pain and disability.

There is no truly 'safe' weight limit for manual handling operations. The degree of risk associated with lifting varies according to the nature of the load, the circumstances in which the lift takes place, how often the lifting operation is carried out and the weight of the item that is being lifted.

However, the BNBC suggests that no-one should carry loads over 20kg.

It is therefore best to avoid unnecessary handling wherever possible. This can be done in the following ways:

� before work starts, identify those operations which involve either lifting heavy or awkward loads or repetitive lifting operations. It is important to find out the weight of heavy items which may have to be manually handled.

� then find ways of either:

- avoiding the operation altogether; or

- using lightweight materials; or

- using mechanical aids

� reduce the height from which they have to be lifted and the distance over which they have to be carried;

� setting limits on the size of commonly used products or material, eg not requiring anyone to manually lift anything weighing more than 20 kg;

� ordering bagged materials in small, easily handled sizes;

� plan difficult manual lifts carefully, particularly if the load is to be shared. Hazards can arise when people are not equally matched in terms of size and strength and if they have not been trained to undertake multiple person lifts;

� training workers in safe lifting techniques and sensible handling of loads.


"No person shall be employed in any establishment to lift, carry or move any load so heavy as to be likely to cause him injury."

Para 2.3.1 and 2.3.2 of the BNBC provides more detailed requirements:

"Each workman shall be instructed for the proper method of loading and unloading from rail wagons and motor vehicles and practices with necessary equipment for safety. Supervisor shall ensure that the required number of workmen based on the weight and the distance involved in each job is available and engaged for the particular job...."

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"Loading and unloading of heavy items shall be done with cranes or gantries if available. The workmen shall stand clear of the path of the material being moved by mechanical equipment. The slings and the ropes used shall be of adequate load carrying capacity ... . "

"For regular and frequent handling the maximum load a single workman is subject to carry shall be limited to 20kg. Workmen to carry heavier loads shall be specially selected and if necessary trained."


"[Bricks] shall be carried from the stack to the site of placement in small bathces as and when necessary."

In relation to explosives, para 2.2.18.1 states that:

"Loading, unloading and handling of explosives will be supervised by competent personnel."

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CHAPTER 9MEASURES TO PREVENT FALLS

Falls from heights are one of the greatest hazards that workers face on construction sites. Analysis of newspapers in Bangladesh over the three years between 2007 to 2009 show that 38% of all deaths on construction sites are the result of falls from heights

Simple measures can however be taken to avoid these incidents - and the law sets out a series of requirements. The following actions should be considered in relation to reducing the risks from falls from height.

� Avoid work at height where possible

Because of the inherent dangers, working at height should be avoided where this is possible.

� Make the workplace at height safe

Where it is necessary for workers to work at height, action should be taken to make the place where the worker is standing safe. This will require the use of different kinds of work equipment.

There are four common places where workers are likely to stand when they are working at height: (a) a floor or flat roof (b) a scaffold (c) a working platform or (d) a ladder.

Working on floors

The BNBC makes it clear that when workers are working on floors:

- all open-sides should have railings and toe boards;

- all holes in the floors should also be surrounded by railings and toe-boards;

- all stairway floor openings should have railings;

- all stairs should have handrails;

- all lift wells should be totally blocked.

Open-sided floors - railing and toe board requirements


"Every open sided floor …. 1.2 m or more above adjacent floor or ground level, shall be guarded by a railing on all open sides, except where there is entrance to ramp, stairway or fixed ladder. Such entrances shall be either guarded with a swinging gate, or so offset that a person is prevented from walking directly into the opening. The railing shall be accompanied by a toeboard at least 200 mm high."

Holes in the floor


"Every temporary floor opening shall either have railing of at least 900 mm height, or shall be constantly attended. Every floor hole shall be guarded by either a railing with toe-board, or a hinged cover. Alternatively, the hole may be constantly attended or protected by a removable railing."

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(Floor openings is defined in para 1.1.3 as "an opening in any floor, platform, pavement, or yard bigger than a floor hole measuring 300 mm or more in its least dimension, though which a person may fall e.g. hatchaway, stair or ladder opening, hopper mouth pit or large manhole."

Stairway floor opening


Till the permanent handrails are provided, temporary provisions like ropes, bamboo poles etc. shall be provided on stair. "

Lift wells


"Entry to the empty lift well shall be blocked; the blockade shall be capable of withstanding bumping of an individual against it. Notices/signs shall be displayed in the lift lobby when the lift is not in operation."

Working on ScaffoldsScaffold has been identified as one of the main hazards in construction sites. Different materials used to construct scaffolding, such as steel, aluminium, wood and bamboo. Bamboo scaffolds are commonly used in Bangladesh to allow workers to undertake work at heights. Making bamboo scaffolds that are safe is not straightforward. It is important that the people who design, erect, alter and dismantle the scaffold are trained and competent in what they do. Whatever the material, the principles of safe scaffolding remain the same that it should be of adequate strength to support the weight and stress which the processes and workers will place upon it, that it is securely anchored and stable, and that it is designed to prevent the fall of workers and materials. Scaffolds should be erected, altered or dismantled only by competent persons under supervision.

In order to ensure that these scaffolds are safe the BNBC requires that:

� the bamboo used is strong;

� the scaffold is based on a firm level foundation;

� ropes used to tie up bamboo poles are strong;

� cross bracing is used;

� strong scaffold platforms are used to allow people to work;

� scaffold platforms have toeboards

� scaffold should be attached to the building;

General requirements


"All … scaffolds shall be strong, substantial and stable."

Strong bamboo


"Scaffolds shall be made from strong bamboo poles, wooden posts, steel pipes or any other suitable materials."


"Good, sound and uniform bamboo shall be collected in sufficient quantities for providing scaffolding, propping, temporary staging, ramp etc. The bamboos shall be free from any defects.

"Bamboos for vertical support shall not be less than 75 mm in diameter, and shall be straight as far as possible."

Scaffold should be properly tied and braced and resting on firm floor


"[Bamboos should be] firmly tied to each other and joints made smooth. Joining members only with nails shall be prohibited."


"[Bamboo poles] shall be adequately tied to vertical members resting on firm floor. Strong ropes shall be used to tie up bamboo poles. In addition, cross bracing with bamboo or wooden posts shall be provided along with ties or guys of steel wire or rod not less than 6 mm in diameter."


"Bamboos may be used as vertical support for up to a height of 4 metres if horizontal bracings are provided at the centre."

Strong scaffold platforms


"Wooden planks or-steel-sheets shall be placed across-horizontal poles to provide suitable footrest and carry construction materials. The whole assembly shall be securely lashed together. Deterioration of tying ropes and rotting planks shall be checked from time to time during the construction period and changed if required."

Attachment to building


"The scaffold shall be secured to the building at enough places."

Working on PlatformsWhere there is no floor, or scaffold, a platform should be provided for the worker to stand. Just like open sides floors, the law says that the platform should have railings and toe-boards.

Requirements for well constructed platforms


"Platforms, … shall be provided during the construction of roofs."


"Working platform required according to the type of roof shall be provided. Additional-precaution shall be taken to construct the platform with sound material secured and fixed, and checked from time to time throughout the period of construction."

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Requirements for railing and toeboards


"Every … platform 1.2 m or more above adjacent floor or ground level, shall be guarded by a railing on all open sides, except where there is entrance to ramp, stairway or fixed ladder. Such entrances shall be either guarded with a swinging gate, or so offset that a person is prevented from walking directly into the opening. The railing shall be accompanied by a toeboard at least 200 mm high."

Working from LaddersLadders should not be used when there is another means of doing the work safer. Howover, a ladder is so readily available and inexpensive, its limitations are easily overlooked. When they are used, they should only be used for short periods of time, generally not more than 30 minutes if possible. They are only suitable for light work - not for work involving carrying material or supporting components.

The BNBC requires that the ladder be well constructed, and be secured:

- by the top of the ladder extending beyond the landing on which it is leaning

- at the bottom or held by a person

- not be too angled

It also sets out how ladders should be used safely and states that ladders should be inspected once every six weeks, and immediately after any ladder has fallen.According to ILO training manual no overhead power lines are allowed with which the ladder might make contact.

Well constructed ladder


"All ladders shall-be-.constructed-of sound-material, and shall be capable of carrying the design loads. No ladder with a missing or defective rung, or supported on nails only, shall be used ...

Ladders shall not be spliced; when unavoidable, splicing shall be done only under the supervision of a foreman ...

All joints in the ladder shall be-properly constructed. Where necessary, handrails shall be provided to the ladders. A brace shall be attached at the middle and supported from a non-yielding fixed object if a ladder shows tendency to spring. Excessive deflection of ladders shall be prevented by stiffeners. "

Note on Guard Rails and Toe boards

Guard rails and toe boards should be strong and rigid enough to prevent people from falling to and be able to withstand other loads likely to be placed on them. They should be fixed to a structure that is capable of supporting them. Toe boards are also very helpful for stopping materials from falling from working platforms etc.

Ladders should be secure when used

More than half of ladder accidents are caused by the ladder slipping at the base or at the top. So make sure that you stand the foot of your ladder on a firm and level base.


"Rails of ladders shall extend at least 1m above the landing and shall be secured at the upper end. As an alternative, there shall be adequate handhold at landing, or side guys with anchorage at the bottom.

To prevent slipping a ladder shall be secured at the bottom end or held by a person at the time of use. A lean-to-ladder may have a maximum angle of 75˚ with the horizontal. Ladders shall be provided with non slip bases on slippery or sloping floors. Ladders used in strong wind shall be securely lashed in position.

A ladder shall neither be placed against window, pane, sashes or such other fragile or easy yielding objects, nor in-front of-doors-opening towards it. If set up in driveways, passageways or public walkways, it shall be protected by barricades. Ladders shall not be supported on any insecure base, e.g. scaffold, planking over trenches etc. "

Working safely on ladders


"A user shall place his feet near the ends of the rungs rather than near the middle, and face the ladder when using it. Both the hands shall be used in climbing a ladder.

Leaning more than 300 mm from the side in order to reach another area from a single setting of the ladder shall not be allowed; the ladder shall be shifted to the required position."

What ladders should not be used for


"Ladders shall not be used as guys, braces or skids, nor in horizontal position as runways and catwalk. They shall not be generally overcrowded."

Inspection of ladders

ILO training manual recommended that aluminium ladders should be given an adequate protective coating when they are likely to be subject to acids, alkalis or other corrosive substances

Wooden ladders

Wooden ladders should be checked for splits or cracks, splintering or warping, metal ladders for mechanical damage and missing, loose or worn rungs. Ladders not in use should not be left on the ground so that they are exposed to weather water and impact damage. ILO training manual suggests that timber ladders should be kept in areas with good ventilation which is free from excessive heat or dampness. Wooden ladders should be properly stored on racks under cover and above ground, and ladders over 6 m in length should have at least three support points to avoid sagging. Wooden ladders and equipment may be coated with transparent varnish or preservative, but should not be painted as paint conceals defects.

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"Wooden ladder shall be inspected at least once in 6 weeks for damage and deterioration. Close visual inspection is recommended in preference to load testing. This condition is particularly applicable to rope and bamboo ladders where fraying of ropes and damage to bamboo is likely to occur. "

"A dropped ladder shall be inspected prior to reuse."

Stepladders

ILO training manual suggests that Stepladders should be spread to their fullest extent and used on a level surface. They should be placed at right angles to the work whenever possible. Work should not be carried out from the top platform or tread of a stepladder unless there is an extension to provide an adequate handhold. The strings, chains or cords used to prevent stepladders from spreading should be of sufficient and equal length and kept in good order.

Providing harnesses to workersWhere, due to the nature of the work being done, the precautions to make the workplace safe for working at height are not sufficient - a harness with a rope should be given to the worker.

The kind of harness depends on the kind of work being done. It could be:

- A simply harness with a short rope connected to a point so that the worker can reach their place of work but cannot reach the open edge. This is known as a "work-restraint harness";

- Where the work requires that workers have to approach an open edge, a harness is required which mitigates the consequences of a fall. This is known as a "fall arrest harness". One of the difficulties of using this kind of harness if that it can only protect a person if they wear the harness properly and can connect the rope to suitably positioned and secure anchorage point.

Use of safety belts and harnesses

Para 3.5.1 of the BNBC states that: "Catch ropes, … shall be provided during the construction of roofs. "


"Workers removing formwork shall wear safety belts if adequate footing is not available above 2m.

Minimising consequences of falls: providing nettingWhere risks of falls continue to exist equipment should be used to minimize the distance and consequences of a fall. An example of this would be nets set up below the area of work.

Nets should not be seen as a substitute for the preventative measures set out above. The way in which safety net system is installed is critical and nets should only be installed if there is a competent and trained person to do it. When nets are used they should be positioned as close as possible to the working level of minimize the height of a fall. They should only used as a last resort.

Provision of "netting" below the working area (Part 7)

Para 3.1.3 and 3.5.1 of the BNBC states that:

"During the erection of tall building nylon net shall be put around the building periphery 3 to 4 metres below the working level …. [N]ets shall be provided during the construction of roofs."

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Working on Temporary Scaffold

In addition of general types of scaffold there are some temporary scaffolds i.e. hanging scaffold, mobile scaffold, scaffold on ladder hooks, scaffold trucks etc. used for very short time in painting the outside wall, fixing or setting extra device like air conditioners in outside of the building, doing repairing work on wall or roof, fitting or setting window, and so on.

There is no specific provision for these types of scaffolds in the BNBC but it is very important to have clear idea about the safe structure and safe use of these types of scaffolds.

Excerpt from the ILO's code of practice on Safety and Health in Construction (Section 4.8) are set up bellow:

Suspended or hanging scaffolds

in addition to the requirements for scaffolds in general as regards soundness, stability and protection against the risk of falls, suspended scaffolds should meet the following specific requirements in so far as such requirements are applicable:

(a) platforms should be designed and built with dimensions that are compatible with the stability of the structure as a whole, especially the length;

(b) the number of anchorages should be compatible with the dimensions of the platform;

(c) the safety of workers should be safeguarded by an extra rope having a point of attachment independent of the anchorage arrangements of the scaffold;

(d) the anchorages and other elements of support of the scaffold should be designed and built in such a way as to ensure sufficient strength;

(e) the ropes, winches, pulleys or pulley blocks should be designed, assembled, used and maintained according to the requirements established for lifting gear adapted to the lifting of persons according to national laws and regulations;

(f ) before use, the whole structure should be checked by a competent person.

However, a hanging scaffold that is ready to be used may never be left alone unattended. And if the control devices aren't on the hanging scaffold itself, the person who operates the hanging scaffold is not allowed to leave while there are people on the hanging scaffold.

During use of a hanging scaffold the following issues should be carefully maintained:

- in case of malfunction, everyone has to leave the scaffold immediately,

- when eye contact is difficult, additional means of communication have to be used,

- everyone who stands on a hanging scaffold is obliged to wear a body harness that is attached to a special fixing point,

- the maximum charge must never be exceeded,

- the environment under the hanging scaffold has to be delimitated with a cordon or fences,

- the use of hanging scaffolds is not allowed when the wind speed is 50 km/h or more.

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Mobile scaffold

A mobile scaffold has wheels under it, which makes it easily movable. It is also lighter

and therefore less stable than a standing scaffold.

Use of mobile scaffold:

- it has to be accessed from the inside,

- the material and the tools have to be hoisted upwards with a rope,

- always make sure the workplace is well cleaned,

- the use of rolling scaffolds is not allowed when the wind force is 50 km/h or more,

- move the scaffold by pushing on the lower side and no one should stand on platform,

- rolling scaffolds that are higher than 8 metres are not allowed to move without breaking down the scaffold until its height is less than 8 metres before moving it.

Scaffold trucks

A scaffold truck is a hoisting device with a work platform that can be elevated by means of a lifting mechanism. Scaffold trucks are mostly used when building a scaffold is not possible or not wanted for some reason or another (lack of time, circumstances …).

Use of scaffold truck: - there has to be a user manual as well as clear instructions for the control,

- the scaffold truck has to be positioned horizontally on a flattened ground,

- only qualified workers are allowed to operate a scaffold truck,

- the people on the man platform have to receive clear instructions,

- it is mandatory to use a walkie-talkie when operating scaffold trucks that can reach higher than 25 metres, in order to keep in contact with the people on the platform,

- always wear a harness belt that is attached to a fixing point in the basket,

- when moving the scaffold truck in a factory, there has to be a guide on the floor. It is only allowed to move wheeled scaffold trucks with the holding devices folded in, the arm heading down and the basket in neutral position,

- the maximum chargeable weight, indicated on the scaffold truck, may never be exceeded,

- never use the scaffold truck as a hoisting device or an elevator,

- it is not advised to use a scaffold truck when the wind force is 50 km/h or more (force 7 on the Beaufort scale).

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CHAPTER 10

MAKING SAFE EXCAVATIONSMEASURES TO PREVENT EARTH COLLAPSES

Almost all construction work involves some form of excavation (principally for foundations, but also for drains, sewers etc) and every year workers are killed or seriously injured while working in or around them. All excavations, no matter what depth, may be hazardous. Many are killed or injured by collapses and falling materials, others are killed or injured when they contact underground or overhead services, and some by falling into them. But modes of failure will depend on the depth, the soil type or soil types if layered, bedding planes, vibration, the presence of moisture, rain, or a high water table level, any superimposed loading close to the edge of the excavation, the time the excavation is open, and any previous disturbance of the soil.

Thus excavation work must be properly planned to prevent accidents. As little as one metre deep of soil surrounding an excavation can easily collapse inwards if it is unsupported, and a cubic metre of soil can weigh as much as one tone. Before digging any kinds of excavation, it is necessary to decide what precautions need to be taken against:

- collapse of the sides;

- people and vehicles falling into the excavation;

- materials falling onto people working in the excavation;

- undermining nearby structures;

- underground and overhead services; and

- the inflow of ground and surface water.

It is important to make sure the equipment necessary for the above are available on site before work starts.

Preventing Collapse of the sideIn soil excavations, there are two ways to prevent sides from collapsing. The first option is to support the sides of excavations with sheeting or other kinds of support systems. This should be installed without delay as the excavation progresses. Never work ahead of the support or remove it prematurely. The work should be directed by a competent supervisor who gives the workers clear instructions. The second option is to batter the sides back sufficiently. Battering back the sides of an excavation to a safe angle is a simple and acceptable means of preventing instability. If the ground is wet a flatter slope is required.

Para 3.12.1.3 (a) of Part 6 of the BNBC states that these measures are only required if the excavation is more than 1.5 metres - however usually 1.2 metres is considered appropriate

"With the exception of rock cuts, the sides of all excavation, including related or resulting embankments, 1.5 m or greater in depth or height measure from the level of the adjacent ground surface to the deepest point of excavation, shall be protected and maintained by shoring, bracing, and sheeting, sheet piling or other retaining structures. Alternatively, excavated slopes may be inclined not steeper than 1:1 or stepped so that the average slope is not steeper than 45 degrees with no step more than 1.5 metres high, provided such slope does not endanger any structure, including sub-surface structures. "

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Preventing People from falling into excavationsExcavations must be guarded to prevent people from falling. Edges of excavations should be protected with substantial barriers - like guard rails and toe boards - so that people can not fall into them. These can be inserted into the ground immediately next to the supported excavation side, or using fabricated guard rail assemblies that connect onto the sides of the trench box.

All excavations should be suitably fenced off to prevent workers falling into them. Para 3.12.1.3 (b) of Part 6 of the BNBC

"A guard rail or a solid enclosure at least 1 m high shall be provided along the open sides of excavations, except that such guard rail or solid enclosure may be omitted from a side or sides when access to the adjoining area is precluded, or where side slopes are one vertical to three horizontal or flatter."

Para 3.2.11 of Part 7 of the BNBC states that excavation and piling sites:

"shall be fenced all around. No trespassing shall be allowed. Sufficient number of notice boards, danger signs, flashing lights etc. shall be provided in the area."

Para 3.2.1 of Part 7 of the BNBC states that:

"Excavation with intervals on any site shall be avoided. If such excavation is unavoidable, the excavated site shall be properly fenced and warning signals given in accordance with Sec 3.2.11. Excavation of interrupted or temporarily suspended construction shall be either backfilled or barricaded."

Preventing Material from falling into sidesPlant and vehicles or excavated spoil and other materials should not be placed close to the sides of excavations. The extra loadings from spoil, vehicles etc can make the sides of excavations more likely to collapse. Loose materials may fall from spoil heaps into the excavation.

Para 3.2.2 of part 7 of the BNBC states that:

"Heavy equipment, such as excavating machinery, shall be kept away from the trenches by a distance at least equal to the depth of trench to a maximum of 6 metres. All excavating tools shall be kept far away from the edge of trench."

Para 3.2.3 of part 7 of the BNBC also states that:

"… piles of lumber, crushed rocks, sand and other construction materials, large trees, etc. may impose surcharges on the side of the trench to cause bulging, sliding, etc. Additional protective measures shall be taken to support the sides of the trenches under these conditions. The objects creating such threat shall be removed if possible before excavation starts."

Para 3.12.1.3 (c) of part 6 of the BNBC states that:

"Excavated material and superimposed loads such as equipment trucks etc shall not be placed closer to the edge of the excavation than a distance equal to one and one-hanlf times the depth of such excavation, unless the excavation is in rock of the sides have been sloped or sheet piled (or sheeted) and shored to withstand the lateral force imposed by such superimposed load."

Allowing safe entryProvide a safe means of getting into and out of an excavation. That can be ladders but they must be suitable and of sufficient strength for the purpose. They must be on a firm level base, secured to prevent slipping and, unless a suitable alternative handhold is provided, extend to a height of at least 1 m above the landing place.


"In excavations deeper than 1.5 m, ladders, ramps or other means of escape, and staging shall be provided."

Not undermining nearby structuresMake sure excavations do not undermine the scaffold, footings or the foundations of nearby buildings or walls. Many boundary walls have very shallow foundations which are easily undermined by even small trenches, causing the wall to collapse onto those working in the trench. Before digging starts, decide if extra support for the structure is needed. Surveys of the foundations and the advice of a structural engineer may be required.


"Where bored or driven piling works are to be carried out in the vicinity of old structures which are likely to be damaged, tell-tales shall be fixed on such structures to monitor their behavior while piling is in progress; timely precautions shall be taken against any adverse effect.

Steps shall be taken, if necessary, to increase the general stability of the construction site or the adjoining site(s), before new structures are erected. In all cases, the possible effect of slopes and excavation of foundation stability shall be carefully investigated."

SupervisionA competent person who fully understands the dangers and necessary precautions should supervise the excavation at the start of each shift. This person should also be responsible for undertaking inspections of excavations - particularly those that need to be shored up or battered down. Ideally, inspections should be undertaken at the start of the shift before work begins; after any event likely to have affected its stability; and after any accidental fall of rock, earth or other material.


"All piling and deep foundation operations shall be supervised by a competent foreman. He shall also be responsible for the precautionary measures to be taken."

Checking underground servicesExcavation work should not start until steps have been taken to identify and prevent any risk of injury arising from underground services. In particular, contact with any electricity cables can result in explosion and burns to those in the vicinity. Escaping gas which ignites can cause serious injury and/or property damage as a result of fire and explosion.

Buried electrical cables often carry high voltages and accidental contact can result in deaths and major burns. When a gas pipe is damaged, escaping gas that ignites can cause serious injury as a result of fire and explosion.

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Every effort should be made to excavate alongside the service rather than directly above it. Final exposure of the service by horizontal digging is recommended as the force applied to hand tools can be controlled more effectively. Mechanical excavators and power tools should not be used close to the indicated line of a service.


"Before excavation or pile driving, information on the location of underground utility connections shall be obtained from the relevant authorities. Probable extent of all damages due to pile driving to adjoining structures or service lines shall be ascertained in advance of operation; pile driving shall be planned accordingly.

If excavation involves cutting through existing land drains, they shall be carefully diverted into the ground drainage system."

CHAPTER 11ELECTRICITY

The use of power-driven machinery on construction sites involves many hazards. Electrical hazards are different from other types of hazard found in construction work because the human senses cannot provide any advance warning. The great majority of electrical accidents result in electric shock and burns. About one in every 30 electrical accidents is fatal.

Workers suffer electric shocks and burns which themselves can cause serious and sometimes fatal injury. People may also, as a consequence of the shock, fall from ladders, scaffolds and other places which can cause further injury. Every year in Bangladesh many construction workers are killed or injured as a result of electricity - in the period of three years between 2007 and 2009, newspapers reported 100 workers died from electrocution which represents 32% of all deaths on building sites.

Construction presents a challenging environment for the safe use of electricity. These include the following issues:

� much of the work is done outdoors in all weathers - and, during the rainy season, wet conditions can increase the risk and potential severity of shock.

� sites are constantly changing as the work progresses, and excavation, demolition work and routine construction activities may result in damage to both the temporary site distribution system and/or the existing fixed installation.

� cables and equipment can be damaged by the movement of heavy plant and materials, and - as a result of congestion on work sites - there may be confusion as to which parts of the temporary existing or new installation are live and which are not.

� the temporary site electricity distribution system may be used by a wide range of people who work for different contractors. Some contractors may provide their own equipment or use equipment provided by others.

PermitsPara 1.3.2 of the BNBC states that:

"Special permits shall be obtained from relevant authorities before commencement of a particular construction work for … using electricity."

Working close to electric wiresIn Bangladesh, most electrocution deaths occur due to construction workers touching overhead electric wires with iron rods.

Where there are any overhead lines of cables in the vicinity of construction works, they should where possible, be made dead or re-routed before work starts. Where the overhead lines cannot be made dead or re-routed precautions should be put in place to ensure that are not approached or disturbed.


"No scaffolding, ladder, working platform, gangway, runway, etc. shall be placed within 3 metres of an un-insulated live electric wire."

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"Metal ladder shall not be used close to electrical equipment or circuits. They shall be marked with CAUTION DO NOT USE NEAR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT signs.

And para 2.2.7 of the BNBC states:

"In stacking and handling of pipes and other conducting materials, the following minimum vertical safety distances from overhead power lines shall be provided

11kv and below 2.5m

Above 11kv and below 33 kv 3.5m

Above 33 kv and below 132 KV 4.4m

Above 132 KV and below 230KV 5.3m"

Para 3.1.3 of the BNBC also states that

"Warning signs shall be displayed, where necessary, to indicate hazardous areas like high voltage zone ... ."


"All cables and signal cords shall be guarded wherever such cables and cords pass through or cross working spaces. Location of underground cables, if any, as well as overhead cables, shall be identified and the scaffolds, hoists etc. should be installed after providing proper guards to such cables.

Respective agencies shall be consulted for the proper method of providing protection to such cables, distance to be maintained to avoid all hazards etc. Cables, specially underground, and their routes shall be marked for future reference and use."

Use of low voltageElectric shocks can also be the result of damage to plugs, cables or equipment. The use of low voltage portable electrical tools and equipment will eliminate the risk of death and greatly reduce the risk of injury in the event of an electrical fault. Therefore the best way to reduce such risk is to keep the supply voltage to the lowest which is necessary for the job to be done.


"Hand lamps shall be of low voltage, preferably 24V."

Double earthingPara 3.1.3 of the BNBC states that:

"All electrically operated hand tools shall be provided with double earthing"

Para 2.2.16 states that :

"Temporary electrical wiring and fittings shall not be installed in the paint store. When electrical lights, switches or electrical equipment are necessary to be stored or use in the same room, the room shall be designed in a way to reduce explosion risk."

Para 3.9.6 states that:

"Double earthing shall be provided to the welding machines."

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WiringPara 3.9.1 of the BNBC states that:

"Protection shall be provided for all electrical wiring laid on floor which may have to be crossed over. All flexible wiring connecting the electrical appliances shall preferably be enclosed in a flexible metal sheath. Frayed and bare wires shall not be used for any temporary or permanent electrical connection."

Check electrical equipment

Para 10.4.4 of ILO's training manual on Safety, Health and Welfare on construction sites guided before using electrical equipment:

- to inspect it for any defects;

- to check that the correct plug and fuse have been fitted - never use makeshift connections to equipment, or to plugs, by sticking bare wires into sockets or contacts;

- to check that the insulation covering wires and cables is not worn or broken;

- check that there is a good electrical connection at each joint of the earthing system.

Electric shockThe danger from electric shock is directly related to the amount of current that passes through the body and to the time that it takes to pass. Para 10.4.1 of ILO's training manual identifies the main causes of electric shock are as follows

� the earth or ground wire becomes disconnected from its plug terminal and touches a live terminal so that the metal case becomes live;

� wrong connections are made to terminals on the plug or the equipment;

� damaged or missing covers on fuse and terminal boxes, or on socket outlets, expose bare live conductors;

� flexible cables are damaged when they are dragged over sharp surfaces or run over;

� make shift repairs are made to flexible cables with insulating tape alone.

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CHAPTER 12MISCELLANEOUS PROVISION

No loose garmentsPara 3.10.3.2 of the BNBC states that:

"Clothes worn by the workmen shall not be of such nature and materials as to increase the chances of inflicting injuries to themselves or others. Wearing of loose garments shall be strictly avoided."

LightingEvery part of the site that is in use should, as far as possible, be arranged so that natural light is available for people to see to do their work and move about the site safely. With both daylight and artificial light, shadows can obscure hazards both at the workplace (eg making it difficult to see the blade of a cutting disc or a drill bit) and on the site generally (eg at stairwells). Artificial light of sufficient brightness is required for night work. If necessary, provide extra lighting to illuminate shadow areas. In addition, emergency routes (the corridors, passageways etc that people must follow in an emergency to escape from danger) should be kept well lit while there are workers on the site. Where daylight provides adequate lighting, no further action is required. ILO training manual suggests that

� Where natural lighting is not adequate to ensure safe working conditions, adequate and suitable lighting, including portable lighting where appropriate, should be provided at every workplace and any other place on the construction site where a worker may have to pass.

� Artificial lighting should, as far as practicable, not produce glare or disturbing shadows.

� Where necessary to prevent danger, lamps should be protected by suitable guards against accidental breakage.

� The cables of portable electrical lighting equipment should be of adequate size and characteristics for the power requirements and of adequate mechanical strength to withstand severe conditions in construction operations.

The BLA states that:

(1) In every part of an establishment where workers are working or passing, there shall be provided and maintained sufficient and suitable lighting, natural or artificial, or both.

Para 3.2.9 of the BNBC states that, in relation to work involving 'piling and deep foundation':

"For work during night, lighting of at least 100 lux intensity shall be provided at the work site."

Safety Record BookSection 90 of the BLA states that:

"There shall, in every establishment where more than 25 workers worker, be provided and maintained a compulsory safety record book and safety board as prescribed by rules."


"A copy of all pertinent regulations and notices concerning accidents, injury and first aid shall be prominently displayed at the work site."

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Para 1.2.4 states that:

"A record/reports of all accidents and actions taken thereone shall be kept by the first aid attendant and forwarded to appropriate authorities when asked."

LifelinePara 2.2.1 of the BNBC states that:

"When entering a silo or bin for any purpose, the workmen shall wear a lifeline attended by another workman outside."

Guarding of machineryPara 3.3.2 of the BNBC states that in relation to the pile rig

"Exposed gears, flywheels etc shall be fully enclosed. Motor gearing, transmission, electrical wiring and other parts of a hoisting machine which are sources of hazard should have proper safeguards ... Sheaves on pile drivers shall be guarded again workers drawn into them accidentally."

Para 3.6.3 states in relation to concrete mixers that:

"All gears and rollers or mixer plants shall be guarded."

Para 3.9.4 of the BNBC states that

"Every moving part of or prime mover and every part of electric generator, motors and rotary converters shall be securely fenced. Fencing shall be of substantial construction, maintaining in efficient working order, and kept in position when the machine is in motion."

Lifting MaterialsPara 3.5.1 of the BNBC states that:

"Precautions shall be taken to employ the correct technique of hoisting materials, to use hoists of sufficient strength for the quantity of stores to be hoisted and to be prevent overloading and overturning of hoists or buckets etc."

Safe working loadsIn relation to "lifting gear", para 3.8.4 of the BNBC states that

"Table of safe working loads shall be posted in the tackle store and in prominent position. No chain rope or lifting tackle shall be used for loadings exceeding the safe working load."

Common to many construction machines are in-running nip points where one part rotates against or close to another. Common examples are cog-wheels, chain and sprockets, belts and cylinder drums, and ratchet drives. All nip points should be assumed to be dangerous and should be guarded to prevent approach unless they are enclosed within the machine. Equally dangerous are rotating shafts of whatever diameter and of whatever speed. A common cause of accident is clothing becoming caught and wrapped around the shaft. If the shaft is not inaccessible within the machine frame, then it must be enclosed - a loose tube covering and resting on the shaft is a cheap, convenient and effective method.

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In relation to 'scaffold and formwork" para 3.7.3 of the BNBC states that they:

"Shall be capable of supporting without failure, at least two times the maximum intended load."

In relation to cranes, para 3.8.5 of the BNBC states that:

"the safe working load shall be clearly shown on the crane; no crane shall be loaded beyond this limit."

InspectionsPara 3.8.7 of the BNBC states that:

"Material and joints in scaffolding shall be inspected from time to time both before and after erection for the soundness, strength, damage due to weathering etc. Inspection shall be made for spillage or material or liquids, loose material lying on the gangways, and poper access to the platform."

VentilationPara 3.10.1 states that:

"All construction sites shall have sufficient general and local ventilation … ."

In relation to painting, para 3.11.5.1 states that:

"Adequate ventilation to prevent the accumulation of flammable vapour to hazardous level of concentration shall be provided in all areas where painting is done. "

Para 3.10.2.2 states that:

"Where cellulose or other highly flammable paint is sprayed, flame-proof exhaust ventilation equipment shall be provided. Smoking shall be strictly controlled where highly flammable liquids are used."

Medical ScreeningPara 3.10.1 states that:

"People suffering from asthma, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis or pneumoconiosis shall be screened out from being employed in works involving the use of paints, varnishes, plastic forma, rubber, adhesives, etc."

Public SafetyPara 1.4.5 of the BNBC states that:

"Every walkway adjacent to a construction, demolition or excavation site shall be kept well lighted at night. The outer edge of the occupied space of street or footpath shall have red lights placed thereon which shall flash continuously day and night."


"A watchman shall be employed to warn the general public when intermittent hazardous operations are conducted. Audible signal shall be used in case of extreme danger."


"Road and footpath spaces may be used only temporarily during construction subject to the following conditions:

(a) permission shall be obtained from relevant authorities for all such uses."

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ANNEX 1: WORKING WITH ASBESTOS

Asbestos is a deadly dust - and strict measures need to be taken to avoid exposure of workers to the dust. Please also see page 17 and 19 of this guide in relation to asbestos.

Working with Asbestos

Para 2.2.19 sets out the requirements for working with asbestos.

Handling of Asbestos-based Materials: When cutting, sawing or machining takes place in confined place, efficient local dust extraction equipment shall be installed. Alternatively a wet method of machining by water type dust suppressed powered tools shall be used.

The best standards of good housekeeping and hygiene shall apply to cutting areas which shall be segregated and used for no other purpose. Waste materials and dust shall not be allowed to accumulate in working area or store.

A vacuum cleaning device with a high efficiency filter shall be used to keep floors, walls and fixtures free from dust accumulation. Alternatively all surfaces shall be cleaned with a wet rag and floors washed by gently spraying water. Dry sweeping or compressed air blowing shall never be used.

Asbestos insulation boards shall preferably be supplied precut and drilled from the workshop using a suitable dust control equipment. On-site preparations shall be performed in the open.

Polyethylene sheet shall be used to screen a work area in an enclosed space. Only authorized worker shall be allowed access to such areas. Appropriate signs shall mark an asbestos working area and warn against inhaling asbestos dust.

A guillotine or knife die cutter shall be used to cut sheets. The use of hammer and chisel shall be avoided.

At the end of each work shift, dust shall be either collected by a vacuum cleaner or swept up after being wetted. The dust shall then be put into a sealable container. Any rejected materials shall also be placed in an impermeable bag.

Removal and disposal asbestos-based Materials: Spray method shall be used for removal of asbestos-based materials which is not covered or coated by other materials. For removing thick asbestos-based materials, soaking method with total saturation shall be used. Dry method shall only be used where the spray or soaking method cannot be used.

All movable furniture and fittings shall be removed from the work area and other non-removable items covered with plastic sheets. Air conditioning systems shall either be isolated from the asbestos removal area or closed down.

Before removal or stripping the asbestos, insulation coatings shall be thoroughly soaked water or steam. In case demolition of asbestos, a portable exhaust extraction plant shall be used.

Transport and storage containers shall be labeled of the contents. Waste shall be kept in strong enclosed containers or in strong sealed impervious bags. These shall not be overfilled; care shall be taken to avoid damage or spillage before disposal.

The filter bags used in a dust extracting system shall be impermeable and capable of being readily sealed and disposed off without further treatment.

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ANNEX 2 : SUMMARY OF RESEARCH REPORT COMMISSIONED BY WHO

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report focuses on workplace health and safety conditions in the construction sector in Bangladesh - which involves about 1.5 million construction workers, 7% of whom are women. There is no accurate data on the levels of workplace deaths and injuries of construction workers, as although construction employers have had a duty since 2006 to report deaths and injuries to the Inspectorate of Factories and Establishments, this does not happen. Investigations into deaths reported in newspapers, however, found that in 2008 there were 120 confirmed construction deaths - most of which resulted from falls from height and electrocution. Whilst this figure is likely to be a significant under-estimate of the reality, it does suggest that construction is the sector with the highest rate of workplace deaths in Bangladesh.

Two laws impose health and safety obligations relevant to the construction sector. The most significant is the Bangladesh National Building Code 2006 (BNBC 2006) which imposes detailed duties on 'owners' and developers, covering most of the major hazards found on construction sites. There is however no agency enforcing this code. The Bangladesh Labour Act 2006 (BLA 2006) also applies to the construction sector, but the duties contained within it (which are imposed on employers, rather than principal contractors) has limited application to construction. Although the Inspectorate of Factories and Establishes does enforce the BLA 2006, it does not do so on construction sites due to lack of capacity. Neither of the two laws impose any obligations to provide training, instruction or supervision and in many respects fails to comply with the ILO Convention and Recommendation relating to health and safety in the construction sector - though the Bangladesh Government is not a signatory.

The current Government procurement documents for construction work do not include any criteria relating to health and safety, and the final contract imposes no detailed health and safety requirement. Revisions of these documents are currently taking place which may result in those successful in tenders having to appoint an 'accident prevention officer' on the construction sites

Most workers on construction sites are employed by labour contractors who obtain work form either developers, large contractors, or individual house holders. Labour Contractors have limited capacity and resources to deal with health and safety issues - in contrast to the highly resourceful developers and main contractors to whom they are contracted. Despite this, the surveys of construction sites conducted for this report show that developers have interest in compliance with even the most basic health and safety obligations. Workers working at height were not provided harnesses, most sites had no proper working platforms on their scaffolds, and there was no barriers to stop workers falling of sides of floors. The wearing of any personal protective equipment was almost entirely absent. In addition to this, a scrutiny of contracts between developers and labour contractors show that, it appears common for developers try to offset their legal responsibilities for safety onto contractors.

A survey of construction workers from different parts of Dhaka indicated that the vast majority of workers had no safety training, that most workers thought that their conditions at work were either 'very unsafe' or 'unsafe', and were either 'bad' or 'very bad' for their health. Almost half of them had a serious injury which required them to go to hospital in the last five year, though 76% had had no 'accident' in the last 18 months. The most popular recommendations was for the provision of safety equipment, better provision of drinking water, cleaner and more latrines and improved and safer accommodation. Discussions with women workers indicated significant discrimination against them on sites - in relation, for example, to rest periods and wage levels

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Discussions with REHAB, the organisation that represents developers, and with managing directors of some of the developers themselves, indicated a significant lack of understanding of their legal requirements - although REHAB accepted they should be doing far more and were willing to undertake more work in this area in the future. They indicated publication of guidance, along with training, on the BNBC would be very helpful.

Labour contractors, with whom we spoke with separately, accepted that safety conditions on construction sites were very poor. They placed most of the blame on developers - arguing that they had no resources to assist - though they accepted that they also needed training to understand their obligations as contractors.

The report makes a series of recommendations. These include: making changes to the law; establishing a body to enforce health and safety provisions on construction sites;; producing guidance and training on the law and good practice for developers and contractors; improving information provision to workers on safe working practices; gaining the commitments of the associations that represent developers and main contractors to improve health and safety of their member companies; further changes to the Government procurement tender documents and contracts.

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AeKvVv‡gv Dbœq‡bi Awe‡”Q`¨ A½ I D¾xebx kw³ n‡”Q wbg©vY RMZ hv evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cÖavb PvwjKv kw³| GB wbg©v‡Yi RM‡Z Av‡Q eûwea Kg©hÁ †hgb feb, iv¯Ív, †mZz I e›ì wbgv©Y BZ¨vw`| wbg©vY †¶‡Î hvwš¿K eënvi e„w× cvIqv m‡Ë¡I evsjv‡`‡ki wbg©vY wkí GLbI eûjvs‡k Rbej wbf©i| kªgkw³ Rwic 2005-06 †gvZv‡eK wbg©vY‡¶‡Î cÖvq 1.5wgwjqb wbg©vY kªwgK wb‡qvwRZ, hvi g‡a¨ 7% bvix kªwgK| hv‡nvK, wbg©vY Kvh©µg cÖej SzuwKc~Y©, †hLv‡b Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Îi Zzjbvq eûwea `yN©Ubv N‡U| AweiZfv‡e Kg© cwi‡ek Ges wbg©vY GjvKvi Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b Ges hyMcrfv‡e wfbœ wfbœ ai‡bi wVKv`vi KZ…©K M„nxZ wewfbœ Kg©KvÛ wbivcËvi w`K †_‡K wbg©vY †¶Î‡K cÖwZØw›`Zvc~Y© K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ eQi kZkZ kªwgK wbgv©Y GjvKvq `yN©Ubvq gviv hvq| GQvov K‡qK nvRvi kªwgK Kg©‡¶Î `yN©Ubvq AvnZ nq ev Kg©-msµvšÍ Amy¯’Zv ev †iv‡M †fv‡M| wbgv©Y †ÿ‡Îi eë¯’vcbvq wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³‡ì Øviv KZK¸wj mnR c`‡¶c MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g AwaKvsk Kg©‡¶‡Îi `yN©Ubv cÖwZ‡iva ev g„Zyï nvZ †_‡K kªwgK‡ì i¶v Kiv hvq| Avi †mKvi‡YB wbg©vY †ÿ‡Îi ¯^v¯’¨ I wbivcËv eë¯’v h_vh_fv‡e †`Lfvj Kivi Rb¨ G ai‡bi GKwU wb‡`©wkKv _vKv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

D‡Ïk¨

GB wb‡`©wkKvwU wbg©vY wk‡íi Kg©x‡ì wbivcËv, ¯^v¯’¨ I Kj¨vY i¶v‡_© m¤úwËi gvwjK, †W‡fjcvi I wVKv`viMY‡K wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡b mnvqZv Ges `yN©Ubvi d‡j RLg nIqv I cÖvY nvbxi cªeYZv jvN‡ei D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwYZ n‡q‡Q|

wbg©vY †¶Î `yN©Ubvq RLg nIqv I g„Zz¨ Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi Av‡jv‡K wbg©vY †¶‡Î wbivcËv eë¯’vcbvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ wKQz †gŠwjK bxwZ GLv‡b mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q| wbivcËv eë¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ we‡ePbv K‡i G wb‡`©wkKvq wbivcËv eë¯’cbv m¤úwK©Z wKQz bxwZgvjv AšÍf~©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv gvwjK, †W‡fjcvi I wVKv`viMY‡K AvB‡bi cysLvbycysL evaëvaKZvmg~n cvj‡b mnvqZv Ki‡e|

GwU GKwU ¯^qs-m¤ú~Y© wb‡`©wkKv bq| GwU wbg©vY †¶‡Îi me ai‡bi wec` cÖeY Ae¯’v m¤úwK©Z bq Ges AvBb welqK me w`KI eY©bv K‡i bv| hv‡nvK, GB wb‡`©wkKvq AvB‡bi AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KiYxq mg~n wea„Z n‡q‡Q hv †W‡fjcvi I Ab¨vb¨‡ì‡K Kg©‡¶‡Î wbivcËv, ¯^v¯’¨ I Kj¨vYg~jK Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b Aek¨B cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|

GB wb‡`©wkKv wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v (WHO) Gi Øviv cwiPvwjZ M‡elbvjä Z_¨ DcvË‡K AbymiY K‡i‡Q| hvi gva¨‡g cÖKvk cvq †h XvKvq AwaKvsk wbg©vY †¶Î AvB‡bi Av‡jv‡K cvjbxq †gŠwjK wbivcËv I ¯^v¯’¨ welqK eë¯’vw` cÖwZcvj‡b e¨_©| M‡elYvjä Z_¨, msw¶ß AvKv‡i ms‡hvRbx‡Z †`qv n‡q‡Q, AviI cÖKvk K‡i †h wbg©vY †¶‡Îi mv‡_ mswkøó mK‡ji g‡a¨ wbg©v‡Y wbivcËv eë¯’vcbvi wel‡q hrmvgvY¨ aviYv we`¨gvb|

55

evsjv‡`k b¨vkbvj wewìs †KvW (weGbwewm)

evsjv‡`k b¨vkbvj wewìs †KvW G wbg©vY †¶‡Î Kvh© wbivcËv welqK evaëvaKxq weavbmg~n mwbœ‡ewkZ Av‡Q hv wewìs G¨v± 1952 Gi ¶gZve‡j b‡f¤î 2006 G AvB‡b cwiYZ nq| evsjv‡`k kªg AvBb 2006 (BLA) Gi wKQz wewagvjv wbg©vY kªwgK‡ì wbivcËvi e¨vcv‡iI cÖvmswMK| weGbwewm GKwU wek` `wjj hvi AwaKvskB wbwðZ K‡i †h Gi Abymi‡Y wbwg©Z mKj feb wbivc` n‡e Ges hv wbw`©ó gvb eRvq ivL‡e| hv‡nvK, weGbwewmÕi 7g fv‡Mi 1-4 Aa¨v‡q kªwg‡Ki wbivcËv welqK evaëvaKZvmg~n D‡jøK Kiv n‡q‡Q- hv GB wb‡`©kbvi mwnZ msMwZc~Y©|

evsjv‡`k kªg AvB‡b (BLA) Kg©‡¶‡Îi e„nr cwil‡ii mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q wKš‘ G wb‡`©wkKvq ïay 5,6,7 I 8 Aa¨v‡q ewY©Z Kg©‡¶‡Îi wbivcËv m¤úwK©Z wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

GB wb‡`©wkKv kªwgK‡ì ¯^v¯’¨ I wbivcËv m¤ú‡K© mKj evaëvaKZv D‡jøL K‡i bvB| GwU †Kej Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖ‡qvRbxq welq mg~‡ni Dci †Rvi w`‡q‡Q| AvB‡bi mKj cÖ‡qvRbxq wewai Rb¨ weGbwewm I weGjGi m¤ú~Y© eY©bv AbymiYxq|

hv‡nvK, GB cyw¯ÍKvwU‡Z Kg©‡¶‡Îi wbivcËv, ¯^v¯’¨ I Kj¨vYmg~‡ni Dbœqb mva‡bi Rb¨ †W‡fjcvi I Ab¨vb¨‡ì KiYxq AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq welq mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

GwU wbg©vY wk‡í wb‡gœv³ wel‡q mvnvh¨ Ki‡e:

- ¯^v¯’¨ I wbivcËv Dbœqb

- Kg©‡¶‡Î SyuwK eë¯’vcbvq h_vmg‡q mwVK I †hvM¨ Rbej wb‡qvM

- Kvh©¨Kix cwiKíbv Ges SzuwK eë¯’cbvq `„wó cÖ`vb- hv ïay KvMy‡R c`‡¶c wn‡m‡e bq ev¯Í‡eI cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

Kv‡ì Rb¨ GB wb‡`©wkKv

GB wb‡`©wkKvwU Kg©x‡ì ¯^v¯’¨ I wbivcËv eë¯’cbvq m¤úwËi gvwjK, †W‡fjcvi, wVKv`vi, cÖKí eë¯’vcK I ZË¡veavbKvix‡ì‡K fvjfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ ‰Zix Kiv n‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i ZË¡veavbKvix‡ì‡K mywbw`©ó cš’vq Kg©‡¶‡Îi wbivcËv I ¯^v¯’¨ i¶vi bxwZ wel‡q wek` cwiwPwZ cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ ˆZix Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB wb‡`©wkKvwU wVKv`vi I wbg©vY wk‡íi Ab¨vb¨ wb‡qvM`vbKvix‡ì‡K wbg©vY †ÿ‡Îi SuzwK eë¯’vcbvq mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|

56

Aa¨vq - 2

AvBwb f~wgKv

gvwjK, †W‡fjcvi, wVKv`vi I wb‡qvMKZ©vMY Kg©‡¶‡Î wbivcËv, ¯^v¯’¨ I Kj¨vY m¤^Üxq evsjv‡`‡ki `ywU AvBb m¤ú‡K© Iqv‡Kenvj _vK‡eb| h_v weGbwewm 2006 I weGjG 2006| ¯^v¯’¨ I wbivcËv wel‡q weGbwewm LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `wjj Avi Aci w`‡K Kj¨vY m¤úwK©Z wel‡q weGjG|

evsjv‡`k b¨vkbvj wewìs †KvW (weGbwewm)

†ckvMZ ¯^v¯’¨ I wbivcËv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k b¨vkbvj wewìs †KvW n‡”Q AvBwb I cÖkvmwbK eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi cÖavb wfwË cÖ¯Íi| weGbwewmÕi 7g fv‡M Kg©‡¶‡Îi wbivcËv m¤úwK©Z evaëvaKZv I KiYxqmg~n D‡jøL Av‡Q1|

gvwjK I †W‡fjcvi‡ì `vwqZ¡

†KvW G Òm¤úwËi gvwjKÓ †h wbg©v‡Yi ms‡M m¤ú„³ Ges Ò†h ‡Kvb †W‡fjcviÓ †h gvwjK KZ…©K wbg©vY KvR Gi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡ cÖvß Df‡qi Dci GwU cvj‡bi e¨vaëvaKZv mivmwi Ac©Y Kiv n‡q‡Q|

weGbwewmÕi 2q fv‡M Aby‡”Q` 2.6.1 G hv ewY©Z n‡q‡Q Zv n‡”Q:

Òm¤úwËi gvwjK wnmv‡e †Kvb e¨w³, cÖwZôvb, miKvix Awa`ßi ev cÖwZôvb †Kvb KvVv‡gvi D×©gyLx m¤úªmviY, wbg©vY, ewa©ZKiY, †givgZ, cwieZ©b, cwiea©b, mivb ev AcmviY, fv½b, hš¿vcvwZ w`‡q mw¾ZKiY, eënvi A_ev cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g hw` GB †KvW j•Nb K‡ib A_ev Kivi Rb¨ AbygwZ cÖ`vb K‡ib, wZwb GB Aciv‡ai Rb¨ ‡`vlx n‡eb Ges cÖvwaKvwiK cÖwZôvb (h_vh_ KZ…©cÿ) G Acivax‡ì weiæ‡× AvBwb eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡eb| GB eë¯’vi Rb¨ ¯^Z¡vwaKvix ev gvwjK ej‡Z †h †Kvb Dbœ&qbKvix‡ì‡K AšÍf©~³ K‡i, †h Dc‡iv³ Kg© mg~‡ni Rb¨ `vwqZ¡ cÖvß A_ev H mKj Kg© mg~‡ni Rb¨ wb‡qvM, Pzw³ A_ev BRviv cÖ`vb K‡i|Ó

GwU cÖwYavb‡hvM¨ †h weGbwewmi eva¨vevaKZv mg~n gvwjK I †W‡fjcv‡ii DciI eZ©bxq hwÌ Zuviv wbg©vY †¶‡Î mivmwi kªwgK wb‡qvM K‡i bv|

cÖ‡KŠkjx, ¯’cwZ I cwiKíbvwe`‡ì `vwqZ¡

gvwjK I †W‡fjcvi‡ì Ici mivmwi b¨¯Í `vwq‡Z¡i AwZwi³ wn‡m‡e weGbwewm cÖ‡qvRb g‡b K‡i †h cÖ‡KŠkjx, ¯’cwZ I cwiKíbvwe`MYI †Kv‡Wi wea„Z eë¯’vwì cwicvjb wbwðZ Ki‡eb|

weGbwewmÕi 2q fv‡Mi, Aby‡”Q` 2.6.3 G D‡jøL¨ †h:

Ò†Kvb feb ev KvVv‡gv wbgv©Y A_ev Ab¨vb¨ Dbœqb Kv‡Ri bKkv cÖYqb, ZË¡veavb ev cÖZ¨vq‡bi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡cÖvß cÖ‡KŠkjx, ¯’cwZ I cwiKíbvwe`‡ì‡K †Kv‡Wi wewaweavb Abyqvqx Gme KvR wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e, †Kv‡Wi wewaweav‡bi ev¯Íevq‡b †h †Kvb j•Nb Ges †ckvMZ Am`vPviY †hgb wg_¨v wee„wZ ev fyqv cÖZ¨vqb cÎ cÖ`vb ev †Kvb cÖgvwYZ †ckvMZ A¶gZvi NUbvmn Ab¨ †h †Kvb Am`vPi‡Yi Rb¨ KZ…©c¶ KZ…©K Zv‡ì ¯^xK…wZ evwZjmn Rwigvbv w`‡Z eva¨ Kiv n‡e|Ó

1 G wb‡`©wkKvq weGbwewmÕi †hme †idv‡iÝ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi cÖvq meB 7g fvM †_‡K hw`bv Ab¨_v D‡jøL Kiv nq|

57

weGbwewmÕi 7g fv‡M, Aby‡”Q` 1.2.1 G wbivcËv m¤ú©‡K Av‡iv wbw`©ó K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q †ht

ÒgvwjK ev wbg©vY KvR PjvKvjxb Dnv ZË¡veav‡bi Rb¨ gvwjK KZ©„K wb‡qvMK…Z †ckv`vi e¨w³ wbg©vY Kv‡R eëüZ Dcv`vb mvgMÖxi ¸Yv¸Y, Kv‡Ri ¸YMZ gvb Ges mKj mZK©Zvg~jK eë¯’vi ch©‡e¶Y wbwðZ Ki‡e|Ó

Pzw³

weGbwewm †gvZv‡eK feb ev KvVv‡gv wbgv©‡Y mswkøó wewfbœ c‡¶i g‡a¨ my¯úófv‡e msÁvwqZ Pzw³ _vK‡Z n‡e| Z‡e G weavb cwi®‹vifv‡e wb‡`©k K‡i †h Pzw³‡Z †Kvb wKQyB †Kv‡W ewY©Z `vwqZ¡mg~n †_‡K gvwjK‡K (DbœqbKvixmn) Ae¨vnwZ cÖ`vb K‡i bv|

weGbwewmÕi 7g fv‡Mi Aby‡”Q` 1.2.1 G D‡jøL¨ †h:

Ò†Kvb wbgv©Y ev fv½vi KvR Kivi Rb¨ gvwjK I wVKv`v‡ii g‡a¨ Ges gvwjK ev ‡ckv`vi Dc‡`óv‡ì g‡a¨ Pzw³i kZ© cwi®‹vifv‡e msÁvwqZ Ges wjwLZ _vK‡Z n‡e| Z‡e Gme kZ© gvwjK‡K G †Kv‡Wi aviv, Ab¨vb¨ cª‡qvM wewagvjv, wbqg Ges mswkøó AvB‡b ewY©Z `vwqZ¡ †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ cÖ`vb Ki‡e bv|Ó

`vwqZ¡mg~&‡ni mvgwMÖK aviYvwbivcËv `vwqZ¡mg~‡ni cÖavb aibmg~n wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv SzuwKi aib Abyhvqx †kªYxweb¨vm bv K‡i eis wbg©vY GjvKvq M„nxZ Kvh©µg Abyhvqx †kªYxweb¨vm Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cÖ‡qvM I kvw¯Í

weGbwewmÕi 2q fv‡Mi, Aby‡”Q` 2.1 G D‡jøL¨ †h:

Òwbw`©ó GLwZqv‡ii g‡a¨ G †KvW cª‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ miKvi GKwU bZzb ms¯’v MVb Ki‡e A_ev we`¨gvb †Kvb ms¯’v‡K `vwqZ¡ w`‡e|Ó

eZ©gv‡b XvKvi Rb¨ G †KvW ev¯Íevq‡bi `vwqZ¡ ivRavbx Dbœqb KZ…©c‡¶i (ivRDK)| †Kv‡W ewY©Z †Kvb weavbvejx f½ Ki‡j BgviZ wbgv©Y AvBb 1952 †Z Kviviæ×Ki‡Yi weav‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|

wbivcËv `vwq‡Z¡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †¶Î aviv

wbgv©Y mvgMÖx gRy`, ¯‘cKiY Ges mivb Ask 7, Aby‡”Q` 2.2.1 - 2.2.20

wbgv©Y mvgMÖx †evSvBKiY I Lvjvm Ask 7, Aby‡”Q` 2.3.1 - 2.3.2

Lbb I wfwË wbg©v‡Y wb‡qvwRZ Kgx© Ask 7, Aby‡”Q` 3.2.1 - 3.2.12

cvBj wiM Ask© 7, Aby‡”Q` 3.3.1 - 3.3.4

†`qvj wbgv©Y Ask 7, Aby‡”Q` 3.4.1 - 3.4.4

†d¬vi wbgv©Y Ask 7, Aby‡”Q` 3.5.1 - 3.5.6

Kbwµ‡Ui KvR Ask 7, Aby‡”Q` 3.6.1 - 3.6.4

LuvPvi KvR Ges guvPv wbgv©Y Ask 7, Aby‡”Q` 3.7.1 - 3.7.6

D‡Ëvjb Kvh©µg Ask 7, Aby‡”Q` 3.8.1 - 3.87

we`y¨Zvqb hš¿cvwZ I cwiPvjbv Ask 7, Aby‡”Q` 3.9.1 - 3.9.7

mvaviY wbgv©Y SzuwK Ask 7, Aby‡”Q` 3.10.1 - 3.10.5

fv½vi KvR Ask-7, Aa¨vq 4

58

evsjv‡`k kªg AvBb 2006

evsjv‡`k kªg AvBb 2006 mKj ÒcÖwZôv‡biÓ Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨| G AvB‡bi cÖ_g Aa¨v‡qi aviv 2(61) G cÖwZôvb ej‡Z AšÍf~©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q:

Ò†Kvb evwo-Ni, iv¯Ív, myo½, b`©gv, bvjv ev †mZz wbgv©Y, cybt wbgv©Y, †givgZ, cwieZ©b ev †f‡½ †djvi A_ev gvjvgvj DVv‡bv-bvgv‡bv ev wb‡q hvIqv msµvšÍ KvR ev eë¯’v Kivi Rb¨ wb‡qvwRZ ‡Kvb wVKv`vi ev Dc-wVKv`v‡ii cÖwZôvb...|Ó

hwÌ GB aviv AviI my¯úó n‡Z cvi‡Zv Z‡e GwU cwi®‹vi †h weGjG 2006 wbg©vY †m±‡ii †ÿ‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|

`vwqZ¡ cvjbKvix

G AvB‡bi wewaweavb Ôwb‡qvMKZv©iÕ Ici eZv©q| †h‡Kvb GKwU wbgv©Y GjvKvi mv‡_ wewfbœ Ôwb‡qvMKZv©Õ mswkøó _vK‡Z cv‡i| GKwU wbgv©Y GjvKvq †ekxifvM kªwgK GK ev GKvwaK ai‡bi wVKv`v‡ii gva¨‡g mivmwi wb‡qvM n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e †W‡fjcviivI (KLbI KLbI Rwgi gvwjK) cÖ‡KŠkjx Ges Ab¨vb¨ kªwgK wb‡qvM w`‡q _v‡K| ZvB wVKv`v‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ †W‡fjcvi I Rwgi gvwjKI wb‡qvMKZ©v wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e Ges Zv‡ì IciI G AvB‡bi `vwqZ¡ eZ©v‡e|

wbg©vY mvB‡U †ewkifvM kªwgK hwÌ wVKv`vi wb‡qvM w`‡q _v‡K Z_vwcI weGjGÕi A‡bK wewa-weavb, we‡kl K‡i KjvYg~jK wewa-weavbmg~n , wVKv`vi‡ì wbqš¿‡Y _v‡K bv| m½Zfv‡eB hv‡ì nv‡Z mvB‡Ui wbqš¿Y _v‡K †hgb m¤úwËi gvwjK ev †W‡fjcvi Zv‡ì IciB Kj¨vYg~jK Gme `vq-`vwqZ¡ eZ©vq|

`vwqZ¡mg~&‡ni mvgMÖxK aviYv

weGjG 2006 G D‡jøwLZ ¯^v¯’¨, wbivcËv I Kj¨vYg~jK wewaweav‡bi A‡bK wKQzB wbgv©Y †m±‡ii mv‡_ msMwZc~Y© bq| †hme wewa-weavbmg~n wbg©vY GjvKvi mv‡_ †gvUvgywUfv‡e msMwZc~Y© †mme wb‡gœi Q‡K D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:

aviv evaëva¨KZv aviv 57 chv©ß I h_vh_ A‡jvi eë¯’v aviv 58 ch©vß weï× cvwb mieiv‡ni eë¯’v aviv 59 cwi®‹vi I ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbvi eë¯’v aviv 62 AwMœKv‡Ûi †ÿ‡Î mZK©Zvaviv 63 MwZm¤úbœ A_ev eënvh© hš¿cvwZ wNwiqv ivLvaviv 68 †µ‡bi i¶Yv‡e¶Yaviv 69 n‡q÷ I wjd&U Gi i¶Yv‡e¶Yaviv 72 †g‡S, wmwo Ges hvZvqvZ c_ Gi iÿYv‡eÿYaviv 74 ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i Ggb AwZwi³ IRb en‡b evav-wb‡la aviv 80 kvixwiK RLg ev g„Zz¨ m¤ú‡K© gvwjK KZ…©K cwi`k©K‡K †bvwUk cÖ`vbaviv 89 ÒcÖv_wgK wPwKrmv miÄvg ev·Ó BZ¨vwì cÖvc¨Zv aviv 90 wbivcËv welqK †iKW© eB msi¶Yaviv 91 †aŠZKiY I †Mvm‡ji myweav

cÖv‡qvM

Kj-KviLvbv I cÖwZôvb cwi`k©b cwi`ß‡ii cwi`k©KMY weGjG 2006 ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡K| KZ…©Z¡ _vKv m‡Ë¡I eZ©gv‡b Zviv Lye KgB Gme wewaweavb wbgv©Y mvB‡Ui †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i|

59

gvwjK‡ì evaëvaKZv m¤ú‡K© wbg©vY †ÿ‡Îi ¯^v¯’¨ I wbivcËv welqK AvBGjI Kb‡fbkb 1988 Gi mswkøó Aby‡”Q`mg~n

Aby‡”Q-8

hLb `yB A_ev Z‡ZvwaK wb‡qvMKvix GKB wbg©vY GjvKvq GKB mv‡_ KvR K‡i-

(K) cÖavb wVKv`vi A_ev Ab¨ e¨w³ A_ev cÖwZôvb hv‡ì nv‡Z wbg©vY GjvKvi mvgwMÖK Kvh©µ‡gi cÖK…Z wbqš¿Y A_ev wbg©vY GjvKvi cÖavb `vwq‡Z¡ Av‡Q Zviv wb‡`©wkZ wbivcËv Ges ¯^v¯’¨ welqK c`‡¶c mg~n mgš^‡qi Rb¨ `vqx Ges Zviv RvZxq AvBb I wbqgbxwZi mv‡_ GwU hZUzKy mvgÄm¨c~Y© ZZUzKz eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ `vqx _vK‡e;

(L) RvZxq AvBb I cÖweavb Abyhvqx hZ`~i m¤¢e, †hLv‡b cÖavb wVKv`vi ev Ab¨ †jvK ev †Mvwô hvi Dci wbgv©Y GjvKvi cÖK…Z `vwqZ¡ Av‡Q GiKg e¨w³i Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Ggb cÖwZwbwa wba©vwiZ K‡i †i‡L †h‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Giƒc e¨w³i c‡¶ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨ h_vh_ KZ©…Z¡ I `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Dchy³ Ae¯’v (K) G ewY©Z gZ _vK‡e|

(M) cÖ‡Z¨K wb‡qvMKvix Zvi Aax‡b Kg©iZ kªwgK‡ì Kv‡Ri Rb¨ `vqx _vK‡e| hLb wb‡qvMKvix A_ev ¯^-wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³eM© GKwU wbg©vY GjvKvq GKmv‡_ Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nq ZLb Zv‡ì‡K RvZxq AvBb Ges wbqgbxwZ‡Z †hiƒc ejv Av‡Q, †m Abyhvqx wbivcËv Ges ¯^v¯’¨ wel‡q cvi®úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g eë¯’v wb‡Z n‡e|

Aby‡”Q`-9

hviv GKwU wbg©vY Kv‡Ri bKkv cÖbqY I cwiKíbvi mv‡_ RwoZ Zviv RvZxq AvBb, wbqgbxwZ, †iIqvR Abyhvqx wbg©vY kªwgK‡ì wbivcËv Ges ¯^v¯’¨ we‡ePbvq ivL‡e|

Aby‡”Q`-11

RvZxq AvBb I wbqg bxwZ †gvZv‡eK kªwgK‡ì `vwqZ¡ wbgœiƒc:

(K) wbivcËv Ges ¯^v¯’¨ welqK c`‡¶‡ci wb‡`©kbv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ wb‡qvMKvix‡K h‡Zv`~i m¤¢e mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e|

(L) kªwgKMY Kg©‡¶‡Î Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì Ges Zv‡ì Kg© m¤úv`b ev eR©b Kiv A_ev bv Kiv Øviv cÖfvweZ nq Ggb Ab¨ Kv‡iv wbivcËv Ges ¯^v‡¯’ï e¨vcv‡i cwiwgZ j¶¨ ivL‡e|

(M) Zv‡ì Awa‡b †`qv my‡hvM myweav mg~n eënvi Ki‡e Ges Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì A_ev Ab¨ Kv‡ivi myi¶vi Rb¨ cÖ`vbK…Z †Kvb wKQz Aceënvi Ki‡e bv|

(N) Ggb †Kvb Ae¯’v hv kªwgKMY g‡b K‡i ‡h Zviv wb‡R‡ì gva¨‡g h_vh_fv‡e mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv, Zv Zv‡ì cÖ_g ZË¡veavqK Ges kªwgK‡ì wbivcËv cÖwZwbwa, hw` _v‡K Zv‡ì Kv‡Q h_vkxNª Rvbv‡e|

O) kªwgKMY wb‡`©wkZ wbivcËv Ges ¯^v¯’¨ eë¯’v welqK wb‡`©kbv †g‡b Pj‡e| Aby‡”Q`-12

1) RvZxq AvBb A_ev wbqg-bxwZ Abyhvqx GKRb kªwgK (†h Ae¯’v ‡_‡K †m wb‡R‡K cÖZ¨vnv‡ii AwaKvi iv‡L) hw` Zvi Kv‡Q wek¦v‡mi fv‡jv KviY _v‡K †h, Zvi wbivcËv A_ev ¯^v¯’¨ Avmbœ †Kvb Ae¯’vq gvivZ¥K SzuwKi m¤§~Lxb ZLb Zvi `vwqZ¡ n‡e Zvi ZË¡veavqK‡K Zvr¶wYKfv‡e Zv Rvbv‡bv|

2) †hLv‡b kªwgK‡ì wbivcËv Avmbœ SzuwKi m¤§~Lxb †mLv‡b wb‡qvMKvix Zvr¶wbKfv‡e Kvh©µg e‡Üi eë¯’v wb‡e Ges m¤¢ve¨ `ªæZZvi mv‡_ kªwgK‡ì h_vh_fv‡e mwi‡q wb‡e|

Aa¨vq - 3

wbivcËv eë¯’vcbvi g~jbxwZ

wbgv©Y GjvKvi wbivcËvi welqwU h_vh_fv‡e Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z n‡e| GUv mvaviYfv‡e a‡i †bqv hv‡e bv †h wbivcËv weavb ¯^cÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡q †g‡b Pjv n‡e| Gi wb‡`©kbv mswkøó ms¯’vi Dci †_‡K Avm‡Z n‡e Ges ms¯’vi eë¯’vcK‡ì `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z n‡e|

weGbwewmÕi Aby‡”Q` 1.2.1 G ejv n‡q‡Q:

ÒKv‡Ri ZË¡¡veav‡bi Rb¨ gvwjK A_ev gvwjK KZ©„K wb‡qvMK…Z †Kvb †ckv`vi e¨w³ eëüZ `ªe¨vwì ¸Yv¸Y I Kv‡Ri wbivcËv Ges c~e©kZK©Zvg~jK eë¯’vw` ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡e|Ó

evsjv‡`‡ki AvB‡b wbgv©Y mvB‡Ui wbivcËv eë¯’vcbv m¤ú‡K© †Kvb bxwZgvjv cÖYqb I cvj‡bi Rb¨ wKQy ejv nqwb| Gi cwie‡Z© we‡kl wKQy SzuwK †gvKv‡ejvq gvwjK I †Wfjcvi‡ì Rb¨ AbymiYxq wKQy we‡kl wewa weav‡bi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| Z‡e GwU wVK †h Gme wewa weavb cvjb Ki‡Z n‡j h_vh_ wbivcËv eë¯’vcbv c×wZ _vK‡Z n‡e|

wbivcËv eë¯’vcbvi j¶¨ Ggb n‡e hv‡Z K‡i nZvn‡Zi msL¨v K‡g Av‡m| wec¾bKfv‡e †Kvb KvR Kiv m‡Ë¡I GLb ch©šÍ †Kvb `yN©Ubv N‡U bvB, Zvi gv‡b GB bq †h fwel¨‡ZI NU‡e bv| wec¾bK ev SzuwKc~Y© Ae¯’vq hZ KvR Kiv n‡e nZvn‡Zi msL¨v ZZ evo‡e| wbivcËv eë¯’vcbvi mv‡_ RwoZ‡ì KvR n‡”Q SzuwKi cwigvY Kwg‡q Avbv, hv‡Z K‡i wbgv©‡Y AbvKvw•¶Z wec` bv Av‡m| wjwLZ wbivcËv bxwZ Qvov †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi c‡¶ wbivcËv eë¯’v wbwðZ Kiv KwVb| Gi g‡a¨ _vKv DwPZ K) wbivcËv I ¯^v¯’¨ gvb hv D³ cªwZôvb AR©b Ki‡Z Pvq; L) wbivcËvi wewfbœ w`K wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ IB cÖwZôv‡bi `vwqZ¡cÖvß e¨w³‡ì ZvwjKv; Ges M) Kxfv‡e G mKj j¶¨ AR©b Ki‡Z Pvq, Zvi weeiY|

G bxwZ‡Z _vK‡e IB cÖwZôv‡bi wbivcËv eë¯’vcbvi mv‡_ RwoZ `vwqZ¡cÖvß ‰Rô¨ Kg©KZvi bvg| IB Kg©KZv© wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcK I ZZ¡veavqK‡ì `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ e›UY Ki‡eb Ges Gme `vwqZ¡ h_vh_fv‡e cvwjZ n‡”Q wK bv Zv wZwb wbwðZ Ki‡eb|

wbivcËv bxwZ ev Ab¨ †Kvb `wjjvw`‡Z cÖwZôvb wb‡gœv³ welq D‡jøL Ki‡e-

- Kg©Pvix ev mswkøô Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³‡ì cÖwk¶‡Yi weavb;

- we‡kl SzuwKc~Y© KvR Kxfv‡e wbivc‡` Kiv n‡e Zvi c×wZ;

- eë¯’vcK, ZË¡veavqK Ges Ab¨vb¨ g~j kªwg‡Ki `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ ;

- mve-K›Uªv±i‡ì wb‡qvM I wbqš¿Y;

- †Kvb ai‡bi ¯^v¯’¨ I wbivcËvi Z_¨ Rvbv‡bv n‡e Zvi eë¯’v|

60

61

AvBGjIÕi g‡Z wbivcËv cwiKíbvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡e †ckvMZ ¯^v¯’¨ I wbivcËv eë¯’vcbvi cÖwµqv m„wó Kiv hv n‡e:

K) RvZxq AvBb I wewai mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©;

L) cÖ‡hvR¨ †¶‡Î ms¯’vi †ckvMZ ¯^v¯’¨ I wbivcËv eë¯’vcbvi D‡Ïk¨ wbY©q, eëüZ welq¸wji cwi®‹vi msÁv I AMÖvwaKvi wPwýZKiY;

M) †K KLb †Kvb `vwq‡Z¡ _vK‡e Ges Kx `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡e Zv ¯úófv‡e wbivcËv cwiKíbvq D‡jøL Kiv;

N) D‡Ïk¨mg~n ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡”Q wKbv Zv chv©‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g g~j¨vq‡bi kZ©mg©n wbav©iY;

O) †hLv‡b hv cÖ‡hvR¨ †m Abyhvqx gvbe m¤ú`, Avw_©K I KvwiMwi wbðqZvmn chv©ß m¤ú` Gi cÖweavb;

P) †ckvMZ ¯^v¯’¨ I wbivcËv eë¯’vcbvi Dbœq‡bi avivevwnKZv|

GQvov, †Kvb wbw`©ó mvB‡Ui †mBd&wU cøv‡b- SzuwKmg~n wPwýZ Kivi I we‡kølY Kivi c`‡ÿc, Kvh©µg I my‡hvM-myweav; wPwýZ SzuwK Acmvi‡Yi Dcvq; Ges h_vh_ KZ…©cÿ‡K wbivcËv Kvh©µ‡gi cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ`v‡bi cÖwµqv D‡jøL _vK‡Z n‡e|

cÖK‡íi Ask wn‡m‡e Gme cwiKíbv wbqwgZfv‡e Avc‡WU ivL‡Z n‡e Ges mswkøó mKj c‡ÿi Rb¨ we‡kl K‡i hviv Gme welq †ev‡S I †g‡b P‡j Zv‡ì Rb¨ mnRcÖvc¨ n‡Z n‡e|

62

Aa¨vq - 4

kªwg‡Ki Rb¨ Kj¨vYg~jK myweavw`

wbg©vY wk‡í KvR Kiv KóKi; G‡Z A‡bK KvwqK kªg RwoZ| GUv SzuwKc~Y© Ges K`vh©| fvj, Kj¨vYKi myweavw` kªwgK‡ì Kj¨vYB ïay K‡ibv Zv‡ì `¶ZvI evovq| wbg©vY cÖK‡í Kj¨vY I myweav msµvšÍ `vwqZ¡ gvwjK I wVKv`vi‡ì Ici eZ©vq| Kj¨vY I myweav wbwðZ bv K‡i gvwjK‡ì wbg©vY KvR ïiæ Kiv DwPZ bq| cÖKí PjvKvjxb mgq wVKv`vi‡ì‡K Gme myweav envj ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖK‡íi AvKvi,Ae¯’vb Ges ai‡bi Ici Kj¨v‡Yi gvÎv I aib wbf©ikxj|

Gme Kj¨vYg~jK myweavi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q:

- Lvevi cvwb

- †kŠPvMvi

- †aŠZKiY myweav

- Lvevi ‰Zix I MÖn‡Yi RvqMv

- cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi eë¯’v|

weGbwewm Ges weGjG-‡Z Kj¨vYg~jK evaëvaKZvi weavb i‡q‡Q- AvBb †gvZv‡eK Pvwn`v c~i‡Y Kx KiYxq Zv wba©vi‡Y DfqB we‡ePbv Kiv DwPZ|

Lvevi cvwb

mn‡R MgY‡hvM¨ I Dchy³ ¯’v‡b wbgv©Y kªwgK‡ì Rb¨ ¯^v¯’¨ m¤§Z wbivc` cvwbi eë¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`‡k eo ai‡bi cvwbi ÔwWm‡cbmviÕGi eë¯’v Gi Rb¨ mnR c×wZ n‡Z cv‡i|

AvBb †gvZv‡eK cvwb n‡Z n‡e ¯^v¯’¨Ki Ges myweavRbK ¯’v‡b mKj kªwgK‡ì Rb¨ chv©ß| GQvov †hme wbg©vY mvB‡U 250 R‡bi AwaK kªwgK KvR K‡i †mme mvB‡U VvÛv Lvevi cvwbi eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e|

weGjG aviv 58 G D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h-

(1) cÖ‡Z¨K cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ mKj kªwg‡Ki cvb Kivi Rb¨ Gi †Kvb myweavRbK ¯’v‡b chv©ß weï× cvwb mieiv‡ni eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

(2) Giƒc mKj cvwb mieiv‡ni ¯’v‡b evsjvq Òcvb Kivi cvwbÓ K_v¸wj ¯úófv‡e wj‡L w`‡q wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

(3) †h mKj cÖwZôv‡b mvaviYZt `yÕkZ cÂvk Rb ev Z‡ZvwaK kªwgK wbhy³ _v‡Kb, †m mKj cÖwZôv‡b MÖx®§Kv‡j cvb Kivi Rb¨ cvwb VvÛv K‡i mieivn Kivi Kvh©Ki eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

(4) gvÎvwZwi³ Zvc D‡`ªKKvix h‡š¿i mwbœK‡U KvR Kivi Kvi‡Y kÖwgK‡i kix‡i cvwb k~Y¨Zvi m„wó n‡j, H mKj kÖwg‡Ki Rb¨ Iivj wWnvB‡Wªmb †_ivwci eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

weGbwewmÕi Aby‡”Q` 3.1.4 G D‡jøL¨ †h:

ÒcÖwZwU wbg©vY GjvKvq cvbxq Rj mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| cvwb mieiv‡ni †Kvb iKg eë¯’vi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z †avqv‡gvQv I Lvevi cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ †mLv‡b wUDeI‡qj ev bjK~c emv‡Z n‡e|Ó

63

¯^v¯’¨MZ myweav

AvBb Abyhvqx kªwgK‡ì Rb¨ ch©vß ‡kŠPvMvi myweav wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e - G¸wj cwi¯‹vi I mn‡R Mgb‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e| bvix I cyiæl Df‡qi Rb¨ c„_K ‡kŠPvMv‡ii eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e| kªwg‡Ki msL¨vi Ici ‡kŠPvMv‡ii msL¨v KZ n‡e Zv wbav©iY Ki‡Z n‡e| weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 1.2.3 G D‡jøL¨ †h-

ÒA¯’vqx ‡kŠPvMvi¸‡jvi PZzw`©‡K Aek¨B †eov, c`©v _vK‡e Ges cvwb wb‡ivaK n‡Z n‡e Ges †kŠPvMvi¸‡jvi ¯’vcb Ges i¶Yv‡e¶Y Aek¨B 3.1.4 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx n‡Z n‡e|Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.1.4 G D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h-

ÒmKj wbg©vY GjvKvq ch©vß msL¨K †kŠPvMvi I †ckve Lvbvi eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e| hw` cqtwb®‹vmb eë¯’v bv _v‡K Zvn‡j †mLv‡b A¯’vqx K‚‡ci eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| Gme A¯’vqx K‚ç‡jv‡Z Dchy³ XvKbv w`‡Z n‡e|

†h †Kvb ai‡bi evav ev cÖwZeÜKZv Gov‡bvi Rb¨ †kŠPvMvi¸‡jv‡K wbg©vY GjvKvi †Kvb GK †Kvbvq ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| †kŠPvMvi eënviKvix‡ì‡K Lvivc AvenvIqv I Dci †_‡K co‡Z cv‡i Ggb e¯‘y †_‡K myi¶v Kivi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv‡ì h_vh_ e¨w³MZ †MvcbxqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

cÖKí †k‡l me A¯’vqx †kŠPvMvi mwi‡q †dj‡Z n‡e, me MZ© fivU Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cy‡iv RvqMv mgvb, cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges c~‡e©i gZ Ae¯’vq wdwi‡q Avb‡Z n‡e| me A¯’vqx cqtwb®‹vkb ms‡hvM mwi‡q †dj‡Z n‡e Ges ms‡hvM gyL eÜ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|Ó

weGjG aviv 59 G D‡jøL †h-

cÖ‡Z¨K cÖwZôv‡b-

(K) Kg©iZ kªwgKMY Kv‡Ri mg‡q hv‡Z mn‡R eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i Giƒc myweavRbK ¯’v‡b wewa Øviv wba©vwiZ cÖKv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K cvqLvbv I †ckve Lvbvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e;

(L) D³ cvqLvbv I †ckveLvbv cyiæl Ges gwnjv kªwgKM‡Yi Rb¨ ¯^Zš¿fv‡e eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e;

(M) cvqLvbv I †ckve Lvbv¸wj‡Z h‡_ó Av‡jv, evZvm Ges mve©¶wYK cvwbi eë¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e; Ges

(N) D³ cvqLvbv I †ckve Lvbv RxevbybvkK I cwi®‹viK eënv‡ii gva¨‡g me mgq cwi®‹vi I ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z ivL‡Z n‡e|

wbg©vY †ÿ‡Îi wbivcËv m¤úwK©Z AvBGjI Kb‡fbkb Gi Aby‡”Q` 32(2)

ÒcÖwZwU wbg©vY GjvKvq, mn‡R Mgb Kiv hvq, Ggb ¯’v‡b kªwgK‡ì msL¨v I KvR Pjvi mg‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z myweavw` I †aŠZKiY myweav ¯’vcb I i¶Yv‡e¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

wbg©vY †ÿ‡Îi wbivcËv m¤úwK©Z AvBGjI Kb‡fbkb Gi Aby‡”Q` 32(1)

ÒcÖwZwU wbg©vY GjvKvq †hLv‡b mn‡R Mgb Kiv hvq, †m iKg ¯’v‡b ¯^v¯’¨Ki cvwbi mieivn _vK‡Z n‡e| Ó

64

†aŠZKiY myweav

†aŠZKiY myweav Aek¨B cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z kªwgKMY cvqLvbv I †ckveLvbv eënvi Kivi ci ciB Avevi G¸‡jv eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| G Kvi‡Y, Uq‡jU I K¨vw›U‡bi m¤¢ve¨ hZ Kv‡Q cviv hvq Ggb ¯’v‡b ‡aŠZKiY eë¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e| kªwgKMY hv‡Z nvZ, gyL, KbyB BZ¨vw` fvjfv‡e †aŠZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi Rb¨ eo ai‡bi †ewmb _vK‡Z n‡e|

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.1.4 G D‡jøL¨ †h-

Òwbg©vY GjvKvi †aŠZvMv‡i memgq cvwb _v‡K Giƒc Pjgvb cvwb mieiv‡ni mv‡_ mshy³ n‡Z n‡e| cvwb mieiv‡ni †Kvb iKg eë¯’v bv _vK‡j †avqvaywq I Lvevi cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ †mLv‡b n¯ÍPvwjZ bjK‚c emv‡Z n‡e| Ó

weGjG aviv 91 G D‡jøL¨ †h:

1. cÖ‡Z¨K cÖwZôv‡b-

(K) Kg©iZ kªwgKM‡Yi eënv‡ii Rb¨ h‡_ó msL¨K Dchy³ ‡MvmjLvbv I †aŠZKi‡Yi myweav Ges Gi i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e;

(L) D³iƒc myweavw` cyiæl I gwnjv kªwgKM‡Yi Rb¨ ¯^Zš¿fv‡e _vK‡Z n‡e, Ges Zv h_vh_fv‡e c`©v‡Niv _vK‡e;

(M) D³iƒc myweavw` me mgq cwi¯‹vi-cwi”Qbœ ivL‡Z n‡e Ges mn‡R Mgb‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e|

2. miKvi wewa Øviv †Kvb cÖwZôvb m¤ú‡K© D³iƒc myweavwì gvb wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv myweav

cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv Rxeb evuPvq, e¨_v Dckg K‡i Ges AvnZ e¨w³‡K `ªæZ Av‡ivM¨ jv‡f mnvqZv K‡i| GRb¨ Kvh©Kvjxb AvnZ ev Amy¯’ nIqv kªwgKM‡Yi cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv wbwðZ Ki‡Z wbg©vY GjvKvq Dchy³ e¨w³ Ges chv©ß I h_vh_ hš¿cvwZ Ges my‡hvM-myweavi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

D‡jøL¨ †h, mKj mgq GgbwK QywUi w`‡b ev iv‡Z hw` KvR nq, ZLbI cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv †`qvi gZ cÖwkw¶Z e¨w³ _vK‡Z n‡e| kªwgK msL¨v 300 Gi Ici n‡j cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi Rb¨ Av‡iv ch©vß eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e|

weGjG aviv 89 G D‡jøL¨ †h-

1) cÖ‡Z¨K cÖwZôv‡b mKj Kvh©Kv‡j hvnv‡Z mn‡R cvIqv hvq Ggbfv‡e cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv miÄvg mg„× ev· A_ev wewa Øviv wba©vwiZ miÄvgmg„× Avjgvwii eë¯’v Ges iÿYv‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|

(2) D³iƒc ev· ev Avjgvwii msL¨v, cÖwZôv‡b mvaviYZt wb‡qvwRZ cÖ‡Z¨K GKkZ cÂvk Rb kªwg‡Ki Rb¨ GKwUi Kg n‡e bv|

(3) cÖ‡Z¨K cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv ev· A_ev Avjgvwi Ggb GKRb `vwqZ¡c~Y© e¨w³i wR¤§vq _vK‡e whwb cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvq cÖwk¶YcÖvß Ges hv‡K cÖwZôv‡bi mKj Kvh©Kvwjb mg‡q cvIqv hv‡e|

(4) cÖ‡Z¨K Kg©-K‡¶ D³ e¨w³i bvg m¤^wjZ GKwU †bvwUk Szjv‡Z n‡e Ges D³ e¨w³‡K hv‡Z mn‡R mbv³ Kiv hvq Ggb e¨vR cwiavb Kiv‡Z n‡e|

65

(5) †h mKj cÖwZôv‡b mvaviYZt wZbk ev Z‡ZvwaK kªwgK wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K †m mKj cÖwZôv‡b wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx wba©vwiZ gv‡ci I hš¿cvwZ mw¾Z A_ev Ab¨vb¨ myweav m¤^wjZ wWm‡cbmvixmn GKwU †ivMx wPwKrmv K¶ _vK‡e, Ges D³ K¶wU wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx wba©vwiZ wPwKrmK I bvwm©s Kg©Pvixi `vwq‡Z¡ _vK‡e|


ÒKv‡Ri cwiwa I ‰ewkó¨ Abyhvqx AvnZ kªwgK‡ì mivmwi cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZ 100 Rb kªwg‡Ki Rb¨ 1 Rb cÖwkw¶Z cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv cÖ`vbKvix _vK‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ 5 eQ‡i cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv cÖ`vbKvix‡K bevqbx cÖwk¶Y MÖnY mv‡c‡¶ cÖZ¨qbcÎ bevqb Ki‡Z n‡e|

m¤¢e n‡j cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv cÖ`vbKvixi Rb¨ ¯úófv‡e cÖ`wk©Z Riæwi †Uwj‡dvb b¤îmn GKwU †Uwj‡dv‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó


ÒcÖwZ 150 Rb kªwg‡Ki Rb¨ GKwU cªv_wgK wPwKrmvi ev· ev Avjgvwi Gi eë¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z mK‡j †mev wb‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZ 300 Rb kªwg‡Ki †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj DcKiYmn GKwU †÷ªPvi I bM` UvKvmn miÄvgvwì eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e|

†hme wbg©vY GjvKvq †Kvb GK mg‡q 600 R‡biI AwaK kªwgK wb‡qvM Kiv nq A_ev †Kvb GK mg‡q 300 R‡bi AwaK kªwgK wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K Ges wbKUeZ©x ¯^v¯’¨ †mev †K‡›`ªi `~iZ¡ 15 wK.wg. nq †mme wbg©vY GjvKvq G¨v¤^y‡jÝ Gi eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e|Ó

wekªvg K¶

†h wbgv©Y mvB‡U 50 R‡bi AwaK kªwgK wbhy³ Av‡Q AvBb Abymv‡i †mLv‡b wekªv‡gi myweav ivL‡Z n‡e Ges †hLv‡b Zviv †L‡ZI cvi‡e| bvix kªwg‡Ki Rb¨ wekªv‡gi c„_K RvqMv _vK‡e|

weGjG aviv 93 G D‡jøL¨ †h

(1) mvaviYZt cÂvk R‡bi AwaK kªwgK wbhy³ _v‡K Giƒc cÖ‡Z¨K cÖwZôv‡b kªwgKM‡Yi eënv‡ii Rb¨ h‡_ó Ges Dchy³ msL¨K wekªvg K‡¶i eë¯’v I i¶Yv‡e¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e, Ges D³ cÖwZôv‡b kªwgKMY hv‡Z Zv‡ì m‡½ AvbxZ Lvevi †L‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ cvb †hvM¨ cvwbi eë¯’vmn GKwU Dchy³ Lvevi K‡¶iI eë¯’v Ges i¶Yv‡e¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|

(2) Dc-aviv (1) G DwjøwLZ wekªvg K¶ Ges Lvevi K¶ h‡_ófv‡e Av‡jvwKZ Ges evqy m¤^wjZ n‡Z n‡e Ges cwi®‹vi I mnbxq ZvcgvÎvq i¶Yv‡e¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|

(3) †h mKj cÖwZôv‡b 25R‡bi AwaK gwnjv kªwgK wbhy³ _vK‡e †mLv‡b cyiæl I gwnjv‡ì Rb¨ c„_K wekªvg K‡¶i eë¯’v Ges †h mKj cÖwZôv‡b 25R‡bi Kg gwnjv kªwgK wbhy³ _vK‡e †mLv‡b wekªvg K‡¶ gwnjv‡ì Rb¨ c…_K c`©v †Niv RvqMvi eë¯’v _vK‡e|

wbg©vY †ÿ‡Îi wbivcËv m¤úwK©Z AvBGjI Kb‡fbkb Gi Aby‡”Q` 31

cÖwkw¶Z e¨w³ Øviv cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi eë¯’v mve©¶wbK wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wb‡qvMKvix `vqx _vK‡e| hviv `yN©Ubvi Ke‡j wKsev nVvr Amy¯’¨ n‡q co‡e Zv‡ì ¯^v¯’¨ cwi‡mevi Rb¨ ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e|

66

A¨vR‡emUm wb‡q KvR

A¨vR‡emUm KYv wb:k¦v‡mi d‡j †`‡ni wfZi cÖ‡ek Ki‡j dzmdz‡mi AcyiYxq ¶wZ nevi Ges K¨vbmv‡ii gva¨‡g g„Zyï m¤¢vebv Av‡Q| A¨vR‡emUm wb‡q KvR Kivi mgq we‡kl Kj¨vYg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|

Aby‡”Q` 2.2.19.4 G D‡jøL¨ †h,

ÒA¨vR‡emUm wb‡q I A¨vR‡emUm GjvKvq KvR K‡i Ggb †jvK‡ì eënv‡ii Rb¨ Kvco‡Pvco cwieZ©b K¶ I †Mvm‡ji myweav cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| hv‡ì k¦vm-cÖk¦vm hš¿ I mg¯Í kixive„Z †cvkvK co‡Z nq Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rb¨ †cvkvK-cwi”Q` ivLvi Zvjvhy³ †cÖvK‡ôi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

Kv‡Ri †cvkv‡Ki Rb¨ †cÖvKô Ab¨ †cvkvK †_‡K Avjv`v n‡Z n‡e| `~wlZ ev msµvwgZ Kvco †Lvjvi mv‡_ mv‡_ a~jv-cÖwZ‡ivaK cv‡Î †i‡L w`‡Z n‡e| msµvwgZ Rvgv-Kvco ev Ab¨vb¨ eënvh© DcKiY Svov †`qv ev eªvk Kiv hv‡e bv| G¸‡jv nq f¨vKzqvg wK¬bvi w`‡q G¸wji DcwifvM Lye fvjfv‡e cwi¯‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e b‡Pr cvwbi †nvR w`‡q cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|

†hLv‡b A¨vR‡emUm wb‡q KvR nq †mLv‡b Lv`¨`ªe¨ I cvbxq bvovPvov Kiv, gRyZ Kiv ev MªnY Kiv hv‡e bv| a~gcvb m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbwl× _vK‡e|

Kg©Pvixiv Zv‡ì wbR¯^ Rvgv-Kvco civi Av‡M †Mvmj †m‡i wb‡e; Kv‡Ri †cvkvK evmvq wb‡Z cvi‡e bv| KvR †k‡l LvIqvi Av‡M kix‡ii †hme Db¥y³ Ask A¨vR‡emUm a~jvi ms¯ú‡k© Avm‡Z cv‡i Zv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e a~‡q †dj‡Z n‡e|

KvR Avi‡¤¢i c~‡e© A¨vR‡emUm kªwgK‡ì e‡¶i c~b©v½ G·‡i Kwi‡q wb‡Z n‡e Ges GUv cÖwZeQi Ki‡Z n‡e| wVKv`vi‡K Gme G·‡i wi‡c©vU cÖ‡qvR‡b Zvr¶wbKfv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ h_vh_fv‡e msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó


K) cÖwZwU wbg©vY GjvKvq ‡hLv‡b mn‡R Mgb Kiv hvq, †miKg ¯’v‡b kªwgK‡ì msL¨v I KvR Pjvi mg‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i wb‡gœv³ myweavw` _vK‡Z n‡e

L) Avevm¯’j Ggb eë¯’v _vK‡e hv‡Z Ae¯’vbKvix‡ì †`Lv bv hvq Ges evB‡ii AvenvIqv n‡Z myiw¶Z _v‡K|

M) Avevm¯’j mg~n _vKvi Ni A_ev wekªvg K¶ n‡Z Avjv`v _vK‡e|

N) †cvkvK cwieZ©b, i¶b Ges ïKvevi Rb¨ myweavw` _vK‡Z n‡e|

O) êix AvenvIqvKvjxb mg‡q, hLb KvR eÜ ZLb Lvevi Ges Avkªq MÖn‡bi Rb¨ Dchy³ ¯’vb _vK‡Z n‡e|

A¨vR‡emUm

A¨vR‡emUm m¤§‡Ü Ab¨vb¨ wewa weav‡bi Rb¨ c„ôv 68 I 101 †`Lyb|

67

Aa¨vq - 5

Kg©-cwi‡ek

kªwgK‡ì c‡o hvIqv ev AwMœKv‡Ûi SzuwK †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Rb¨ wbg©vY GjvKv h_vh_fv‡e ¸Qv‡bv I cwi¯‹vi-cwi”Qbœ ivL‡Z n‡e| Kg©‡¶Î cwi`©kb A‡bK SuzwK wPwýZ Ki‡Y mnvqK|

GRb¨ wb‡gœi wKQy †gŠwjK wbqgbxwZ †g‡b Pjvi gva¨‡g h_vh_ ÒnvDRwKwcsÓ Kvh©µg wbwðZ Kiv hvq|

• nvuUvPjvi c_ I wmuwoc‡_ wbgv©Y mvgMÖx Ges hš¿cvwZ gRy` ivLv hv‡e bv| Riæix ewnM©gb c‡_i †¶‡Î G wbqg Av‡iv †ewk cÖ‡hvR¨|

• PjvP‡j ev Riæix ewnM©g‡b †nvPU LvIqvi gZ Ae¯’v ˆZix K‡i Ggb RvqMvq wbgv©Y mvgMÖx, Uvbv Zvi, AveR©bv ivLv hv‡ebv|

• AwMœKv‡Ûi SzuwK n«v‡m `vn¨ Ave©Rbv wbqwgZfv‡e cwi¯‹vi ivL‡Z n‡e|

• †g‡S cwi¯‹vi I ïK‡bv ivL‡Z n‡e|

• evB‡ii w`‡K nvuUvi c_ mgvb I gReyZ ivL‡Z n‡e Ges †Kvb wbgv©Y mvgMÖx ¯‘c Kiv hv‡e bv|

• gRy` KiY GjvKv n‡Z wbqwgZ AveR©bv, Dw”Qó Acmvi‡bi gva¨‡g mvRv‡bv-‡MvQv‡bv ivL‡Z n‡e|

• wbg©vY GjvKvq wbg©vY mvgMÖx mieivn cwiKwíZ n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †mLv‡b b~¨bZg mvgMÖx _v‡K| evavgy³ c_

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 2.1.3 G D‡jøL¨ †h,

Òwmuwoc_, nvuUv c_, guvPv, cvk¦©Øvi Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡ek c_mg~n wbg©vY mgMÖx, hš¿cvwZ, RgvK…Z AveR©bv Ges Ab¨vb¨ euvav-wecwË †_‡K gy³ ivL‡Z n‡e|Ó

wbgv©Y mvgMÖx gRyZKiY:


Òwbgv©Y mvgMÖx Ggbfv‡e gRyZ Ges msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e ‡hb G¸‡jv mvaviY RbMY, kªwgK A_ev cvk¦©eZ©x m¤úwËi Rb¨ wec‡ì KviY bv nq| IBme mvgMÖx Aek¨B fv‡jv Rj wb®‹vkb myweavm¤úbœ, mgZj I Abgbxq f~wg‡Z ivL‡Z n‡e| mvgMÖx¸‡jv Ggbfv‡e ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z ‡`qvj Ges Ab¨ AeKvVv‡gv‡Z AwZwi³ Pvc bv †d‡j| mvgMÖx¸‡jv‡K Aek¨B Zv‡ì aib, AvKvi Ges ˆ`N©¨ Abyhvqx Avjv`v Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ¸wQ‡q ¯Í‚c Ki‡Z n‡e| DuPz ¯‘ç‡jv‡Z D”PZv Abyhvqx myweavgZ wKQz AšÍi AšÍi `~‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| IBme mvgMÖxi ¯Z~c Ggbfv‡e mvRv‡Z n‡e hv‡Z cwi`k©b Ges miv‡bvi Rb¨ G‡ì gvSLv‡b 800 wg.wg. cÖk¯Í RvqMv _v‡K| mKj c_ Aek¨B ïK‡bv jZvcvZv, wcw”Qj c`v_© Ges AveR©bvgy³ ivL‡Z n‡e|Ó

`vn¨ c`v_©

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.10.2.2 G `vn¨ c`v_© I we‡ùviK `ªe¨ m¤ú©‡K G D‡jøL¨ †h,ÒAwZgvÎvi `vn¨ mvgMÖx †hgb- M¨v‡mvwjb, †Zj, is BZ¨vw` Aby‡gvw`Z cv‡Î gRyZ Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` Avjv`v cÖ‡Kv‡ô ev A`vn¨ mvgMÖx Øviv ˆZix N‡ii g‡a¨ ivLv bv nq Zvn‡j AwaK cwigv‡Y gRyZ ivLv Aby‡gv`b‡hvM¨ n‡e bvÓ

Òwe‡õviK `ªe¨ †hgb †W‡Uv‡bUi, MvbcvDWvi BZ¨vw` we‡õviK `ªe¨ gRyZ I bvovPvov Kivi Rb¨ mswk-ó wewagvjv h_vh_fv‡e †g‡b gRyZ Ki‡Z n‡e| hZ¶Y ch©šÍ wbKUZg Dc‡ii mvwii mKj `vn¨ dg© IqvK© AcmviY Kiv bv n‡e ZZ¶Y ch©šÍ wbg©vYvaxb †Kvb †g‡S‡Z `vn¨ mvgMÖx gRyZ Kiv hv‡e bv|Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 2.2.16 G is gRy` m¤ú©‡K D‡jøL¨ †h,Òis Gi ¸`v‡g we‡õviY NUv‡Z cv‡i Ggb †Kvb `ªe¨vw` †hgb Dgy³ Av¸b I Abve„Z Zvcxq DcKiY ivLv hv‡e bv Ges a~gcvb Kiv hv‡e bv|Ó ÒevjyfwZ© evjwZ me mgq Riæwi eënv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ¯‘yZ ivL‡Z n‡e| is Gi ¸`v‡gi KvQvKvwQ mn‡R cvIqv hvq Giƒc ¯’v‡b MªnYxq gvb wbwðZ K‡i 5 †KwR ï®‹ cvDWvi m¤^wjZ enb‡hvM¨ AwMœwbe©vcK h‡š¿i eë¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e|Ó

Ave©Rbv AcmviY

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.10.2.1 G D‡jøL¨ †h,ÒLvov duvKv Ae¯’vb †hgb wmuwoc_, wjd‡Ui Rb¨ dvuKv RvqMv BZ¨vwì wfZ‡i ev KvQvKvwQ mKj ai‡bi eR©¨ †hgb UzKiv KvV, †Pu‡Q †djv Kv‡Vi Ask, Kv‡Vi ¸‡ov, KvMR, c¨v‡K‡Ui Rb¨ eëüZ `ªe¨vw` I ˆZjv³ Dcv`vbmg~n msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cÖwZw`‡bi KvR †k‡l G¸‡jv wbivc‡` webó Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.10.2.5 G D‡jøL¨ †h,Ògqjv-AveR©bv, bvU-‡evë I †QvU hš¿cvwZ wbg©vY GjvKvq GK RvqMvq R‡ov Kiv hv‡e bv Ges hZ ZvovZvwo m¤¢e G¸‡jv Ae¯’vbvbyhvqx wbg©vY GjvKv †_‡K mwi‡q wb‡Z n‡e| cÖwZw`b wbg©vY GjvKv †_‡K `vn¨ AveR©bv AcmviY Ki‡Z n‡e| wbg©vYvaxb GjvKvq ev Gi wbKUZg ¯’v‡b gqjv-AveR©bv †cvov‡bv hv‡e bv| m¤ú~Y© wbg©vY GjvKv Ges Gi cvk¦©eZ©x I Pvicv‡ki GjvKv wbivc` I ¯^v¯’¨ m¤§Z ivL‡Z n‡e|Ó

A¨vR‡emUm mvgMÖx wb‡q KvR

A¨vR‡emUm Kbv wb:k¦v‡mi mv‡_ †`‡n cÖ‡ek Ki‡j dzmdz‡mi Acyibxq ¶wZ nevi Ges K¨vbmv‡ii gva¨‡g g„Zy¨ NU‡Z cv‡i e‡j BwZc~‡e© Kj¨vYg~jK Kg©KvÛ Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 2.2.19.1 G D‡jøL¨ †h,Ò†hLv‡b A¨vR‡emUm KvUvKzwU nq †mLv‡b nvDRwKwcs I cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbZvi m‡e©vËg c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e Ges G KvUvKzwU GjvKv m¤ú~Y© c„_K ivL‡Z n‡e I Ab¨ †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ GUv eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv| Kg© GjvKvq G‡ì eR©¨ I aywjKYv Rgv‡bv ev gRyZ Kiv hv‡e bv|†g‡S, †`qvj I ¯’vei `ªe¨vw`‡Z hv‡Z a~jv R‡g bv hvq Zvi Rb¨ GKwU D”P Kvh©¶gZv m¤úbœ QvKzwb m¤^wjZ a~jv-evwj cwi®‹viK hš¿ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| weKí eë¯’v wn‡m‡e, mg¯Í wRwb‡mi evB‡ii Ask †fRv b¨vKov ev Kvco w`‡q cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †g‡S Avj‡Zv K‡i cvwb wQwU‡q a~‡q †dj‡Z n‡e| KL‡bvB ïK‡bv Ae¯’vq Svo– †`qv ev evZvm w`‡q ‡S‡o †djv c×wZ‡Z cwi®‹vi Kiv hv‡e bv|Ó

68

A¨vR‡emUm

A¨vR‡emUm m¤§‡Ü Ab¨vb¨ wewa weav‡bi Rb¨ c„ôv 66 I 101 †`Lyb|

69


(1) kªwgK‡ì wbivcËv I ¯^v¯’¨ Ges Kg©¯’‡ji wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ h_vh_ mZK©Zvg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

(2) Kg©‡¶‡Î cÖ‡ek Ges Kg©‡¶Î Z¨vM Kivi Rb¨ wbivc` gva¨g cÖ`vb Ges i¶Yv‡eÿY Ges †hLv‡b cÖ‡hvR¨ †mLv‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv _vK‡e|

(3) GKwU wbg©vY GjvKvq A_ev Gi Av‡k cv‡k Dcw¯’Z e¨w³‡ì wbg©vY GjvKv †_‡K D™¢~Z n‡Z cv‡i Ggb mKj SyuwKi nvZ †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨ h_vh_ mZK©Zvg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

70

Aa¨vq - 6

e¨w³MZ myi¶v miÄvg

hLb SzuwKc~Y© †Kvb e¯‘ A_ev c×wZ wbivc` †Kvb wKQz w`‡q cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv bv hvq A_ev hLb cÖ‡KŠkj MZ wbqš¿Y Øviv h_vh_ gvÎvi wbivcËv AR©b m¤¢e bv nq, ZLb GKRb e¨w³i Rb¨ Dchy³ e¨w³MZ wbivcËvg~jK mvgMÖx Ges wbivcËv †cvlvK eënviB GKgvÎ cÖwZKvi| wb‡qvM`vbKvix‡K kªwgK A_ev Zv‡ì cÖwZwbwa‡ì mv‡_ Dchy³ e¨w³MZ wbivcËv mvgMÖx Ges †cvlv‡Ki wel‡q civgk© Kiv DwPZ|

ivmvqwbK e¯‘ wb‡q KvR

wbg©vY Kv‡R A‡bK ai‡bi ivmvqwbK e¯‘ eëüZ nq| cÖvqkB eëüZ nq Ggb wKQz Dcv`vb n‡jv †Rvov‡bvi AvVv, B‡Ui Ges cv_‡ii KvR cwi¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ Dcv`vb, KvV ev avZzi m¾v i¶vg~jK KvR, †g‡Si cwiPh©v, QÎvKbvkK, wm‡g›U Ges MÖvDUm, AšÍiK, `ªveK, is Ges GQvov Av‡iv A‡bK wKQz| is wócv‡ii Zij `ªveK, †jK¨vim, fvwb©m, mvi‡dm †KvwUs, w_bvi Ges cwi®‹viK c`v‡_© mvaviYZ: Zij `ªve‡Ki eënvi nq| KwVb, Zij A_ev evqyevwnZ KYv, ev®ú, †avqv A_ev M¨vm wK-bv Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i ivmvqwbK c`v_© wewfbœ ¶wZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

AvBGjI Gi cÖwk¶Y mvgMÖx wb‡`©k K‡i †h ivmvqwbK c`v_© †_‡K ¯^v¯’¨nvwb cÖwZ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e hw` †KD

- cÖ_gZt ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i cwie‡Z© A¶wZKi A_ev Kg SuywKc~Y© c`v_© eënvi K‡i|

- hw` GUv m¤¢e bv nq, Z‡e ivmvqwbK c`v_© eënv‡ii c×wZwU msiw¶Z n‡Z n‡e A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb cÖ‡KŠkj MZ wbqš¿Y †hgbt m¤ú~Y© wbM©gY Kiv‡bvi eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e, GwU wbg©vY c×wZ‡Z mshy³ Kiv A‡bK mgqB KwVb n‡q `vovq| Ges

- ïaygvÎ hw` GB `ywU Dcv‡qi †KvbwUB m¤¢e A_ev Kvh©Ki bv nq,ZLb e¨w³MZ wbivcËvg~jK miÄvg eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

kvwiixK ¯úk©, Av‡kvlY A_ev ¶wZKi †avqv wbtk¦v‡mi mv‡_ MÖnY hLb kix‡ii †Kvb As‡k ¶wZ A_ev A¶gZvi KviY n‡q `vovq ZLb e¨w³MZ wbivcËv mvgMÖx Aek¨B eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

wki¯¿vY ev †nj‡gU cwiavb

cošÍ e¯Íy, gv_vi Dc‡i fvix e¯Íy, Zx¶è †Kvb ewa©Zvsk wbg©vY GjvKvi me RvqMv‡ZB _v‡K| wbivcËvg~jK wki¯¿vY ev †nj‡gU GBme †ewkifvM SuzwKi nvZ †_‡K Kvh©Ki fv‡e i¶v K‡i|

wb‡gœv³ Ae¯’vq Gme NU‡Z cv‡i:

- LbbK…Z ¯’v‡b m‡Rv‡i AvjMv mvgMÖx ¸Zv †j‡M c‡o †M‡j;

- guvPv †_‡K mvgMÖx co‡j;

- †µb I n‡q÷ Gi gva¨‡g D‡Ëvj‡bi mgq wbgv©Y mvgMÖx co‡j;

- guvPv ˆZwi ev fv½vi mgq Ici †_‡K evuk ev LyuwU co‡j|

kªwgK hw` †Kvb hš¿cvwZ ev wbgv©Y GjvKvi †Kvb As‡k av°v Lvq Zvn‡j †nj‡gU AvnZ nIqv †_‡K i¶v K‡i|

71

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.1.2 G D‡jøL¨ †h,ÒkªwgK I Ab¨vb¨ Kg©xe„›`‡K KvR Kivi mgq me©`v wewWGm (BDS)-1265 Ges wewWGm (BDS)-1266 gv‡bi †nj‡gU c‡o _vK‡Z n‡e|Ó

wewfbœ ai‡bi †nj‡gU i‡q‡Q| wewfbœ AvK…wZi g‡a¨ kªwgK‡K Zvi gv_vi mv‡_ Lvc Lvq GgbUv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

nvZ Ges Z¡‡Ki myi¶v

`yN©Ubvq nvZ me‡P‡q †ewk ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡Z cv‡i Ges wbg©vY‡¶‡Î AwaKvsk `yN©Ubvq †`‡ni Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki †P‡q nvZ Ges Kwâ †ewk ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq| Db¥~³ ¶Z, wQ‡j hvIqv, Aw¯’f½, Aw¯’i ¯’vbPy¨wZ, Uvb, A½ nvwb, †cvovi NUbv N‡U| mvaviYZ: wb‡gœi SuywKc~Y© KvRmg~‡n nv‡Zi Rb¨ myi¶v eë¯’v wb‡Z n‡e|

- Agm„Y aviv‡jv, Zx¶è Zjv m¤^wjZ KvR mg~n; - Dò, ¶qKvix A_ev welv³ c`v_© h_v weUzwgb Ges evwb©k Dcv`vb Gi mv‡_ mskªe A_ev

G¸‡jvi wQUv; - AwZ K¤úgvb †gwkb Øviv KvR †hgb wewfbœ wWªj hvnv‡Z K¤úb `gb eë¯’v _vKv DwPr; - mu¨vZmu¨v‡Z ¯’v‡b ê`y¨wZK KvR|

Dc‡hvMx M-vfm eënvi Ki‡j wfRv KbwµU Ges `ªve‡Ki gva¨‡g †h Pg©‡ivM nq Zv †_‡K i¶v cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| BU, w÷j I KvV bvovPvovi mgq nvZ KuvUv ev AvNvZ cvIqv †_‡K i¶v K‡i M-vfm| wbgv©Y GjvKvq wewfbœ AvK…wZi M-vf‡mi †hvMvb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

AvB‡bI we‡kl K‡i dg©IqvK©, cvBj WªvBwfs, I‡qwìs, M¨vm KvwUs Ges cwjwks‡qi mgq M-vfm eënv‡ii evaëvaKZv i‡q‡Q|

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.7.2 G D‡jøL¨ †h,Òdg©IqvK© miv‡bvi Kv‡R wbhy³ kªwgKiv Aek¨B †nj‡gU, `¯Ívbv, gReyZ †mv‡ji wbivcËv RyZv cwiavb Ki‡e Ges 2 wgUv‡ii Dc‡i hw` cv ivLvi ch©vß RvqMv bv _v‡K Zvn‡j †Kvgo eÜbx co‡e| Uvb Uvb †Kvb euvab KvUvi mgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †mUv wcQ‡b av°v bv †`q|Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.3.2 G D‡jøL¨ †h,Òkw³-PvwjZ e`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î we`y¨r Acwievnx ZjvwP/g¨vU Ges cwi‡aq †cvkvK †hgb M-vfm eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.1.2 G D‡jøL¨ †h,ÒI‡qìvi I M¨vmKvUvi‡K Dchy³ wbivcËvg~jK mivÄvgvw` †hgb M-vfm, wbivcËv eyU, G¨vcÖb I MªnYxq gv‡bi Ges Avjv`vfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨K kªwg‡Ki †Pv‡Li Rb¨ Dchy&³ wdëvi M-vm m¤^wjZ n¨vÛ wkì Øviv mymw¾Z n‡Z n‡e| Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.9.6 G D‡jøL¨ †h,ÒI‡qìvi‡ì‡K Kwâ ch©šÍ XvKv Pvgovi `¯Ívb m¤^wjZ `¯Ívbv eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.11.5.2 Ges 3.11.5.4 h_vµ‡g G D‡jøL¨ †h,Ò†hme kªwgKMY cwjk cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Q Zv‡ì‡K wbivcËvg~jK †cvkvK cwi”Q`, M-vfm, k¦vm-cÖk¦vm hš¿ BZ¨vw` cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

Ò†Uivwms Gi Kv‡Ri mgq, we‡kl K‡i hLb Pzb ev Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb eënvi Kiv nq ZLb wbivcËvg~jK †cvkvK, M-vfm I RyZv eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 2.2.12 G kxU I †evW© †hgb- AvR‡emUm kxU, wmwRAvB kxU, †XD wUb, cvwU©‡Kj †evW©, wRcmvg †evW© BZ¨vw` ¸`vgRvZ I bvovPvov Kivi †¶‡Î ÒkªwgK‡ì nv‡Zi wbivcËvi Rb¨ Dchy³ miÄvg †hgb-M-vfm, ‡Rjx BZ¨vw` w`‡Z n‡e|Ó weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 2.2.14 G D‡jøL¨ †h,†h mKj kªwgK M-vm kxU, UzKiv I evwZj M-v‡mi UzKiv Ges dvBevi M-vm bvovPvovi KvR K‡i Zv‡ì‡K

ÒAek¨B nv‡Zi M-vfm, †Rwj Ges nv‡Zi myi¶vi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wbivcËv miÄvgvw` cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

cv`yKv/eyU

mKj ai‡bi KvR Ki‡Z h_vh_fv‡e nvuUv-Pjv‡divi Rb¨ kªwgK‡ì h_vh_ cv`yKv cÖ‡qvRb| †Kvb mvgMÖx cv ev b‡Li Ici c‡o AvnZ nIqv †_‡K, A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb aviv‡jv e¯‘ cv‡q Xy‡K hvIqv cÖwZ‡iv‡aI cv`yKv cÖ‡qvRbxq| wfRv wm‡g›U ev KbwµU (cvwb, wm‡g›U, evjy I B‡Ui †Lvqvi wgkªY) Øviv ÿZ m„wó cÖwZ‡iv‡a eyU eënvi Kiv ìKvi †Kbbv, wm‡g‡›Ui Dcv`vb cvwbi mv‡_ wgwkªZ n‡j Zv LyeB ¶qKviK Ges Pvgovi Ici gvivZ¥K R¡vjvi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|

G Rb¨ mKj kªwgK‡K h_h_ cv`yKv cª`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ AvB‡b kyay I‡qìvi I M¨vm KvUvi‡ì wbivcËv RyZvi evaëvaKZvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.1.2 G D‡jøL¨ †h,ÒI‡qìvi I M¨vmKvUvi‡K ...wbivcËv RyZv ci‡Z n‡e|Ó

Ges weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.11.5.4 G D‡jøL¨ †h,Ò†Uivwms Gi Kv‡Ri mgq, we‡kl K‡i hLb Pzb ev Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb eënvi Kiv nq ZLb wbivcËvg~jK ...RyZv cwiavb Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

wbivcËvg~jK Pkgv Ges †Pv‡Li Ab¨vb¨ myi¶v

†Pv‡Li ¶wZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb †Kvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wbivcËvg~jK Pkgv cÖ‡qvRbxq|

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.1.2 G D‡jøL¨ †h,ÒwWªwjs, KvwUs, I‡qwìs I †Pv‡Li Rb¨ ¶wZKi G RvZxq mKj Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³‡K MªnYxq gv‡bi wbivcËv Pkgv (wewWGm 1360) eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| I‡qìvi I M¨vmKvUvi‡K Dchy³ wbivcËvg~jK mivÄvgvw` †hgb ... MªnYxq gv‡bi Ges IB we‡kl kªwg‡Ki †Pv‡Li Rb¨ Dchy&³ wdëvi M-vm m¤^wjZ n¨vÛ wkì cwiavb Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.9.6 G D‡jøL¨ †h,ÒmKj cÖKvi AvK© I‡qwìs Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wewWGm 1360 gvb m¤úbœ †nj‡gU ev nvZ w`‡q aiv hvq Giƒc †dBm wkì eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|hLb wK¬‡ci mvnv‡h¨ SvjvB †_‡K eR©ävZz mwi‡q †bqv nq ZLb †Pv‡Li myi¶vi Rb¨ wewWGm 1360 gvb m¤úbœ Pkgv eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

72

Av”Qv`b †cvlvK


ÒI‡qìvi I M¨vmKvUvi‡K Dchy³ wbivcËvg~jK miÄvgvw` †hgb...Av”Qv`b †cvlvK cwiavb Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

k¦vm-cÖk¦vm hš¿

ayjv-evwj, Rjxq ev®ú, †avqv I ev®ú m„wó nq Ggb Kv‡Ri mv‡_ RwoZ mKj kªwg‡Ki Rb¨ Gme cÖwZ‡ivaK k¦vm-cÖk¦vm hš¿ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| hvB‡nvK, cÖwZ‡ivaK k¦vm-cÖk¦vm hš¿ mKj cÖwZ‡ivag~jK eë¯’vi †kl chv©‡qi cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v wnmv‡e mvaviYZ eënvi Kiv nq| wKš‘ ayjv-evwj, Rjxq ev®ú, †avqv I ev®ú cÖ_‡g †hLvb †_‡K m„wó nq †mme Dr‡m Gme wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY:

- cÖwZ‡ivaK k¦vm-cÖk¦vm hš¿ ïay eënviKvix‡K i¶v K‡i wKšÍy Dr‡m Gme wbq›ÎY IB GjvKv‡K i¶v K‡i|

- G hš¿ fyjfv‡e eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i A_ev wVKfv‡e i¶Yv‡e¶Y bvI n‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î eënviKvix chv©ß myi¶v †c‡Z bvI cv‡i|

- G hš¿ eënvi Kiv AmyweavRbK Ges mvaviY K‡g©i Rb¨ e¨vNvZ m„wóKvix|

- G hš¿ wb‡qvwRZKv‡R evav m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|

hw` Ab¨ †Kvb wbqš¿Y eë¯’v chv©ß bv nq Zvn‡j cÖwZ‡ivaK k¦vm-cÖk¦vm hš¿ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

A‡bK ai‡bi cÖwZ‡ivaK k¦vm-cÖk¦vm hš¿ Av‡Q| †KvbUv ayjv cÖwZ‡iva K‡i, †KvbUv ev®ú cÖwZ‡iva K‡i| ZvB †hLv‡b †hUv cÖ‡hvR¨ †m ai‡bi cÖwZ‡ivaK hš¿ cª`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| GUv kªwg‡Ki Rb¨ h_vh_vKv‡i Lvc †L‡Z n‡e Ges h_vh_fv‡e i¶Yv‡e¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e I Gi mwVK wdëvi _vK‡Z n‡e|

weGbwewm‡Z ïay †cvwjwks KvR Ges A¨vR‡emUm wb‡q KvR Kivi mgq cÖwZ‡ivaK k¦vm-cÖk¦vm hš¿ eënvi Kivi evaëvaKZvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡m SzuwK i‡q‡Q Ggb mvB‡U cÖwZ‡ivaK hš¿ ch©vßfv‡e _vK‡Z n‡e|


Ò†hme wbg©vY mvB‡U wbtk¦v‡m SzuwK i‡q‡Q †mme mvB‡U ch©vß msL¨K †kvlYg~jK k¦vm-cÖk¦vm hš¿ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| wec¾bK Ae¯’vq mxwgZ mg‡qi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ c~Y© k¦vm-cÖk¦vm hš¿ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.11.5.2 G D‡jøL¨ †h,

Ò†hme kªwgK cwjk cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Q Zv‡ì‡K wbivcËvg~jK †cvkvK cwi”Q`,`¯Ívbv, k¦vm-cÖk¦vm hš¿ BZ¨vw` cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó


†hLv‡b Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g A¨vR‡emUm ayjv m„wó nq †mLv‡b h_vh_ cÖwZ‡ivaK k¦vm-cÖk¦vm h›Î eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ‡ivaK k¦vm-cÖk¦vm h›Î fvjfv‡e i¶Yv‡e¶Y Ges wbqwgZfv‡e cwi®‹vi I cwiPh©v Ki‡Z n‡e| hv‡ì Rb¨ wbivcËv DcKiY eënvi cÖ‡qvRb Zv‡ì‡K Gi eënvi m¤ú‡K© c~Y© wb‡`©kbv Ges cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

73

74

A¨vR‡emUm cÖwZ‡ivaK we‡kl †cvlvK

A¨vR‡emUm LyeB ¶wZKviK ayjv Ges wbgv©Y GjvKvq A¨vR‡emUm eënvi Kiv n‡j Aek¨B A¨vR‡emUm cÖwZ‡ivaK we‡kl †cvlvK MªnY Ki‡Z n‡e, hv B‡Zvg‡a¨ Kj¨vY Kg©KvÛ Ges nvDRwKwcs Aa¨v‡q ejv n‡q‡Q| kªwgK‡K A¨vR‡emUm †_‡K i¶v Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j Zv‡ì g„Zz¨ n‡Z cv‡i|


ÒA¨vR‡emUm RvZxq `ªe¨vw` eëüZ nq Giƒc Kv‡R †hme kªwgK RwoZ Zviv m¤ú~Y© kixi Ave„Z K‡i Giƒc c‡KUIqvjv Ges fvjfv‡e nvZv I Mjv eÜ I gv_v XvKv m¤^wjZ †cvkvK cwiavb Ki‡e| A¨vR‡emUm a~jv wbM©gb nIqvi Rb¨ †hme RvqMv i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z mKj †jvK‡KB GB wbivcËv †cvkvK co‡Z n‡e|

wmb‡_wUK dvBevi Øviv GB ai‡bi †cvkvK cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z n‡e| wf‡R hvIqv cÖwZ‡iv‡a m¤ú~Y© kixive„Z bjIqvjv wX‡jXvjv †cvlvKI eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

ch©vß a~jv wbqš¿Y †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i hLb Aí cwigvY A¨vR‡emUm m¤^wjZ †Kvb Kvh© cwiPvjbv Kiv nq ZLb Dchy³ Kg© †cvkvK eënvi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv|Ó

Pzb wb‡q KvR


Ò†h mKj kªwgK AwaK cwigvY Pzb wb‡q KvR Ki‡e Zv‡ì‡K wbivcËvg~jK †cvkvK, k¦vm-cÖk¦vm MÖn‡Y mnvqK hš¿ I Pkgv cwiavb Ki‡Z n‡e, Z¡‡Ki cÖ`vn †_‡K i¶v †c‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq cwi®‹vi cwi”QbZvi wb‡`©k w`‡Z n‡e, Ges Zv‡ì‡K nv‡Zi wµg, †c‡Uªvwjqvg †Rjx Ges G RvZxq Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZ‡ivaK DcKiY w`‡q i¶v Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

Z¡‡Ki myi¶v


Òwm‡g›U Avbv †bqvi Rb¨ wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK‡ì nvZ I gyL Ges Z¡‡Ki wbivcËvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MªnY Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó


Ò†hme kªwgK Giƒc †Kvb Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Q †hLv‡b Zij c`v_© ev Ab¨ †Kvb Dcv`vb wQU‡K c‡o Z¡‡Ki ¶wZ Ki‡Z cv‡i †mme kªwgK‡ì kixi I Ab¨vb¨ A½-cÖZ¨½ †X‡K ivLvi Rb¨ ch©vß wbivcËvg~jK †cvkvK cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

wbivcËv †eë/eÜbx

wbg©vY‡¶‡Î AwaKvsk gvivZ¥K `yN©Ubvmg~n DPuy ¯’vb n‡Z c‡o hvIqvi d‡j nq| †hLv‡b gvPuv A_ev wmwo A_ev Pjgvb cøvUdg© eëüZ nq bv, †m‡¶‡Î ïaygvÎ wbivcËv eÜbxB gvivZ¥K ¶wZ A_ev g„Zz¨ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq n‡Z cv‡i| wewfbœ ai‡bi eÜbx cvIqv hvq| GKwU wbivcËv †eë (†Kvgo eÜbx) Gi mv‡_ mv‡_ GKwU c~Y© wbivcËvm¤^wjZ eÜbx me©`v eëüZ n‡Z n‡e|

75

GKwU wbivcËv eÜbx Ges GwU †_‡K mswk-ó †Svjv‡bv iwk Aek¨B :

- Giƒc DcKiY w`‡q ˆZwi n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †Kvbfv‡e c‡o †M‡j 2 wgUv‡ii †ewk Sz‡j bv hvq;

- †`‡ni IRb en‡bi g‡Zv h‡_ó k³ n‡Z n‡e;

- Kv‡Ri ¯’vb n‡Z DPzu‡Z ‡Kvb k³ KvVv‡gvi mv‡_ euvav _vK‡Z n‡e|

c‡o hvIqv msµvšÍ wbivcËvg~jK mveavbZv Aa¨vq-9 G D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|


e¨w³MZ wbivcËvg~jK miÄvg I wbivcËvg~jK †cvkvK

1. †hLv‡b ‰eix cwi‡e‡k Ae¯’vbmn `yN©Ubv A_ev ¯^v‡¯’ï ¶wZi m¤¢vebvi wecix‡Z ch©vß myi¶vi welqwU Ab¨ †Kvb Dcv‡q wbwðZ Kiv hvq bv, †mLv‡b KvR I SuzwKi aib †gvZv‡eK wb‡qvMKvix KZ…©K kªwgK‡ì Rb¨ webvg~‡j¨ h_vh_ e¨w³MZ myi¶vg~jK miÄvg Ges myi¶vg~jK †cvkvK eë¯’v m¤^‡Ü RvZxq AvBb I wbqg-bxwZ‡Z †hfv‡e ejv Av‡Q †mfv‡e eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

2. wb‡qvMKvixMY e¨w³MZ wbivcËvg~jK miÄvg eënv‡ii Rb¨ kªwgK‡ì‡K h_vh_fv‡e Dchy³ K‡i Zzj‡e Ges Zv‡ì h_vh_ eënvi wbwðZ Ki‡e|

3. hZ`~i m¤¢e kixi welqK bxwZgvjvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L h_vh_ KZ…©c¶ KZ…©K wba©vwiZ myi¶vg~jK miÄvg Ges myi¶vg~jK †cvkvK wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

4. kªwgK‡ì‡K Zv‡ì Rb¨ mieivnK…Z myiÿvg~jK miÄvg Ges myi¶vg~jK †cvkvK Gi h_vh_ eënvi I hZœ wb‡Z n‡e|

76

Aa¨vq - 7

AwMœ `yN©Ubv

avZe KvUv, SvjvB A_ev Nl©Y Kv‡j ùzwj½, †auvqv Ges AwZ D”P ZvcgvÎvi ¶z`ª Kbv ˆZix nq| AwMœ ùzwj‡½i gva¨‡g MwjZ Mig avZe Kbvi we”Qzib Kvh©¨¯’vb n‡Z A‡bK `~i ch©šÍ Qov‡Z cv‡i, †hLv‡b Kv‡iv bR‡ii Avov‡j ax‡i ax‡i Av¸‡bi m~ÎcvZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| wbg©v‡bi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ †Kv¤úvwb, wbg©vYvaxb GjvKvi êwkó¨ Abyhvqx Kvgivi AvKvi I eënv‡ii wfwË‡Z, GjvKvi hš¿cvwZ, Aew¯’Z `ªªe¨vwì ivmvqwbK I cÖvK…wZK ¸bv¸b Ges me©vwaK Kg©iZ Rbe‡ji msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i ch©vß msL¨K AwMœ cÖwZ‡ivaK hš¿cvwZi †hvMvb w`‡e|

cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v

AwMœ ms‡hv‡Mi wKQz mg‡qi g‡a¨ Zv mgMÖ wbg©vY GjvKvq gvivZ¥K ¶wZ mvab I wb‡qvwRZ Rbe‡ji Dc‡i h‡_ó SuywK e‡q Avb‡Z cv‡i| c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ I mZK© cwiKíbv wbg©vY †¶‡Îi Av¸b Qov‡bv jvNe Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Av¸b Qvov‡bv e‡Üi Rb¨ wKQz mZK©ve¯’v Zy‡j aiv nj|

• mKj `vn¨ e¯‘, Zijc`v_© Ges Gi avibKvix cvÎ¸wj Kg© GjvKv †_‡K mwi‡q †bIqv hv fqven Av¸b jvMvi m¤¢vebv‡K eûjvs‡k Kgv‡e| †ekx cwigvY `vn¨ c`v_© _vK‡j Zv Kg©‡¶Î †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i ¸`vgRvZ Ki‡Z n‡e| hwÌ GUv A‡bK †¶‡Î m¤¢e n‡q DV‡ebv, ZeyI Zv Av¸‡bi cÖfv‡ei †¶‡Î wKQz ZviZg¨ Ki‡e|

• evwn‡i wKQz ¯’vcbv †hgb MZ©, Xvj, euva BZ¨vw` Av¸b‡K Qov‡Z evavMÖ¯’ K‡i|

• †hLv‡b `vn¨ †avqv Drcbœ n‡Z cv‡i †mLv‡b mZKZ©v wPý Ges mvBb †evW© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †Lvjv Av¸b †hgb RjšÍ wmMv‡iU, †gvgevwZ BZ¨vw` wb‡q cÖ‡ek eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|

AwMœ wbe©vcb hš¿

weGbwewm‡Z enb‡hvM¨ AwMœ wbe©vcb hš¿ m¤§wjZ Aby‡”Q` 3.10.2.1 G D‡jøL¨ †h,

Òcvwb m¤^wjZ AwMœ wbe©vcb hš¿ †KŠkjMZ Kvi‡Y Dchy³ ¯’v‡b ¯’vwcZ Ki‡Z n‡e| wbe©vcb hš¿ †µb, n‡q÷ Kg‡cÖmvi GB ai‡bi wRwb‡mi ¯’v‡b emv‡Z n‡e| †hLv‡b ê`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ eënvi nq †mLv‡b Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW Ges my®‹ cvDWvi m¤^wjZ wbe©vcK eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

AwMœ wbe©vc‡Ki AwZwi³ Ab¨vb¨ AwMœ wbe©vcb eë¯’v †hgb w¯cÖ¼jvi Ges nvB‡Wª›U Gi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wbg©vYvaxb fe‡bi wfZi I evwn‡ii h_v¯’v‡b cÖwZ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| mKj wbe©vcb hš¿¸wj cÖ¯‘ZKvixi wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx eënvi †hvM¨ K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|

mKj Kg©x Ges ZË¡veavbKvix‡K wbg©vY GjvKvq ¯’vwcZ AwMœ wbe©vcb hš¿ eënvi wewa m¤^‡Ü ¯úó fv‡e Rvbv‡Z n‡e| AwMœ wbe©vcb hš¿ ev Gi mKj ¯’vcbv mg~‡ni †hgb †nvRwej, wbe©vcb hš¿, fvj&f, w¯cÖ¼jvi nvB‡Wª›U Gi wbKU mn‡R Mgb me©ve¯’vq wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

Aenb‡hvM¨ AwMœ wbe©vcK eë¯’vi †¶‡Î weGbwewmi Aby‡”Q` 3.10.2.1 G D‡jøL¨ †h,

Ò†Kvb cÖK‡í Aenb‡hvM¨ AwMœ wbe©vcb eë¯’v †hgb nvB‡Wª›U, ÷vÛ cvBc, w¯cÖ¼jvi Ges f~Mf©¯’ cvwbi jvBb A_ev cvwbi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ myweavRbK eë¯’v Ggbfv‡e cÖwZ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e †hb cieZ©xKv‡j Zv ¯’vqx fv‡e `ªæZ eënvi Kiv hvq|Ó

fe‡bi KvVv‡gv 20wg D”PZvq DVvi c~‡e©B ¯’vqx nvB‡Wª›U eë¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e| KvVv‡gvi D”PZv evov‡bvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gi D”PZvI evov‡Z n‡e Ges DcwifvM h_vh_fv‡e eÜ ivL‡Z n‡e| m‡e©v”P †nvR Aek¨B me© Dc‡ii wbg©vYvaxb †g‡Si GK Zjv bx‡P _vK‡Z n‡e| AwMœ SuywKc~Y© mKj wbg©vY GjvKvq `yBwU wbM©gb c_ _vK‡Z n‡e| ¶Y¯’vqx ÷vÛ cvBc Gi mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRbxq cv¤ú ¯’vqx eë¯’vi cwie‡Z© ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i hw` Zv 100wgUvi e¨v‡mi ÷¨vÛ cvBc Gi gva¨‡g 450 wK‡jv c¨vm‡Kj Pv‡c wgwb‡U 400 wjUvi cvwbi cÖevn ˆZix Ki‡Z cv‡i|

ÒGKwU cwiwgZ AvKv‡ii avZe ev· hv †Lvjv _vK‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq Zv mKj †nvR wbM©gb c‡_ ¯’vcb K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| H avZe ev‡· †g‡Si me©vs‡k †cŠQv‡bvi g‡Zv cwiwgZ ‰`‡N¨©i †nvR wij Gi mv‡_ mshy³ 12 wg.wg. ev 20 wg.wg. bRj _vK‡Z n‡e| iv¯Ív n‡Z H mKj ÷vÛ cvB‡c mn‡R †cŠQv‡bvi eë¯’v memgq I me©ve¯’vq A¶zbœ ivL‡Z n‡e| AwMœ wbe©vcK nvB‡Wª›U Gi 1.5 wgUvi `~i‡Z¡i g‡a¨ Ges Gi w`‡K Mg‡bi c‡_ †Kvb e¯‘ ivLv hv‡e bv ...|Ó

AwMœ wbev©cb h‡š¿i Ae¯’vb I wPwýZ KiY

wbw`©ó iO Gi Øviv Ges ¯’vwbK mvBb‡evW© Gi Øviv AwMœwbe©vcb hš¿¸wji Ae¯’vb wbw`©ó Ki‡Z n‡e A_ev wbw`©ó †Kvb is ev mvBb‡evW© A_ev DfqB Øviv hš¿cvwZi Ae¯’v‡bi ¯’vb wbw`©ó Ki‡Z n‡e| me©vwaK †¶‡Î GB D‡Ï‡k¨ jvj iO Aek¨B eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| hš¿¸wj‡K mn‡R wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ H jvj iO ¯’vb h‡_ó eo AvKv‡ii n‡Z n‡e| ¯’vwcZ mvBb †evW© H hš¿ cvwZ ¸wji Ae¯’vb wPwýZ Ki‡Z eëüZ n‡e|

mZK©xKiY wPý m¤^wjZ †evW©, wbivcËv weav‡bi wbqgvewj Ges Riæix wb‡`©kvewj D¾j i‡O Aj¼„Z, wbg©vY GjvKvi cª‡ek c‡_ Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’v‡b cÖwZ¯’vwcZ Ki‡Z n‡e| GB Mywj SzuwK wbimb ev wbqš¿b Kivi h_vh_ eë¯’v Ges AvPib wewa I Kvh©µg MÖn‡Yi cš’v eY©bv Kwi‡e| jvj mZK© wPý fe‡b, hš¿cvwZ‡Z Ges eënvh© ms‡hvMMywj‡ZI ivL‡Z n‡e|

†h mKj mvBb eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wbgœiƒct-

77

GB c‡_(m¤ú~iK Z_¨ ms‡KZ)

dvivi †nvR gB AwMœ wbe©vcK Riæix (AwMœ) `~ivjvcwb

78

we‡kl K‡i Lvov PjvP‡ji c_ †hgb-wmuwoNi, wjd‡Ui DVvbvgv c‡_ A_ev G‡ì wbK‡U Aew¯’Z mKj eR©¨ †hgb-Kv‡Vi LÛvsk, Kv‡Vi wPo, KivZ ¸ov, KvMR, ˆZjv³ c`v_© BZ¨vw` msMÖn c~e©K cÖ‡Z¨K Kvh©wè‡mi †k‡l wbivc‡` mwi‡q †dj‡Z n‡e|

wbg©vYKvR ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© AwMœ wbe©vc‡bi Rb¨ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ Rjvav‡ii eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| RjvaviwU me mgq cvwb Øviv cwicyY© ivL‡Z n‡e|


Ò`vn¨ c`v_© ¸`vgRvZ Kiv †Lvjv A_ev XvKbv m¤^wjZ ¯’v‡b Kgc‡¶ `yBwU ivmvqwbK Myov m¤^wjZ AwMœwbe©vcK hš¿ ivL‡Z n‡e|Ó

weGbwewm AwMœ mgqKvjxb wbM©gb c_ m¤úwK©Z Aby‡”Q` 3.10.2. 6 G D‡jøL¨ †h,

ÒAwMœSuzwKc~Y© mKj wbgv©Y GjvKvq Kgc‡¶ ¯úófv‡e wbw`©ó `yBwU wbM©gb c_ _vK‡Z n‡e| Ab¨b¨ wbM©gb eë¯’v GB †Kv‡Wi wewfbœ Aby‡”Q‡ì wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx wbg©vY GjvKvq _vK‡Z n‡e, AwMœ wbM©gb c_ mn‡RB †Lvjvi †hvM¨ n‡e; wbM©gb c_ KLbB ¸`vg RvZ ev Dw”Qó `ªe¨vw` Øviv cÖwZeÜK K‡i ivLv hv‡ebv|

fe‡bi Rb¨ AwMœ cÖwZeÜK †`qvj Ges wmuwoNi wbg©vY Abym~wP‡Z cÖvwaKvi w`‡Z n‡e| †h fe‡b AwMœ cÖwZ‡ivaK ¯^qswµq ev A¯^qswµqfv‡e AvUKv‡bv eë¯’v m¤^wjZ ìRv, `vn¨ c`v_© AwaK eënv‡ii d‡j AwMœSuzwK e„w×i Av‡M evbv‡Z n‡e Ges hZ `ªæZ m¤¢e Zv ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

Aa¨vq - 8

wbivc‡` nvZ Øviv wbgv©Y mvgMÖx DVv‡bv-bvgv‡bv

Kg©‡¶‡Î fvix wRwbm nvZ Øviv DVv‡bv I bvgv‡bv ev wb‡q hvIqvi mgq `yN©Ubvq AvnZ nIqvi NUbv N‡U _v‡K| A‡bK n¯ÍmvwaZ DVv‡bv bvgv‡bvi KvR evisevi Kivi Kvi‡b A‡bK `yN©Ubv N‡U| G ai‡bi NUbv A‡bK mgq Kv‡iv Rb¨ mvivRxe‡bi e¨_v ev c½y‡Z¡i KviY n‡Z cv‡i|

m‡eŸ©v”P KZ IR‡bi mvgMÖx nvZ Øviv DVv‡bv-bvgv‡bv hv‡e Zvi †Kvb wbw`©ó Ôwbivc`Õ mxgv †bB| mvgMÖx DvVv‡bvi cÖK…wZ, ¯’vb, Kxfv‡e D‡Ëvjb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡”Q, IB mvgMÖxi IRb KZ cÖf„wZ wel‡qi Ici `yN©Ubvi SuywKi gvÎv wbf©i K‡i|

wek †KwRi †ewk IRb enb Kiv Kv‡iv DwPZ n‡e bv e‡j weGbwewm‡Z mycvwik Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Z‡e AcÖ‡qvRbxq DVv‡bv-bvgv‡bvi KvR Gwo‡q hvIqv Av‡iv fvj| Zvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi welq¸wj AbymiY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb:

• KvR ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© IB wbgv©Y mvgMÖx D‡Ëvj‡bi Rb¨ Zv Lye fvix ev mgm¨v msKyj ev evievi DVv‡Z n‡e-cÖf„wZ welq wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e| we‡kl K‡i fvix wbgv©Y mvgMÖx nvZ Øviv DVv‡Z ev bvgv‡Z n‡j IRb Gi welqwU ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|

• Gici hv Ki‡Z n‡e Zv nj;- GKmv‡_ mewKQy DVv‡bv Gov‡Z n‡e; A_ev - nvjKv IR‡bi mvgMÖx eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e; A_ev - hvwš¿K mvnvh¨ wb‡Z n‡e|

• †hLvb †_‡K wbgv©Y mvgMÖx DVv‡bv n‡e Zvi D”PZv I `~iZ¡ Kgv‡Z n‡e Ges †hLv‡b wb‡Z n‡e Zvi `~iZ¡ Kgv‡Z n‡e|

• cªwZwbqZ eënvh© mvgMÖxi GKUv IRbmxgv wbav©iY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv 20 †KwRi †ewk n‡e bv|

• †hme `ªe¨ e¨v‡M _v‡K †m¸‡jv mieivn Kivi Rb¨ Ggbfv‡e AW©vi w`‡Z hv‡Z †m¸‡jv †QvU I mn‡R enb‡hvM¨ nq|

• nvZ Øviv RwUj Ae¯’vq mvgMÖx DVv‡bvi Rb¨ cwiKíbv Ki‡Z n‡e, we‡kl K‡i hLb `yÕR‡b/K‡qKR‡b †Kvb mvgMÖx DVv‡bv nq| hLb kªwgK‡ì D”PZv I kw³ Amg nq Ges GKmv‡_ DVv‡bv-bvgv‡bvi Kv‡Ri Ici cÖwk¶Y bv _v‡K ZLb SuywK Avm‡Z cv‡i|

• wbivc` DVv‡bv-bvgv‡bvi ‡KŠkj Ges mveav‡b fvix e¯‘ bvovPvovi Ici cÖwk¶Y cÖ‡qvRb|

weGjG aviv 74 G ejv n‡q‡Q:

Ò†Kvb cÖwZôv‡b †Kvb kªwgK‡K, Zvi ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i Ggb †Kvb fvix wRwbm D‡Ëvjb, enb A_ev bvovPvov Ki‡Z †`qv hv‡e bvÓ

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 2.3.1 Ges 2.3.2 G D‡jøL¨ †h:

Ò†ij IqvMb I gUi hvb †_‡K gvjvgvj †evSvB I Lvjvm Kivi mwVK c×wZ m¤ú‡©K cÖ‡Z¨K kªwgK‡K wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z n‡e Ges wbivcËvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq miÄvgvw` cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ‡¶‡Î IRb I `~i‡Z¡i Dci wfwË K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K kªwgK Av‡Q wKbv Ges Zviv †m we‡kl Kv‡R RwoZ wKbv Gme welqmg~n mycvifvBRiMY wbwðZ Ki‡e|Ó

79

80

Òhw` cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j fvix gvjvgvj DVv‡bv-bvgv‡bvi Rb¨ †µb ev fvi D‡ËvjK eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| hvwš¿K DcKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ `ªe¨vw` bvov-Pvov Kiv‡bvi c_ kªwg‡Ki Ae¯’vb gy³ ivL‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î eëýZ wkKj I iwk ch©vß fvi enb ¶gZvm¤úbœ n‡Z n‡e ...|Ó

ÒwbqwgZ I evi evi gvjvgvj IVv‡bv-bvgv‡bvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ GKRb kªwgK m‡e©v”P 20 †KwR ch©šÍ fvi enb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| we‡klfv‡e wbe©vwPZ kªwgK Øviv fvix gvjvgvj enb Kiv‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv‡ì cÖwk¶Y w`‡Z n‡e|Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 2.2.3 G ejv n‡q‡Q:

ÒBU †evSvB I Lvjv‡mi BUmg~n †hLv‡b mvwie×fv‡e ivLv †hLv‡b †_‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx AívKv‡i wbg©vY †¶‡Î wb‡Z n‡e|Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 2.2.18.1 G D‡jøL¨ †h:

ÒDchy³ ev `¶ Kg©Pvixi ZË¡veav‡b we‡ùviK `ªe¨ †evSvB, Lvjvm I DVv‡bv bvgv‡bv Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

81

Aa¨vq - 9

cov cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v

wbgv©Y †ÿ‡Î kªwgKiv †hme SzuwK †gvKv‡ejv K‡i Zvig‡a¨ Dci †_‡K c‡o hvIqv me‡P‡q †ewk SzuwKc~Y©| 2007 †_‡K 2009 mv‡ji g‡a¨ GB wZb eQi msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ wi‡cvU© we‡k-lY K‡i Rvbv hvq †h, wbgv©Y GjvKvq 38 kZvsk g„Zzï NUbv N‡U‡Q Dci †_‡K c‡o wM‡q| mvaviY wKQy eë¯’v G g„Zz¨ †VKv‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î AvB‡b we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY Av‡Q| Dci †_‡K cov cÖwZ‡iv‡a wb‡Pi eë¯’vMywj MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

• m¤¢e n‡j DuPz‡Z KvR cwinvi Kiv

DuPz‡Z KvR †h‡nZy wec¾bK †m‡nZz m¤¢e n‡j Zv cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

• DuPz‡Z wbivc` Kg©‡¶Î ˆZwi

DuPz‡Z †hLv‡b `vwo‡q KvR Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †m RvqMvUv wbivc`fv‡e ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi wbivcËv miÄRvg cÖ‡qvRb|

mvaviYZ: PviwU RvqMvq kªwgK‡ì `vuwo‡q KvR Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- K) †g‡S ev Qv` L) guvPv M) ev‡mi cvUvZb I N) gB

†g‡S‡Z KvR Kiv

†g‡S‡Z KvR Kivi Rb¨ weGbwewm‡Z K‡qKwU wb‡`©kbv i‡q‡Q:

- mKj †Lvjv wKYvivq †eov (Railng) Ges †Uv-‡evW© _vK‡Z n‡e;

- mKj MZ© †eov ev †Uv-†evW w`‡q wN‡i ivL‡Z n‡e;

- mKj wmuwoc‡_i †Lvjv †g‡S‡Z †eov _vK‡Z n‡e;

- mKj wmuwo‡Z nvZj _vK‡Z n‡e;

- wjd&U‡Ui Rb¨ dvuKv RvqMv/MZ© m¤ú~Y©fv‡e †X‡K ivL‡Z n‡e|

cvk¦© †Lvjv †g‡S, †eov I †Uv-†evW© _vK‡Z n‡e

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.5.5 G D‡jøL¨ †h

ÒXvjyc_, wmuwo ev ¯’vqx gB G cÖ‡e‡ki c_ Qvov cÖwZwU PZzw`©K †Lvjv †g‡S ev cøvUdg© hv cvk¦eZ©x †g‡S ev f~wgi mgZj †_‡K 1.2 wg DPz mKj †Lvjv cvk¦©¸‡jv‡Z †eov w`‡q wN‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| G ai‡bi cÖ‡ekØvi¸‡jv SzjšÍ ìRv w`‡q AvUwK‡q ivL‡Z n‡e A_ev Ggb wfbœ Ae¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †Kvb †jvK mivmwi cÖ‡e‡k wKQzUv evavi m¤§yLxb nb| †eovi mv‡_ Kgc‡¶ 200 wg.wg. DuPz †Uv-‡evW© _vK‡e|Ó

†g‡S‡Z MZ©

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.5.5 G D‡jøL¨:

ÒcÖ‡Z¨K A¯’vqx ‡g‡Si (†g‡Si †Lvjv RvqMv) G 900 wg.wg DuPz †eov w`‡Z n‡e A_ev me mgq cÖnivq ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K †g‡Si MZ© †Uv-‡evW©mn †eov w`‡q wN‡i ivL‡Z n‡e A_ev Kâvhy³ XvKbv w`‡Z n‡e| weKí wn‡m‡e, me mgq cÖniv ivL‡Z n‡e ev AcmviY‡hvM¨ †eov Øviv myiw¶Z ivL‡Z n‡e|Ó

82

Aby‡”Q` 1.1.3 G †Lvjv †g‡S‡K mÁvwqZ K‡i‡Q Gfv‡e: Ò†Kvb †Lvjv †g‡S, cvUvZb, †cf‡g›U ev D¤§y³ hvqMv hvi cwiwa Kgc‡¶ †g‡Si MZ© †_‡K eo ev 300 wg.wg. Gi †ewk Ges hvi †fZi w`‡q †Kvb †jvK c‡o †h‡Z cv‡i, †hgb- n¨vPI‡q, wmuwo ev gB‡qi Rb¨ †Lvjv Ask, †nvcvi gvD_ wcU ev eo g¨vb‡nvj|Ó

wmuwoc‡_i †Lvjv †g‡S


ÒcÖ‡Z¨K wmuwoc‡_i †Lvjv †g‡Si evB‡ii w`‡K cÖ‡ekc_ Qvov Kgc‡¶ 900wgwg D”PZv m¤úbœ †eov w`‡Z n‡e| ¯’vqx nvZj †eov bv †`qv ch©šÍ A¯’vqxfv‡e `wo, euvk BZ¨vw` Øviv wmuwo‡Z †Ni cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

wjd&U Gi Lvwj Ni


Òwjd‡Ui Lvwj N‡i cÖ‡e‡k cªwZeÜKZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZeÜKZv Ggb n‡Z n‡e †h, hv‡Z †Kvb †jv‡Ki av°v jvM‡jI Zv †VKv‡Z m¶g| hLb wjdU A‡K‡Rv _vK‡e ZLb wjd‡Ui jwe‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq weÁwß/ms‡KZ cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

guvPvi Ic‡i KvR

evsjv‡`‡k wbgv©Y GjvKvq DuPz‡Z KvR Kivi Rb¨ mvaviYZ evu‡ki guvPv eënvi Kiv nq| evu‡ki guvPv ˆZwi Kiv wbivc` GK_v mivmwi ejv hvq bv| evu‡ki guvPv hviv cwiKíbv K‡i, ˆZwi K‡i, D‡Ëvjb K‡i, cwieZ©b K‡i Ges †f‡½ ‡d‡j Zv‡ì Gme Kv‡R cÖwkw¶Z I †hvM¨ n‡Z nq| †h Dcv`v‡bB ˆZix Kiv †nvK bv †Kb, GKwU wbivc` guvPv‡K kªwgK KZ©„K cÖ`Ë I Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g D™¢~Z ch©vß fvi I Pvc mnbkxj n‡Z n‡e, wbivc` fv‡e euvav _vK‡Z n‡e Ges kªwgK I wbg©vY mvgMÖx hv‡Z c‡o bv hvq - †Zgb n‡Z n‡e|

guvPv hv‡Z wbivc` nq †mRb¨ weGbwewm wb‡Pi wb‡`©kbv¸‡jv w`‡q‡Q :

• eëüZ evuk k³ I gReyZ n‡Z n‡e;

• guvPv k³ RvqMvi Ici wbgv©Y Ki‡Z n‡e;

• evu‡ki LuywU evuavi iwk gReyZ n‡Z n‡e;

• AvovAvwofv‡e evuk evua‡Z n‡e;

• kªwgK hv‡Z KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i ‡mRb¨ guvPvq k³ I gReyZ cvUvZb eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e;

• guvPvq cvUvZ‡b †Uv-‡evW© _vK‡Z n‡e;

• guvPv fe‡bi Gi mv‡_ mshy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|

mvaviY cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.7.3 G D‡jøL¨ †h:

ÒmKj ... dg©IqvK© I guvPv gReyZ, my`„p I myw¯’Z n‡Z n‡e|Ó

k³ I gReyZ evuk


ÒgReyZ euvk, KvV, óx‡ji bj ev Ab¨ †h †Kvb Dchy³ DcKiY w`‡q guvPv ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó


ÒguvPv, LyuwU, kªwgK‡ì eënv‡ii Rb¨ A¯’vqx guvPv, Xvjyc_, BZ¨vwì Rb¨ ch©vß cwigv‡Y DbœZ, wbivc` I GKB ai‡bi euvk msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| euvk¸‡jv‡Z †Kvb cÖKvi LyuZ _vKv hv‡e bv, G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ gReyZfv‡e euvav, Ges ms‡hvM¸wj gm„Y n‡Z n‡e| Ó

ÒLvov fv‡e fvi en‡bi Rb¨ euvk¸‡jvi e¨m 75 wg.wg. Gi Kg n‡e bv, Ges h_vm¤¢e †mvRv n‡e|Ó

k³ RvqMvi Ici h_vh_fv‡e guvPv evua‡Z n‡e Ges k³ euvab w`‡Z n‡e


Òeuvk¸‡jv GKUv Av‡iKUvi mv‡_ `„Xfv‡e Ggb fv‡e euva‡Z n‡e hv‡Z ms‡hvM ¸wj gm„b nq| †Kvb fv‡eB ïay †c‡iK w`‡q ms‡hvM †`qv hv‡e bvÓ


ÒG¸‡jv k³ †g‡S‡Z Ave× Lvov LuywUi mv‡_ h_v_©fv‡e euva‡Z n‡e| euv‡ki LuywU¸‡jv euvavi Rb¨ gReyZ `wo eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| GQvov, Kgc‡¶ 6 wgwg e¨v‡mi ÷x‡ji Zvi ev i‡Wi euva‡bi mv‡_ euvk ev Kv‡Vi LuywUi ùvi AvovAvwo k³ euvab w`‡Z n‡e|Ó

weGbwewm Avby‡”Q` 3.7.4 G D‡jøL¨ †h:

Òhw` gvSLv‡b Abyf~wgK k³ euvab †`qv nq Zvn‡j 4 wgUvi D”PZvi euvk Lvov fv‡e fvi en‡bi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| euvk †Rvov †`qv cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

k³ guvPvi cvUvZb


ÒAbyf~wgK LuywUi Dci AvovAvwofv‡e Kv‡Vi Z³v ev óx‡ji cvZ wewQ‡q w`‡Z n‡e hv‡Z fvjfv‡e cv ivLv hvq I wbg©vY mvgMÖx ivLv hvq| mg¯Í ms‡hvM¸‡jv wbivc`fv‡e `wo w`‡q GK‡Î k³ K‡i evua‡Z n‡e| euva‡bi iwk bó n‡q‡Q wKbv I Z³v cu‡P †M‡Q wKbv wbg©vY KvR PjvKvjxb mg‡q Zv wbqwgZ cix¶v Ki‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

fe‡bi mv‡_ mshyw³


ÒguvPv ch©vß ¯’v‡b fe‡bi ms‡M wbivc‡` euva‡Z n‡e|Ó

cvUvZ‡bi Dci KvR

†hLv‡b †Kvb †g‡S ev guvPv †bB †mLv‡b kªwgK‡K `vwo‡q KvR Kivi Rb¨ cvUvZb w`‡Z n‡e| cvk¦© †Lvjv †g‡Si gZ AvBb Abyhvqx cvUvZ‡b †eov Ges †Uv-‡evW© _vK‡Z n‡e|

fvjev‡e cÖ¯‘ZK…Z cvUvZb G hv hv _vKv ìKvi


ÒQv` wbg©v‡Yi mgq cøvUdg© ... cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

83

84


ÒQv‡ì aib Abyhvqx Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cvUvZb mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| gReyZ DcKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ wbivc` I k³fv‡e cøvUdg© wbg©v‡Y AwZwi³ mZK©Zv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wbg©vY KvR PjvKvjxb cy‡ivcywi mg‡q Zv wbqwgZ cix¶v Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

†eov I †Uv-†ev‡W©i Rb¨ hv cÖ‡qvRb


ÒXvjyc_, wmuwo ev ¯’vqx gB G cÖ‡e‡ki c_ Qvov cÖwZwU ... cvUvZb hv cvk¦eZ©x †g‡S ev f~wgi mgZj †_‡K 1.2 wg DPuy mKj †Lvjv wKbviv¸jv‡Z †eov w`‡q wN‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| G ai‡bi cÖ‡ekØvi¸‡jv SzjšÍ ìRv w`‡q AvUwK‡q ivL‡Z n‡e A_ev Ggb wfbœ eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †Kvb †jvK mivmwi cÖ‡e‡k wKQzUv evavi m¤§yLxb nb| †eovi mv‡_ Kgc‡¶ 200 wg.wg. DuPz †Uv-†evW© _vK‡e|Ó

gB-Gi Dci KvRwbivc‡` KvR Kivi Ab¨ †Kvb Dcvq _vK‡j gB eënvi Kiv DwPZ bq| wKš‘ gB Lye mn‡R I Kg Li‡P cvIqv hvq| hvi d‡j Gi Lvivc w`K¸‡jv memgq D‡cÿv Kiv nq| gB eënvi Ki‡Z n‡j ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv mvaviYZ 30 wgwb‡Ui †ekx n‡e bv| gB ïay nvjKv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ eëüZ n‡e wKš‘ †Kvb mvgMÖx enb ev avi‡bi Rb¨ bq|

weGbwewm‡Z D‡jøL¨ †h gB k³ I wbivc‡` eënv‡ii Rb¨:

- gB‡qi Dc‡ii Ask gB PvZv‡ji †h w`‡K Sz‡K †Vm w`‡e Zv †_‡K ewa©Z n‡Z n‡e;

- gB hv‡Z wcQwj‡q bv hvq †mRb¨ wb‡Pi cÖv‡šÍ wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e ev eënv‡ii mgq GKRb †KD a‡i ivL‡e;

- Lye †ekx KvZ Kiv hv‡e bv|

GKwU gB Kxfv‡e wbivc‡` e¨venvi Ki‡Z n‡e weGbwewm Zv eY©bv K‡i‡Q Ges Av‡iv D‡jøL K‡i‡Q †h †Kvb gB Gi KvR †kl nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Ges cÖwZ Qq mßvn cici wbqwgZ gB cwi`k©b Ki‡Z n‡e|

AvBGjI cÖwk¶b cyw¯ÍKvq D‡jøL¨ †h Dc‡i Ggb †Kvb ê`y¨wZK Zvi _vK‡Z cvi‡ebv †hLv‡b gB Gi mv‡_ †j‡M †h‡Z cv‡i|

fvjfv‡e cÖ¯‘ZK…Z gB


ÒmKj gB-B fvj gv‡bi Dcv`vb Øviv ˆZwi n‡Z n‡e Ges cwiKwíZ IRb enb Kivi gZ ¶gZv m¤úbœ n‡Z n‡e| gB‡qi cv`vwb †bB ev Î“wUc~Y© cv`vwb ev ïay †c‡i‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj Giƒc †Kvb gB eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv| †i‡L †`qv †Kvb gB cybivq eënvi Kivi Av‡M cix¶v K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|ÕÕ

MvW© †iBj I †Uv-†evW©

MvW© †iBj I †Uv-†evW chv©ßfv‡e k³ I w¯’i nIqv DwPZ hv‡Z K‡i c‡o hvIqv cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges enbK…Z Ab¨vb¨ fvi mvgjv‡Z cv‡i| G¸‡jv GKUv KvVv‡gvi mv‡_ mshy³ _vK‡e| cvUvZb ev Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vb †_‡K wbgv©Y mvgMÖx c‡o hvIqv e‡Ü †Uv-†evW LyeB mnvqK|

85

Ò`yBUv gB GK‡Î †Rvov †`qv hv‡e bv; hw` GKvšÍ w`‡ZB nq Zvn‡j GKRb †dvig¨v‡bi ZË¡veav‡b w`‡Z n‡e|Ó

ÒgB‡qi mKj ms‡hvMB mwVKfv‡e wbg©xZ n‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b gB‡q nvZj cª`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` g‡b nq †h gB `yj‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j gB‡qi gvSvgvwS bo‡e bv Ggb ¯’vqx †Kvb wKQyi mv‡_ k³ K‡i ejKviK evab w`‡Z n‡e| gReyZ Kvix †Kvb wKQyi gva¨‡g AwZwi³ †`v`yj¨gvbZv wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

eënvi Kv‡j gB wbivc` n‡Z n‡e

gB msµvšÍ `yN©Ubv A‡a©K Gi †ekx N‡U Zjvq A_ev kxl© †`‡k gB wcQ‡j wM‡q| d‡j gB‡K k³ I mgf~wg‡Z ¯’vcb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|


ÒgB‡qi †eov¸‡jv PvZvj †_‡K Kgc‡¶ 1wg. D”PZv ch©šÍ ewa©Z ivL‡Z n‡e Ges Dci cÖvšÍ wbivc` ivL‡Z n‡e| weKí eë¯’v wn‡m‡e PvZv‡j ch©vß nvZj A_ev cv‡k `wo ev wkKj _vK‡Z n‡e hv Zj‡`‡k †bv½i K‡i euvav _vK‡e|

gB hv‡Z wcQwj‡q bv hvq †mRb¨ wb‡Pi cÖv‡šÍ wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e ev eënv‡ii mgq GKRb †KD a‡i ivL‡e| gB Dci †_‡K mgZ‡ji m‡½ m‡e©v”P 75 wWwMÖ †Kv‡b _vK‡Z n‡e| wcw”Qj ev Xvjy †g‡S‡Z gB hv‡Z wcQwj‡q bv hvq Zvi Rb¨ Awcw”Qj wfwË w`‡Z n‡e| cÖej evZv‡m gB eënvi Kivi mgq wbivc`fv‡e wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b `wo w`‡q k³ K‡i †eu‡a ivL‡Z n‡e|

gB †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB Rvbvjvi KvP, Dc‡i-bx‡P †V‡j miv‡bv hvq Giƒc Rvbvjv ev G RvZxq f½yi ev mn‡R †eu‡K hvIqv Dcv`vb A_ev Giƒc †Kvb ìRv hv gB eivei †Lvjv hvq Zvi mvg‡bI ivLv hv‡e bv| hw` hvbevnb PjvPj, Kwi‡Wvi ev c_Pvix PjvP‡ji iv¯Ívi Dci gB ¯’vcb Kiv nq Zvn‡j Aek¨B Zv‡Z cÖwZeÜK w`‡Z n‡e| †Kvb Awbivc` wfwË †hgb guvPv, LbbK…Z M‡Z©i Dci cÖ`Ë Z³v BZ¨vwì Dci gB ¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e bv|Ó

gB‡qi Dci wbivc‡` KvR


ÒgB eënviKvix eënv‡ii mgq Zvi cv gB‡qi cv`vwbi ga¨Lv‡b bv †i‡L †klfv‡Mi KvQvKvwQ ivL‡e Ges gB mvg‡b †i‡L DV‡e| gB‡q DVvi mgq `yÕnvZ-B eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

GKev‡i gB‡qi GKcvk †_‡K KvZ n‡q 300 wg.wg-Gi †ewk ‡SuvKv MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv; Gi †ekx n‡j gB mwi‡q †mLv‡b wb‡Z n‡e|Ó

†Kvb& Kv‡R gB eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv


Ò†Kvb wKQz †mvRv ivLv, hy³ Kiv ev fvix e¯‘ †U‡b ev Mwo‡q †bqvi Kv‡R gB eënvi Kiv hv‡ebv, GQvov Xvjy c_ ev cv‡q Pjvi c_ wn‡m‡e eënv‡ii Rb¨ gB mgvšÍivjfv‡e †c‡Z ivLv hv‡e bv| gB‡q A‡bK †jvK DVv hv‡e bv|Ó

gB cwi`k©b

AvBGjI cÖwk¶Y cyw¯ÍKvi wb‡`©kbv †gvZv‡eK A¤ø, ¶vi I Ab¨vb¨ ¶qKvix e¯‘ msµvšÍ Kv‡R G¨vjywgqv‡gi gB h_vh_ cÖwZ‡ivax Av¯Í‡ii cÖ‡jc _vKv DwPZ|

86

Kv‡Vi gB

Kv‡Vi gB‡Z fv½b A_ev dvUj, Zx¶è UzKiv A_ev weK…wZ Avi †jvnvi gB‡Z hvwš¿K Î“wU Ges AvjMv ¶qcÖvß A_ev bv _vKv †Kvb cv`vwbi Rb¨ cix¶v Ki‡Z n‡e| AeëüZ gB gvwU‡Z †d‡j ivLv DwPZ n‡e bv hv‡Z †iv`-e„wó, cvwb Ges AvNvZRwbZ ¶wZ nq| AvB Gj I cÖwk¶b cyw¯ÍKv Abyhvqx Kv‡Vi gB Ggb Av‡jv evZvmc~Y© ¯’v‡b ivLv DwPZ †hLv‡b AwaK Zvc Ges Av`ª©Zv †bB| Kv‡Vi gB f~wg †_‡K DuPz ¯’v‡b Zuv‡Ki Dc‡i h_vh_ Av”Qv`b w`‡q †X‡K ivLv DwPZ Ges 6 wgUv‡ii AwaK ˆ`N©¨ m¤úbœ gB‡qi †¶‡Î Kgc‡¶ wZbwU ¯’v‡b †Vm †`qv _vK‡Z n‡e hv‡Z GwU †eu‡K bv hvq| Kv‡Vi gB Ges miÄvg ¯^”Q evwb©k A_ev msi¶b `ªe¨ Øviv Aveib †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ is w`‡q cÖ‡jc †`qv DwPZ bq hv‡Z LuyZmg~n †X‡K ‡h‡Z cv‡i|


Ò¶wZ I gv‡bi AebwZ wbY©‡qi Rb¨ Kv‡Vi gB cÖwZ 6 mßv‡n Kgc‡¶ GKevi mZK©Zvi mv‡_ cix¶v Ki‡Z n‡e| fvi enb ¶gZv cix¶v Kivi Rb¨ wbexo Pv¶zm ch©‡e¶Y c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| `wo I evu‡ki gB hvi `wo ïwK‡q †h‡Z cv‡i Ges euvk bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i Giƒc †¶‡Î G c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

Ò†d‡j ivLv gB cybivq eënv‡ii c~‡e© Avevi cix¶v K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e|Ó

avc wewkó gB

AvBGjI cÖwk¶b cyw¯ÍKv †gvZv‡eK avc wewkó gB¸‡jv Zv‡ì c~Y©gvÎvq cÖmvwiZ n‡Z n‡e Ges mgZ‡ji Dci Z‡j eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv‡ì‡K Kv‡Ri mgq h_vm¤¢e Lvovfv‡e ivL‡Z n‡e| ewa©Z Ask Øviv D™¢~Z ch©vß nvZj Qvov m‡e©v”P cvUvZ‡b A_ev avc m¤úbœ gB Gi m‡e©v”P av‡c e‡m KvR Kiv DwPZ bq| avc wewkó gB‡K cÖmvib †_‡K weiZ ivLvi Kv‡R eëüZ `wo, wkKj A_ev myZv ch©vß cwigv‡bI mgvb ˆ`‡N©¨ Ges fv‡jv Ae¯’vq ivL‡Z n‡e|

kªwgK‡ì nvi‡bm/kixi eÜbx cÖ`vb

Kv‡Ri aib Abyhvqx kªwgK‡K iwkm¤^wjZ kixi eÜbx cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e KviY ïay c~e©mZK©Zv A‡bK mgq DuPz‡Z wbivc‡` KvR Kivi Rb¨ chv©ß bq|

Kv‡Ri ai‡bi Ici nvi‡bm ev kixi eÜbxi aib wbf©i K‡i| GUv n‡Z cv‡i:

- mvaviY kixi eÜbx †QvU iwki gva¨‡g GKUv c‡q‡›Ui mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K hv‡Z K‡i kªwgK Zvi Kv‡Ri RvqMvq †h‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ †Lvjv wKYvivq ‡cŠuQv‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡K e‡j Kv‡R evav`vb Kvix kixi eÜbx (Òwork-restrain harness.”)

- hLb †Kvb kªwgK‡K †Kvb †Lvjv wKYvivq †h‡Z nq ZLb c‡o hvIqv cÖwZ‡iv‡a kixi eÜbx Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq| G‡K ejv nq co‡Z evav`vbKvix kixi eÜbx (Òfall arrest harness”)| G ai‡bi mvR ïay GKRb‡K i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i hw` †mUv mwVKf‡e †Kvb c‡q‡›Ui mv‡_ iwk w`‡q hy³ Kiv nq|

wbivcËv eÜbx I kixi eÜbxi eënvi

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.5.1 G D‡jøL¨ †ht

ÒQv` wbg©v‡Yi mgq...K¨vP †ivc cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó


Òdg©IqvK© miv‡bvi Kv‡R wbhy³ kªwgKiv 2 wgUv‡ii Dc‡i hw` cv ivLvi ch©vß RvqMv bv cvq ZLb Aek¨B wbivcËv eÜbx co‡e|Ó

Kg© GjvKvi bx‡P Rvj Gi e¨venvi

†hLv‡b Ici †_‡K c‡o hvIqv cÖwZ‡iva Kiv hvq bv †mLv‡b D”PZvi `~iZ¡ Kwg‡q `yN©Ubvi cwiYwZ wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ e¨ve¯’v †bqv hvq| †hLv‡b KvR Kiv n‡”Q Zvi bx‡P Rvj ¯’vcb G‡¶‡Î Kvh©Kix D`vnviY| D‡jøL¨ Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZ‡ivag~jK wbivcËv e¨ve¯’vi weKí wn‡m‡e Rvj eënvi Kiv wVK bq| Rvj ¯’vcb RwUj KvR Ges †hvM¨ I cÖwkw¶Z e¨w³ Qvov G KvR Kiv DwPZ bq| c‡o hvIqvi D”PZv Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ Kv‡Ri RvqMvi hZ wbK‡U m¤¢e Rvj ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| GUv me©‡kl eë¯’v wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv DwPZ|

Kg© GjvKvi bx‡P Rvj Gi eënvi

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.1.3 I 3.5.1 G D‡jøL¨ †ht

ÒDuPz feb wbg©v‡Yi mgq †hLv‡b KvR nq Zvi 3 †_‡K 4 wgUvi wb‡P fe‡bi Pvwiw`‡K bvBj‡bi Rvj w`‡Z n‡e ... Qv` wbg©v‡Yi mgq Rvj w`‡Z n‡e|Ó

87

A¯’vqx guvPvi Ici KvR

mvaviY guvPv QvovI wKQy A¯’vqx guvPv i‡q‡Q| †hgb-SzjšÍ guvPv, åvg¨gvb guvPv, gB‡qi AOUvq jvMv‡bv guvPv, UªvK guvPv BZ¨vw` hv †`qv‡ji evB‡i is Kiv, fe‡bi evB‡i Gwmmn †Kvb wRwbm ¯’vcb Kiv, Qv` A_ev †`qvj †givgZ ev Rvbvjv jvMv‡bv cÖf„wZ Kv‡R eënvi Kiv nq|

weGbwewm‡Z Gme guvPv eënv‡i we‡kl †Kvb wb‡`©kbv †bB| wKš‘ Gm‡ei wbivc` eënvi Ges Gi wbivc` KvVv‡gv m¤^‡Ü cwi®‹vi aviYv _vKv ìKvi|

wbg©vY †ÿ‡Îi ¯^v¯’¨ I wbivcËv m¤úwK©Z AvBGjIÕi †KvW Ae cÖvKwUm †_‡K wb‡gœv³ welqmg~n D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv (aviv 4.8)|

Szjv‡bv ev SzjšÍ guvPv

AvBGjI †Kv‡W D‡jøL¨ †ht

guvPvi mvaviY ¸bv¸Y †hgb k³, gReyZ Ges c‡o hvIqv cÖwZ‡ivaK nIqv QvovI wb‡Pi welq¸wj we‡eP¨:

K) cvUvZ‡bi wWRvBb I wbgv©Y mvwe©Kfv‡e KvVv‡gvi ¯’vwq‡Z¡i mv‡_ mymsMZ n‡Z n‡e we‡kl K‡i ˆ`‡N¨©i w`K †_‡K|

L) euvavi ¯’v‡bi msL¨v cvUvZ‡bi AvKv‡ii mv‡_ mymsnZ n‡Z n‡e|

M) guvPvq evavi eë¯’vcbvq mshy³ nIqv ¯’vbmgyn Qvov AwZwi³ GKUv iwk Øviv Ab¨ †Kvb ¯’v‡bi mshyw³i gva¨‡g kªwg‡Ki wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv DwPZ|

N) guvPvq evavi ¯’vb Ges Ab¨vb¨ fvi enb Dcv`vb mgyn Ggbfv‡e wWRvBb I wbgv©Y Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †m¸wj chv©ß gReyZ nq|

88

O) RvZxq AvBb I wewa Abyhvqx D‡ËvjbKvix e¨w³i Rb¨ †h wbivcËv eë¯’v _vKvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q †m Abyhvqx iwk, KwcKj, cywj (KwcKjhy³ Kv‡Vi ¸wo) A_ev cywj e-Km wWRvBb, wewfbœ hš¿vwì mwbœ‡ekb (A¨v‡mgweøs), eënvi Ges i¶vYv‡e¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|

P) eënv‡ii c~‡e© m¤ú~Y© KvVv‡gv GKRb †hvM¨ e¨w³ w`‡q cix¶v Kiv‡Z n‡e|

Z‡e eënv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ¯ÍZ Ggb SzjšÍ guvPv KLbI Kv‡iv ZË¡veavb Qvov †d‡j ivLv hv‡e bv| Ges hw` Gi wbqš¿K hš¿ guvPvq bv _v‡K Ges guvPvq kªwgK _v‡K Z‡e Gi cwiPvjbvKvix‡K †mLvb †_‡K †h‡Z †`qv hv‡e bv|

SzjšÍ guvPv eënvi Kivi mgq wb‡Pi welq¸wj mZK©Zvi mv‡_ †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e:

- weo¤^bv †`Lv w`‡j `ªæZ guvPv †_‡K †b‡g co‡Z n‡e|

- gvPv cwiPvjbvKvixi mv‡_ †PvLv‡PvwL nIqv Kómva¨ n‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨ †Kvb c×wZ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

- SzjšÍ guvPvq `vwo‡q Kg©iZ kªwgK‡ì we‡kl ¯’v‡b AvUwK‡q kixi eÜbx ci‡Z n‡e|

- wb‡`©wkZ mev©waK IRb Gi †ewk IRb KL‡bv †`qv hv‡e bv|

- SzjšÍ guvPvi bx‡Pi cwi‡ek †eov ev ‡Kvb †Ni w`‡q wN‡i w`‡Z n‡e|

- 50wKwg/N›Uv A_ev Gi †ekx †Rv‡i evZvm eB‡j SzjšÍ guvPv eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv|

åvg¨gvb guvPv

åvg¨gvb guvPvi wb‡P PvKv _vKvq GUv mn‡R GLv‡b-†mLv‡b †bqv hvq| GUv nvjKv Ges w¯’i guvPvi †P‡q Kg myw¯’Z|

åvg¨gvb guvPv eënvi Ki‡Z n‡j:

- wfZi †_‡K cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e;

- mvgMÖx I hš¿cvwZ iwki mv‡_ †eu‡a DcigyLx K‡i Zz‡j ivL‡Z n‡e;

- Kg©‡¶Î me©`v cwi¯‹vi i‡q‡Q Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e;

- 50wKwg/N›Uv A_ev Gi †ekx †Rv‡i evZvm cÖevwnZ n‡j G guvPv eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv;

- wb‡Pi As‡k †Vjv w`‡q gvPv wb‡Z n‡e Ges cvUvZ‡bi Dci KvD‡K ivLv hv‡e bv;

- 8 wgUv‡ii eo n‡j GUv GLv‡b †mLv‡b miv‡bv hv‡e bv| eo gvPvi †¶‡Î Zv †f‡½ hZ¶b bv Gi D”PZv 8wgt Gi bx‡P Kiv n‡q‡Q ZZ¶b ch©šÍ Zv miv‡bv hv‡ebv|

89

UªvK guvPv

UªvK guvPv cvUvZb m¤^wjZ GKwU DËjb h‡š¿i gva¨‡g DwbœZ Kiv hvq| guvPv ‰Zwi Kiv m¤¢e bv n‡j ev Ab¨ †Kvb KviY (†hgb mg‡qi Afve ev cÖwZKzj cwiw¯’wZ) _vK‡j UªvK guvPv †ewkifvM †¶‡Î eëüZ nq|

UªvK guvPv eënvi Ki‡Z n‡j:

- GUv eënv‡ii cyw¯ÍKv Ges wbqš¿‡Yi cwi¯‹vi wb‡`©kbv _vK‡Z n‡e;

- GUv Abyf~wgKfv‡e mgZj f~wgi Dci ivL‡Z n‡e;

- ïay †hvM¨ kªwgK GUv cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡e;

- cvUvZb Gi Dc‡ii kªwgKMY G m¤ú‡K© cwi¯‹vi aviYv ivL‡e;

- GUv cwiPvjbvi mgq IqvwK-UwK eënvi Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK hv‡Z K‡i 25wgUv‡ii D”PZvq cvUvZ‡bi Dc‡ii kªwg‡Ki mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq;

- me©`v GKUv eÜbx c‡o _vK‡Z n‡e hv Szwo‡Z `„pfv‡e †eu‡a ivL‡Z n‡e;

- hLb UªvK guvPv Kvi Lvbv‡Z GK RvqMv †_‡K Av‡iK RvqMvq mov‡bv n‡e, ZLb †g‡S c_ wb‡`©kKvix `vM _vK‡Z n‡e| hLb nvZj mg~n fuvR Kiv, m¤§yLvsk AebZ Ges Szuwo ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq _vK‡e †KejgvÎ ZLbB PvKvhy³ UªvK guvPv mov‡bv hv‡e;

- UªvK guvPvq wb‡`©wkZ m‡ev©”P IRb Gi †ewk †bqv hv‡e bv;

- D‡ËvjK hš¿ wn‡m‡e KLbI UªvK guvPv eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv;

- 50wKwg/N›Uv A_ev Gi †ekx †Rv‡i evZvm cÖevwnZ n‡j G guvPv eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv|

90

Aa¨vq - 10

wbivc` Lbb KvRf~wgam cÖwZ‡iv‡a eë¯’v

mKj wbgv©Y Kv‡R gvwU Lbb KvR _v‡K (cÖavbZ fxZ wbg©v‡Y Ges b`©gv ev cqt-cÖbvjx cÖf„wZ wbg©v‡Y)| cÖwZeQi Lbb KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q ev Pjv‡divi mgq A‡bK kªwgK gvivZ¥Kfv‡e AvnZ nq ev gviv hvq| †h MfxiZvB †nvKbv †Kb mKj Lbb KvRB SuzwKc~Y©| A‡bK kªwgK wbgv©Y mvgMÖx ev †Kvb wKQy †f‡½ c‡o AvnZ ev wbnZ nq Avevi A‡b‡K gvwUi wb‡P ev Dc‡i ê`ywZK Zv‡ii ms¯ú‡k© G‡m A_ev Zv‡ii Dc‡i c‡o AvnZ ev wbnZ nq| wKš‘ f~wgam wbf©i K‡i MfxiZv, gvwUi cÖKvi A_ev wewfbœ ai‡bi gvwUi ¯Íi _vK‡j Zv‡ì cÖKvi, Zjvi mgZv, K¤úb,Av`ªZvi Dcw¯’wZ e„wó A_ev f~Dcwi¯’ cvwbi DPz Zj, Lb‡bi wKYvivi wbKUeZ©x †Kvb ¯’v‡b Pvcv‡bv fvi, LbbK…Z GjvKv Db¥~³ _vKvi mgq Ges gvwUi c~e©eZx© †Kvb Av‡jvo‡bi Dci|

`yN©Ubv Gov‡bvi Rb¨ Lbb KvR Aek¨B cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q n‡Z n‡e| Lbb Kv‡Ri Pvwicv‡ki 1 wgUv‡ii Kg Mfx‡ii gvwUI wfZ‡i a‡m co‡Z cv‡i, hw` Zv †Vm bv w`‡q ivLv nq| Ges 1 Nb wgUvi gvwUi IRb 1 U‡bi gZb n‡Z cv‡i|

Lb‡bi c~‡e© wb‡Pi Ae¯’v †gvKv‡ejvq mZ©KZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡hgb-

- cvk¦© gvwUi am;

- e¨w³ I hvbenb M‡Z© c‡o hvIqv;

- Lbb Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ kªwg‡Ki Ici wbgv©Y mvgMÖx cov;

- f~-Af¨šÍi¯’ cvk¦©eZx© KvVv‡gvmg~n;

- f~ Mf©¯’ Ges gvwUi A‡bKUv Dc‡i wbwg©Z †mev AeKvVv‡gv mg~n;

- wbKUeZx© KvVv‡gv `ye©j nIqv Ges

- fyMf©¯’ I f~Dc‡iv¯’ cvwb AšÍtcÖevn|

Dc‡iv³ Ae¯’vq Lbb KvR kyiæi c~‡e© wbg©vY GjvKvq cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKi‡bi chv©ß eë¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

cvk¦© am cÖwZ‡ivagvwU Lb‡bi mgq, cvk¦© am cÖwZ‡iv‡ai `yÕwU Dcvq Av‡Q| cÖ_g Dcvq - M‡Z©i Pvwiw`‡K cvZ ev Ab¨vb¨ †VK w`‡q †Vm †`qv| †`wi bv K‡i Lbb KvR Gi AMÖMwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ G¸wj ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| †Vm †`qvi c~‡e© KLbI KvR Pvwj‡q hvIqv hv‡e bv| KvRmg~n GKRb †hvM¨ ZË¡veavqK KZ©„K wb‡`©wkZ n‡Z n‡e †h kªwgK‡ì cwi®‹vifv‡e wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ki‡e| wØZxq Dcvq n‡Z cv‡i - cvk¦© mgyn‡K Xvjy K‡i KvUv| M‡Z©i cvk¦©mgyn wcQ‡bi w`‡K KvZ K‡i KvUv am cÖwZ‡iv‡ai mnR I MÖnb‡hvM¨ Dcvq| hw` gvwU wfRv nq, Z‡e Xvj †ewk †PÞv n‡Z n‡e|

weGbwewm Aa¨vq 6, Aby‡”Q` 3.12.1.3(K) G D‡jøL¨ †h,

G c`‡ÿç‡jv GKgvÎ 1.5 wgUv‡ii AwaK Lbb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb-Z‡e mvaviYZ 1.2 wgUvi Lbb Kv‡RI G c×wZ h_vh_ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|

91

ÔÔwkjvL‡Û LbbKvR e¨ZxZ mKj Lbb Kv‡Ri cvk¦© mg~n, Gi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ ev G wbg©vY n‡Z D™¢~Z euva mg~n hw` cvk¦©eZ©x f~wg n‡Z 1.5 wgUvi ev Zvi AwaK MfxiZvi nq Z‡e Zv †kvwis, †eªwms Ges wmU-cvBj ev Ab¨vb¨ †Vm cÖ`vbKvix KvVv‡gv Øviv †Vm w`‡q ivL‡Z n‡e| weKíi~‡c, LbbK…Z Xvj mg~n 1:1 Abycv‡Zi †P‡q †ewk Lvov n‡e bv A_ev Ggb fv‡e avc Kiv hv‡Z Mo Xvj 45 wWwMÖi †ekx Lvov nq bv Ges 1.5 wgUv‡ii AwaK D”PZvi †Kvb avc bv _v‡K| Ges GB Xvj f~Mf©¯’ KvVv‡gvmn †Kvb KvVv‡gvi Rb¨ ¶wZi KviY bv nq|

LbbK…Z M‡Z© c‡o hvIqv cÖwZ‡iva

LbbK…Z M‡Z© hv‡Z †KD c‡o bv hvq Zv cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZeÜK †eov ev †Uv-‡ev‡W©i gZ cªwZ‡ivaK Lbb M‡Z©i wKbvivq w`‡q †h‡Kvb e¨w³i c‡o hvIqv cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z n‡e| G¸wj †Vm m¤^wjZ Lbb K…Z M‡Z©i A`y‡i gvwU‡Z †M‡o †`qv hv‡e, A_ev ms‡hvMK…Z cÖwZeÜK †eovi Askmgyn M‡Z©i av‡ii mv‡_ ms‡hvM w`‡q †`qv hv‡e|

mKj LbbK…Z GjvKv †eov w`‡q wN‡i ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z kªwgK c‡o bv hvq| Ask 6 Gi Aby‡”Q` 3.12.1.3(L) G D‡jøL¨ †h:

ÒGKwU Lb‡bi D¤§y³ avi eivei GKwU wbivcËv †eov A_ev Kgc‡¶ 1 wgUvi D”PZvi k³ †eov w`‡Z n‡e| G¸‡jv ïaygvÎ ZLbB ev` †`qv hv‡e hLb †Kvb Lbb Kv‡Ri mv‡_ mshy³ GjvKvq cÖ‡e‡k euvav _v‡K A_ev †hLv‡b LbbKv‡h©i cvk¦© Xvj 1t3 Abycv‡Z A_ev Av‡iv mgZj nq|Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.2.11 G D‡jøL¨ †htÒLbb I cvBwjs GjvKvi Pvwiw`‡K †eov w`‡q †Niv _vK‡e| webv AbygwZ‡Z D³ GjvKvq cÖ‡ek Kiv hv‡e bv| D³ GjvKvq ch©vß cwigv‡Y weÁwß djK, wec` ms‡KZ, d¬¨vwks Av‡jv cÖf„wZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

Aby‡”Q` 3.2.1 G ejv n‡q‡Q:

ÒwKQyKvj weiwZ w`‡q w`‡q wbg©vY GjvKvq Lbb KvR Kiv hv‡e bv| hw` GiKg Lbb cÖwµqv cwinvi Kiv bv hvq Zvn‡j aviv 3.2.11 Abyhvqx LbbK…Z GjvKv h_vh_fv‡e †eov w`‡q wN‡i ivL‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq mZK© ms‡KZ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| gvS c‡_ evavMÖ¯’ ev mvgwqKfv‡e ¯’wMZ wbg©v‡Yi Lbb nq fivU K‡i †dj‡Z n‡e A_ev Zv wN‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|Ó

wbgv©Y mvgMÖx cov cÖwZ‡iva

LbbK…Z M‡Z©i wKYvivq D`MZ gvwU, †Kvb hš¿cvwZ, †gvUihvb, gvwU miv‡bvi hš¿, Ges Ab¨vb¨ mvgMÖx ivLv hv‡e bv| gvwU miv‡bvi hš¿, †gvUihvb Gi AwZwi³ fvi LbbK…Z M‡Z© a‡mi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| AvjMv e¯‘mg~n A‡K‡Rv e¯‘i ¯‘c †_‡K M‡Z©i wfZi co‡Z cv‡i|

weGbwewm Ask 7, Aby‡”Q` 3.2.2 G D‡jøL¨ †ht

Òfvix hš¿cvwZ, †hgb Lbb †gwkb, LbbK…Z MZ© †_‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z n‡e Ges G `~iZ¡ Kgc‡¶ M‡Z©i MfxiZvi mgvb Ges m‡e©v”P 6 wgUvi n‡Z n‡e| Lbb Kv‡R eëüZ mKj hš¿cvwZ M‡Z©i wKYviv †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i mwi‡q ivL‡Z n‡e|Ó

weGbwewm Ask 7, Aby‡”Q` 3.2.3 G D‡jøL¨ †ht

ÒLbbK…Z M‡Z©i/cwiLvi cv‡k wbKU¯’ feb, Kv‡Vi ¯~‘c, cv_i ¸ov, evwj I Ab¨vb¨ wbg©vY mvgMÖx, eo MvQ cÖf„wZ AwZwi³ Pvc m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i hvi d‡j RvqMvUv wùZ nIqv, aŸ‡m hvIqv cÖf„wZ NU‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î cwiLv/M‡Z©i cvk¸‡jv‡K †VKv‡bvi Rb¨ evowZ wbivcËvg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| m¤¢e n‡j Lbb KvR ïiæi Av‡MB G mg¯Í SuzwKc~Y© Dcv`vb ev wRwbmcÎ mwi‡q †dj‡Z n‡e|Ó

weGbwewm Ask 6, Aby‡”Q` 3.12.1.3(M) G D‡jøL¨ †ht

ÒLb‡bi d‡j D‡ËvwjZ c`v_© Ges Pvcv‡bv fvi †hgb miÄv‡gi UªvK BZ¨vw` LbbKv‡Ri avi n‡Z MfxiZvi †ò ¸b `y‡i ivL‡Z n‡e, hw` bv LbbKvR wkjvL‡Ûi g‡a¨ A_ev avi¸wj Xvjy Kiv bv _v‡K wKsev cvk¦©mg~n wmU cvBj w`‡q ‡Vm ‡`qv bv _v‡K Ges †V‡Kv w`‡q cvk¦©fv‡ii Rb¨ cvk¦©Pvc cÖwZ‡iv‡ai eë¯’v bv Kiv _v‡K|Ó

wbivc` cÖ‡ek

LbbK…Z M‡Z© wbivc‡` cÖ‡ek I Zv †_‡K †ei nIqv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| GUv gB‡qi gva¨‡g n‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ Zv h_vh_ I chv©ß k³ n‡Z n‡e| wcQwj‡q bv hvq Ggb fv‡e k³ f~wgi Ici AvUKv‡bv _vK‡Z n‡e Ges hw` GKwU MÖnb †hvM¨ weKí nvZ‡ji eë¯’v bv _v‡K Z‡e gBwU AeZib f~wgi Dc‡ii w`‡K Kgc‡¶ 1 wgUvi ewa©Z _vK‡Z n‡e|


Ò1.5 wgUv‡ii †P‡q AwaK Mfxi Lbb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ gB, Xvjyc_ ev Ab¨ †Kvb Dcv‡q †ei n‡q Avmv I guvPvi eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e|Ó

wbKUeZx© KvVv‡gv‡K Ae‡njv bv Kiv

†Kvb guvPv, ev wfwË Lbb Kv‡Ri d‡j `ye©j n‡q bv hvq GUv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| A‡bK mxgvbv cÖvPx‡ii wfwË AMfxi _v‡K hvi d‡j cwiLv Lb‡bi Kvi‡b Zv mn‡RB `~e©j n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i, d‡j †`qvj cwiLvq Kg©iZ kªwgK‡ì Ici c‡o †h‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ Lbb KvR ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© ‡Vm jvMv‡bvi ìKvi Av‡Q wKbv †m e¨vcv‡i wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î wfwË Rwic I GKRb KvVv‡gv cÖ‡KŠkjxi gZvgZ cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.2.12 G ejv n‡q‡Q:

Ò†h‡¶‡Î †Kvb cyivZb ¯’vcbvi Lye wbK‡U †Kvb †eviW ev WªvBwfs cvBwjs Gi KvR nq hvid‡j D³ ¯’vcbvi ¶wZ nevi AvksKv _v‡K †m‡¶‡Î hLb cvBwjs Gi KvR Pj‡Z _v‡K ZLb Gme ¯’vcbvi AvPiY ch©‡e¶Y Kivi Rb¨ G¸wji Mv‡q m¤¢ve¨ cÖfve m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ †mu‡U w`‡Z n‡e Ges †h †Kvb êix cÖfv‡ei weiæ‡× mgqgZ mZK©Zv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

bZzb †Kvb ¯’vcbv ˆZixi c~‡e© cÖ‡qvR‡b wbg©vY GjvKvq ev ZrmsjMœ GjvKvmg~‡ni mvaviY ¯’vqxZ¡ e„w×i Rb¨ c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| me‡¶‡ÎB Xvj I wfwË Lb‡bi ¯’vqxZ¡ Gi m¤¢ve¨ cÖfve mZK©Zvi mv‡_ ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e| Ó

mKj cvBj Ges Mfxi fx‡Zi Kvh©µg GKRb †hvM¨ †dvig¨vb Øviv ZËveavb Ki‡Z n‡e| wZwb mZK©Zvg~jK eë¯’vw` †bIqvi e¨vcv‡i `vwqZ¡ cÖvß n‡eb|

92

93

ZË¡veavb

wec` I cÖ‡qvRbxq mZ©KZvg~jK eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi welq¸wj m¤ú~b©fv‡e †ev‡S Ggb †hvM¨ e¨w³ cÖ‡Z¨K cvjvi ïiæ‡Z Zv ZË¡veavb Ki‡e| we‡kl K‡i wKbvivq †Vm jvMv‡bv ev †cUv‡bv (battered down) LbbK…Z MZ© cwi`k©‡bi Rb¨ IB e¨w³‡K `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z n‡e| Av`k©MZfv‡e, †Kvb Lbb KvR ïiæi c~‡e©; †Kvb wKQy‡Z ¯’vwqZ¡ ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡j; `yN©UbvekZ: †Kvb cv_iLÛ, gvwU A_ev †Kvb `ªe¨ c‡o †Kvb `~N©Ubvi ci cwi`k©b Kiv DwPZ|

weGbwewm, Aby‡”Q` 3.2.9ÒmKj cvBwjs Ges Mfx‡i wfwË ¯’vc‡bi KvR `¶ †dvig¨vb w`‡q ZË¡veavb Ki‡Z n‡e| †hme mZK©Zvg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e †m wel‡qI wZwb `vqx _vK‡eb|Ó

gvwUi wb‡Pi mvwf©m jvBb cix¶v Kiv

gvwUi wb‡Pi wewfbœ mvwf©m jvBb †_‡K †Kvb `yN©Ubvi SzuwK i‡q‡Q wKbv Zv cix¶v bv K‡i Lbb KvR ïiy Kiv hv‡e bv| we‡kl K‡i ê`y¨wZK Zv‡ii mv‡_ ms¯úk© IB GjvKvq we‡õviY NUv‡Z cv‡i ev AwMœKv‡Ûi KviY n‡Z cv‡i| jvBb †_‡K D`wMwiZ M¨vm we‡õviY ev AwMœKv‡Ûi KviY n‡q gvivZ¥K AvnZ ev m¤úwËi ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i|

†ewk †fv‡ëR enbK…Z ‡cvZv ê`yy¨wZK Zvi `yN©Ubv NwU‡q e¨vcK nZvn‡Zi KviY n‡Z cv‡i| hLb †Kvb M¨vm cvBc ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq, jvBb †_‡K D`M„Z M¨vm we‡ùvib ev AwMœKv‡Ûi Kvib n‡q gvivZ¥K AvnZ ev m¤úwËi ¶wZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

mivmwi Dc‡i bv K‡i †Kvb †mevjvB‡bi cvk eivei LbbKv‡Ri †Póv Kiv DwPZ| n¯Í eëüZ miÄvgvw`‡Z cÖ‡qvMK…Z ej Kvh©Zfv‡e wbqš¿b Kiv hvq e‡j †Kvb †mevjvBb Lb‡bi †¶‡Î Abyf~wgK Lb‡b myweavRbK | hvwš¿K Lbbhš¿ Ges kw³PvwjZ miÄvg †mevjvB‡bi wPwýZ jvBb eivei eënvi Kiv DwPZ bq|

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.2.12 G ejv n‡q‡Q:ÒLbb ev cvBj WªvBwfs Gi c~‡e© mswk-ó KZ©„c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K D³ GjvKvi f~Af¨šÍi¯’ cvwb, we`y¨r, M¨vm BZ¨vw` †mevmg~‡ni ms‡hvM m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| cvBj WªvBwfs‡qi d‡j cvk¦©eZ©x ¯’vcbv ev mvwf©m jvBbmg~‡n m„ó me ai‡bi ¶wZi m¤¢ve¨ gvÎv m¤ú‡K© Kvh©µg ïiæ Kivi Av‡M wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e; Z`vbymv‡i cvBj WªvBwfs‡qi cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| eZ©gv‡b f~wg‡Z i‡q‡Q Giƒc b`©gv eivei Lbb KvR Kivi †¶‡Î mZK©Zvi mv‡_ D³ b`©gvi MwZc_ cwieZ©b K‡i f~Af¨šÍi¯’ b`©gvi mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|Ó

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Aa¨vq - 11

wbivc` ê`y¨wZK KvR

wbg©vY Kv‡R ‰e`y¨wZK kw³ PvwjZ hš¿cvwZ e¨venvi A‡bK SuywK e‡q wb‡q Av‡m| ê`y¨wZK SzuwK Ab¨vb¨ SuywK †_‡K A‡bKUv Avjv`v KviY GUv gvby‡li Bw›`ªq‡Z c~e© †Kvb mZK© ms‡KZ †`q bv| eo eo ê`y¨wZK Kvi‡Y eo eo `yN©bvi d‡j gvby‡li †`‡n ê`y¨wZK kK Ges cy‡o hvIqvi NUbv N‡U| †`Lv hvq †h, cÖwZ 30 wU ê`y¨wZK `yN©Ubvi g‡a¨ 1wU AwZ gvivZ¥K ai‡bi nq|

kªwgKMY ê`y¨wZK kK I †cvovq AvµvšÍ nb hv Zv‡ì ¸iæZi Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv gvivZ¥Kfv‡e AvnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB ai‡bi ê`y¨wZK SvuKzwbi d‡j kªwgKMY gB, gvuPv ev Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vb n‡Z c‡o †h‡Z cv‡i, hvi d‡j Av‡iv †ekx AvnZ n‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ eQi ê`y¨wZK `yN©Ubvq eû wbg©vY kªwgK gviv hvq ev AvnZ nq| 2007 †_‡K 2009 ch©šÍ ˆ`wbK Lei KvM‡Ri cÖwZ‡e`b Abyhvqx 100 kªwgK ê`y¨wZK `yN©Ubvq gviv hvq hv feb wbg©vY †ÿ‡Î g„Zzï nv‡ii 32 kZvsk|

wbgv©Y GjvKvq wbivc` we`y¨‡Zi eënvi GKwU eo P¨v‡jÄ| GwU wb‡gœv³ mgm¨v¸wj Zz‡j a‡i:

• †ekxi fvM KvR mKj FZz‡Z evwn‡i Kiv nq| el©vKv‡j †fRv cwi‡ek we`y¨r¯ú„‡ói SzuwK evovq||

• wbgv©Y mvB‡U me©`v cwieZ©b NU‡Z _v‡K| †Kbbv KvR Gi AMÖMwZ, Lbb, †f‡½ †djvi KvR Ges wbqwgZ wbgv©Y KvR we`¨gvb ev mvgwqK ê`y¨wZK jvBb‡K ¶wZMÖ¯Í Ki‡Z cv‡i|

• fvix hš¿cvwZ I wbgv©Y mvgMÖx bvovPvov Ges RvqMvi Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y ê`y¨wZK jvBb ev hš¿cvwZ ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡Z cv‡i | GQvov †Kvb jvBb G we`y¨Z Av‡Q Ges †Kvb jvB‡b †bB Zv †evSv hvq bv|

• K›Uªv±‡ii Aax‡b Kg©iZ kªwgKMY †ewkifvM †¶‡ÎB A¯’vqx ê`y¨wZK jvBb eënvi K‡i| wKQy K›Uªv±i Zv‡ì wbR¯^ hš¿cvwZ †`q ev A‡bï hš¿cvwZ eënvi K‡i|

AbygwZ


"we`y¨Z...eënv‡ii Rb¨ †Kvb wbg©vY KvR ïiæ Kivi Av‡M mswk-ó KZ…©c‡¶i wbKU †_‡K we‡kl AbygwZ wb‡Z n‡e|''

ê`y¨wZK Zv‡ii wbK‡U KvR Kiv

evsjv‡`‡k wbgv©Y GjvKvq hZ kªwgK we`y¨Z¯ú„ó n‡q gviv hvq Zvi †ewkifvM `yN©Ubv N‡U nv‡Zi iW gv_vi Ici w`‡q ev cvk w`‡q e‡q hvIqv ‰e`y¨wZK Zvi Gi mv‡_ ms¯ú‡k©i Kvi‡b|

wbgv©Y mvB‡Ui cvk w`‡q †Kvb ê`y¨wZK jvBb †M‡j Hme jvBb weKífv‡e Ab¨w`K w`‡q Uvb‡Z n‡e ev ms‡hvM wewQbœ ivL‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ †hLv‡b Gme eë¯’v †bqv hvqbv †mLv‡b Ab¨ †Kvb c~e©mZK©Zvg~jK eë¯’v wb‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Zv‡ii mv‡_ ms¯úk© bv nq ev e¨vNvZ bv N‡U|


Ò†Kvb Abve„Z mwµq ê`y¨wZK Zv‡ii 3 wgUv‡ii g‡a¨ †Kvb guvPv, gB, Kv‡Ri cvUvZb, M¨vOI‡q, ivbI‡q BZ¨vw` ¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e bv|Ó

95

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weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 2.2.7 G D‡jøL¨ †h,ÒavZe cvBc Ges Ab¨vb¨ we`y¨r cwievnx DcKiYmg~n ¯Z~cxKiY ev bvovPvov Kivi †¶‡Î gv_vi Dc‡i e‡q hvIqv ê`y¨wZK jvBb †_‡K wb‡gœvwjøwLZ b~¨bZg j¤^vjw¤^ wbivc` `~iZ¡ eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e|

11 †Kwf Ges Zvi wb‡P 2.5 wg.11 †Kwfi Dc‡i wKš‘ 33 †Kwfi wb‡P- 3.5 wg. 33 †Kwfi Dc‡i wKš‘ 132 †Kwf wb‡P 4.4 wg. 132 †K. wf. Dc‡i wKš‘ 230 †K. wf. wb‡P 5.4 wg.Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.1.3 G D‡jøL¨ †h,ÒSzuwKc~Y© GjvKv wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbvbyhvqx mZK© ms‡KZ †hgb- D”P †fv‡ëR GjvKv, a~gcvb gy³ GjvKv ... BZ¨vw` cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.9.2 G D‡jøL¨ †h,Ò†hme Zvi I wmMbvj KW© hv Kvh©¨ GjvKv w`‡q †M‡Q ev Kvh©¨ GjvKv AwZµg K‡i‡Q †mme Zvi I wmMbvj K‡W© MvW© cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| f~M‡f© ev gv_vi Dc‡i hw` †Kvb Zvi _v‡K Zvn‡j †m¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †m¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e MvW© cÖ`vb Kivi ci †Kvb gvPv, D‡ËvjK BZ¨vw` ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|

G RvZxq Zvi‡K myi¶v cÖ`v‡bi mwVK c×wZ wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ mswk-ó KZ©„c‡¶i mv‡_ civgk© Ki‡Z n‡e| mKj SzuwK Gov‡bvi Rb¨ h_vh_ `~iZ¡ i¶v Ki‡Z n‡e| fwel¨‡Zi wb‡`©kbv I eënv‡ii Rb¨ Zvi, we‡kl K‡i f~Mf©¯Í Zvimg~‡ni Mgbc_ wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

Kg †fv‡ëR Gi eënviê`y¨wZK kK cøvM, Zvi I Ab¨vb¨ miÄv‡gi Rb¨ ¶wZi KviY n‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb ê`y¨wZK Î“wUi mgq nZvn‡Zi SzuwK Kgv‡Z Kg †fv‡ëi hš¿cvwZ I miÄvg eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| A_v©r yN©Ubvi SzuwK Kgv‡Z cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †fv‡ëR eënvi KivB DËg|

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.1.3 G D‡jøL¨ †h,ÒnvZ evwZi (hand lamp) †fv‡ëR Kg n‡Z n‡e, 24 †fvë n‡j fvj|Ó

Wvej Avw_©s

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.1.3 G D‡jøL¨ †h,Ò†hme n¨vÛ Uzj&m we`y¨‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ Pvjv‡bv nq Zv Aek¨B Wvej Avw_©s (Earthing) m¤úbœ n‡Z n‡e|Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 2.2.16 G D‡jøL¨ †h,Òis Gi ¸`v‡g A¯’vqx ê`y¨wZK Zvi I wdwUsm ¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e bv| hLb GKB K‡¶ ê`y¨wZK jvBU, myBP ev ê`y¨wZK miÄvgvw` gRyZ Kiv ev GKB K¶ eënvi Kiv ìKvi n‡e ZLb G K¶ Ggbfv‡e wWRvBb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z we‡õvi‡Yi SzuwK Gov‡bv hvq|Ó


ÒI‡qwìs †gwk‡b Wvej Avw_©s cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

Iqvwis


Ò†g‡S‡Z ¯’vwcZ mKj ê`y¨wZK Zvi hvi Ici w`‡q hvZvqvZ Kiv ev cvivcvi Kiv ìKvi n‡Z cv‡i †m¸‡jv‡Z h_vh_ myi¶v eë¯’v cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| mKj bgbxq Zv‡ii ms‡hvM¸‡jvi ‰e`y¨wZK DcKiYvw` hZ`~i m¤¢e bgbxq avZ‡ei ‡Lvj w`‡q wN‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| †Kvb ¯’vqx ev A¯’vqx ê`y¨wZK ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ wbivfiY Zvi I Nmvq Nmvq ¶‡q hvq Giƒc Zvi eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv|Ó

96

ê`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ cixÿv

wbg©vY †ÿ‡Îi wbivcËv, ¯^v¯’¨ I Kj¨vY m¤úwK©Z AvBGjIÕi cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj Gi Aby‡”Q` 10.4.4 G ê`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ eënv‡ii Av‡M †hme eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q †h:

- †Kvb ÎæwU Av‡Q wK bv Zv cixÿv Kiv;

- mwVK cøvM I wdDR ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q wK bv Zv cixÿv Kiv Ges †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB hš¿cvwZ‡Z ev cøv‡M †Lvjv Zvi m‡K‡U XzwK‡q nv‡Z ˆZix A¯’vqx Kv‡bKmb bv †`qv ;

- Bbmy¨‡jmb Zvi †Qov ev fv½v Av‡Q wK bv Zv cixÿv Kiv;

- Avw_©b wm‡÷‡gi cÖwZwU R‡q‡›U fvjfv‡e ê`y¨wZK ms‡hvM †`qv n‡q‡Q wK bv Zv cixÿv Kiv|

ê`y¨wZK kK

kix‡ii wfZi w`‡q KZ †e‡M we`y¨r cÖevwnZ n‡”Q Ges KZÿY a‡i cÖevwnZ n‡”Q Zvi mv‡_ ‰e`y¨wZK k‡Ki fqvenZv mivmwifv‡e wbf©ikxj| AvBGjIÕi cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqv‡ji Aby‡”Q` 10.4.1 Abyhvqx ê`y¨wZ k‡Ki KviYmg~n n‡”Q:

• gvwUi Dci ev bx‡Pi Zvi cøvM †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q PjšÍ †Kvb ê`y¨wZK eZ©bxi ms‡hvM¯’‡j ¯úk© Kivi d‡j `vZe KvVv‡gv we`y¨ZvwqZ nIqv;

• cøvM ev hš¿cvwZ‡Z fzjfv‡e ms‡hvM cÖ`vb;

• wdDR Ges Uvwg©bvj e· A_ev m‡KU AvDU‡j‡U bó ev Kfvi bv _vKvi d‡j we`y¨rcwievnx `ªe¨vwì ms¯ú‡k© Avmv;

• DcwifvM aviv‡jv Giƒc †Kvb wKQzi Ici w`‡q †d¬w·ej K¨vej Uvbv n‡j K¨vej ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡q;

• ïay Bbmy¨‡jwUs †Uc Øviv A¯’vqx Avevm¯’‡ji †d¬w·ej K¨vej †givgZ Kiv|

Aa¨vq - 12

Ab¨vb¨ eë¯’v

wX‡jXvjv †cvlvK bq

weGbwewm-G Aby‡”Q` 3.10.3.2-G D‡jøL¨ †h

ÒkªwgK‡ì ci‡bi †cvlv‡Ki aib I `ªe¨ Ggb ai‡bi n‡e bv hv Zv‡ì‡K I Ab¨‡ì AvnZ Ki‡Z my‡hvM K‡i †`q| wX‡jXvjv †cvlvK cwiavb K‡Vvifv‡e cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

Av‡jvi eë¯’vKvh© †¶‡Îi mKj GjvKv, hZ`yi m¤¢e, cÖvK„wZK Av‡jvq Av‡jvwKZ _vK‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †jv‡Kiv Zv‡ì Kg©‡ÿÎ fvjfv‡e †`L‡Z cvq Ges wbivc‡` PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i| w`‡bi Av‡jvq A_ev ê`y¨wZK Av‡jvq Dfq †¶‡ÎB Qvqv Kvh© GjvKvq AÁvZ wec` Avb‡Z cv‡i (†hgb N~b©vqgvb PvKv, KivZ A_ev wQbœ Ki‡bi h‡š¿i weU BZ¨vw` †`Lv Kómva¨ n‡Z cv‡i) Ges mvaviYZ wbg©vY GjvKvq (†hgb- wmuwo Ni) K…wÎg Av‡jvq h‡_ó J¾j¨ _vK‡Z n‡e we‡kl K‡i iv‡Zi †ejvq KvR Kivi Rb¨| cÖ‡qvR‡b Qvqv GjvKvq Av‡jvwKZ Kivi Rb¨ AwZwi³ Av‡jvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| AwaKš‘, Riæix wbM©gb c_ (Kwi‡Wvi, wbM©gb c_ BZ¨vw` hv wec‡ì nvZ n‡Z evuPvi Rb¨ Avc`Kvjxb mg‡q †jvKRb Aek¨B eënvi Ki‡e) Ges †hLv‡b kªwgKMY Kg©iZ _v‡K Zv fvjfv‡e Av‡jvwKZ ivL‡Z n‡e| †hLv‡b w`‡bi Av‡jv h_vh_ Av‡jv †`q †mLv‡b AwZwi³ wKQzi cÖ‡qvRb bvB|

AvBGjIi cÖwk¶Y cyw¯ÍKv civgk© †`q †h-

• cÖ‡Z¨K Kvh© GjvKvq Ges †hLv‡b kªwgK Øviv KvR Kiv n‡e †mLv‡b cÖvK…wZK Av‡jv wbivc` fv‡e KvR Kivi Rb¨ chv©ß I Dc‡hvMx bv n‡j Ges †hLv‡b cÖ‡hvR¨ †mLv‡b enb‡hvM¨ Av‡jvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

• K…wÎg Av‡jv h_vm¤¢e ev¯Íem¤§Z n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †PvL SuvSvu‡bv Av‡jv ev weiw³Ki Qvqv ˆZix bv K‡i|

• wec` Gov‡bvi Rb¨ †hLv‡b cÖ‡hvR¨ †mLv‡b mZK©xKiY evwZ `yN©Ubvq hv‡Z †f‡½ bv hvq Zvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

• enb†hvM¨ evwZi Zvi chv©ß AvKv‡ii n‡Z n‡e, ê`y¨wZK kw³ Pvwn`v gvwdK gv‡bi n‡Z n‡e, Ggb k³ n‡e †h wbg©vY Kvh© †¶‡Îi mKj KwVb Ae¯’v‡K gvwb‡q Zv wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i|

weGjG 57 avivq D‡jøL¨ †h-Ò1| †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ‡Z¨K As‡k, †hLv‡b kªwgKMY KvR K‡ib ev hvZvqvZ K‡ib, h‡_ó ¯^vfvweK ev K…wÎg ev Dfqwea Av‡jvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

weGbwewm 3.2.9 Aby‡”Q` -G D‡jøL¨ †h, cvBwjs I Mfxi fx‡Zi †¶‡Î: ÒivwÎ †ejvq Kgc‡ÿ 100 jv· cÖ‡`q evwZ Kvh© GjvKvq _vK‡Z n‡e|Ó

†mBdwU †iKW© eyK

weGjG aviv 90 G D‡jøL¨ †h-

ÒcuwPk R‡bi AwaK kªwgK m¤^wjZ cÖ‡Z¨K KvivLvbv/cÖwZôv‡b wba©vwiZ c×wZ‡Z eva¨Zvg~jK †mBdwU †iKW© eyK I †mBwU †evW© msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

97

98


Ò`yN©Ubv, RLg I cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv m¤úwK©Z mKj cÖvmw½K AvBb I weÁwßÕi GKwU Kwc Kg© GjvKvq fvjfv‡e cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó


ÒmKj `yN©Ubv Ges `yN©Ubv cieZ©x Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b/Z_¨ cÖv_wgK ¯^v¯’¨ †mev cÖ`vbKvix msiÿY Ki‡e Ges h_vh_ KZ…©c‡ÿi Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK Zv mieivn Ki‡e|

RxebiÿvKvix `wo


Ò†Kvb kªwgK hLb †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ ¸`vg Ges gqjv †djvi we‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡e, ZLb †m kªwgK Riæix ms‡KZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i Giƒc `wo ev iwk eënvi Ki‡e Ges Ab¨ GKRb kªwgK evB‡i `vuwo‡q Zv‡K GB Kv‡R mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| G ai‡bi Kvh©µg PjvKv‡j `wo kix‡i evuav Ae¯’vq _vK‡e|Ó

hš¿cvwZ wN‡i ivLv/wbivcËv

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.3.2 G cvBj wi‡Mi †ÿ‡Î D‡jøL¨ †h:

ÒAbve„Z wMqvi, d¬vB ûBj (flywheel) BZ¨vw` m¤ú~Y©fv‡e †eov w`‡q wN‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| gUi wMqvwis, UªvÝwgkb, BwjKwUªK¨vj Iq¨vwis I fvi D‡ËvjbKvix †gwk‡bi Ab¨vb¨ hš¿vsk hv SzuwKi Drm wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ Zv‡Z h_vh_ wbivcËv †eóbx _vK‡Z n‡e| kw³-PvwjZ e`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î we`y¨r Acwievnx ZjvwP/g¨vU Ges cwi‡aq †cvkvK †hgb †M-vem eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| cvBj WªvBfv‡ii Dc‡ii gywV (sheaves on pile driver) Ggbfv‡e †eóbx Øviv Ave× K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z kªwgKiv AvKw¯§Kfv‡e Zvi Dci n‡Z co‡Z bv cv‡i|Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.6.3 G KbwµU wg·vi m¤ú‡K© D‡jøL¨ †h,

Òwg·vi cøv‡›Ui mKj Mxqvi, †PBb I †ivjv‡i MvW© _vK‡Z n‡e|Ó


ÒcÖwZwU N~Y©vqgvb hš¿vsk ev cÖavb N~Y©vqbKvix Ges ê`y¨wZK †Rbv‡iUi, gUi, I †ivUvix KbfviU‡ii cÖwZwU hš¿vsk wbivc`fv‡e XvKvbv ev †eov w`‡q wN‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| G †eov¸‡jv gReyZfv‡e wbg©vY Ki‡Z n‡e, fvjfv‡e i¶Yv‡e¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Gi Kg©¶gZv bó bv nq Ges †gwkb Pjgvb Ae¯’vq G¸‡jv wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b _vK‡Z n‡e|Ó

A‡bK wbg©vY hš¿cvwZ mPivPi †Kvb wKQzi mv‡_ AvUwK‡q ev wbc c‡q‡›Ui gva¨‡g Pvjv‡bv nq †hLv‡b GK Ask Avi GK As‡ki Ici ev Lye KvQvKvwQ _v‡K| D`vniY wn‡m‡e KM-ûBj, †PBb I ¯ú‡iv‡KU, †eë I wmwjÛvi Wªvg Ges i¨v‡PU WªvBf Gi K_v D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| a‡i wb‡Z n‡e †h, mKj wbc c‡q›U¸‡jv wec¾bK Ges G¸‡jv hw` †gwm‡bi mv‡_ mshy³ bv _v‡K Zvn‡j Ggbfv‡e †Niv w`‡q ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †KD Gi mwbœK‡U Avm‡Z bv cv‡i| N~Y©vqgvb nvZj ev `Û Zv †m †h †Kvb e¨vm ev MwZi †nvK bv †Kb, LyeB wec¾bK| `yN©Ubvi GKwU mvaviY KviY n‡”Q nvZ‡j ev `‡Û Kvco-‡Pvco AvUwK‡q ev †cuwP‡q hvIqv| nvZj ev `Û hw` †gwmb †d«‡gi g‡a¨ bv _v‡K hvq Zvn‡j GwU †eov w`‡q wN‡i ivL‡Z n‡e- G‡ÿ‡Î nvZ‡ji Ici †Lvjv wUD‡ei XvKbv Ges nvZj ¯’xi ivLv n‡”Q me‡P‡q k¯Ív, h_vh_ I Kvh©Ki eë¯’v|

99

D‡ËvjbKvix mvgMÖx


Ò`ªe¨vw` D‡Ëvj‡bi †¶‡Î mwVK †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡M mZK©Zvg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e, D‡Ëvj‡bi Rb¨ ¸`vgK…Z `ª‡eï cwigv‡Yi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© h_v_© ¶gZvm¤úbœ D‡ËvjK eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e, Ges D‡ËvjK ev Gi Szwo cÖf„wZ AwZwi³fv‡e †evSvB Kiv ev D‡ë hvIqv †_‡K myi¶v Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

wbivc` fvi

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.8.4 G wjdwUs wMqvi m¤ú©‡K D‡jøL¨ †h,

ÒU¨vKj †÷v‡i wbivc` Kg©fvi enb ¶gZvi GKwU QK jvwM‡q ivL‡Z n‡e Ges GwU mn‡R †`Lv hvq Giƒc ¯’v‡b jvMv‡Z n‡e| †Kvb †PBb, `wo ev KwcKj wbivc` Kg©fvi enb ¶gZvi AwZwi³ IRb enb Kivi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv|Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.7.3 G guvPv I dg©IqvK© m¤ú©‡K D‡jøL¨ †h,

ÒguvPv, dg©IqvK© Ges G¸‡jv‡Z eëüZ Ab¨vb¨ mnvqK Dcv`vbmg~n †KvbiKg e¨Z¨q Qvov m¤¢ve¨ m‡e©v”P IR‡bi Kgc‡¶ wØ¸Y IRb enb Kivi gZ ¶gZvm¤úbœ n‡Z n‡e|Ó

weGbwewm Aby‡”Q` 3.8.5 G †µb m¤ú©‡K ejv n‡q‡Q: Ò†µ‡bi wbivc` enb ¶gZv †µ‡bi Mv‡q Giƒcfv‡e _vK‡e hv cwi¯‹vifv‡e †`Lv hvq; †Kvb †µbB G enb ¶gZvi AwaK †evSv enb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|Ó

cwi`k©b


ÒguvPvi ms‡hvM¸‡jv I Dcv`vb¸‡jvi m¶gZv, kw³gËv, AvenvIqvi d‡j ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡q‡Q wKbv BZ¨vw` guvPv D‡Ëvj‡bi Av‡M I c‡i wbqwgZ cwi`k©b Ki‡Z n‡e| Zij c`v_© ev Dcv`vbmg~n Dc‡P co‡Q wKbv, AvjMv Dcv`vbmg~n M¨vsI‡q‡Z c‡o Av‡Q wKbv Ges cøvUd‡g© cÖ‡e‡ki c_ h_vh_fv‡e Av‡Q wKbv ZvI cwi`k©b Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

†fw›U‡jkb


ÒmKj wbg©vY mvB‡U ch©vß mvaviY I ¯’vbxq †fw›U‡jkb ... eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e hw` bv Gi Ab¨wKQy cÖ‡qvRb nq|Ó


Ò†hLv‡b is‡qi KvR nq Zvi meLv‡b ch©vß evqyPjvPj eë¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z `vn¨ ev®ú R‡g SzuwKc~Y© ch©v‡q †cuŠQ‡Z bv cv‡i|Ó


Ò†h‡¶‡Î cøvw÷K ev Ab¨ †Kvb AwZgvÎvi `vn¨ †cB›U †¯cÖ Kiv nq †m‡¶‡Î `vn¨-cÖwZ‡ivaK G·R÷ †fw›U‡jkb cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| †hLv‡b AwZgvÎvi `vn¨ Zij c`v_© eëüZ nq †mLv‡b a~gcvb K‡Vvifv‡e wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó

100

†gwW‡Kj cix¶v


Ò†hme †jv‡Ki G¨vRgv, µwbK eªsKvBwUm, dzmdz‡m mgm¨v ev dzmdz‡m cÖ`vn i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì‡K †cB›U, evwb©m, cøvw÷K †dvg, ivevi, AvVv‡jv c`v_© BZ¨vw` †hme Kv‡R eëüZ nq †mme Kv‡R wb‡qvM Kiv hv‡e bv| hv‡ì dzmdz‡m ¶Z Av‡Q, ayjvi d‡j bvK I Mjvq mgm¨v nq, GKwRgv/Pg©‡ivM, Z¡‡Ki cÖ`vn Av‡Q Zv‡ì‡KI Gme KvR Kiv †_‡K weiZ ivL‡Z n‡e|Ó

Rb wbivcËv


Ò†Kvb wbg©vY, †f‡½ †djv ev Lbb KvR msjMœ cv‡q Pjvi c‡_ iv‡Zi †ejv ch©vß Av‡jvi eë¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e| iv¯Ívi ev dzUcv‡Zi evwn‡ii w`‡K GKwU jvj is Gi evwZi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e hv w`b I ivZ me mgqB `„k¨gvb _vK‡e|Ó


ÒmvgwqK wec`msKzj Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi mgq mvaviY RbMY‡K mZK© Kivi Rb¨ GKRb cÖnix wb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖPÛ SzuwKi †¶‡Î kªeYxq ms‡KZ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó


Òwb‡gœvwjøwLZ kZ© mv‡c‡¶ ïay mvgwqKfv‡e wbg©vYvaxb cÖKí PjvKvjxb mg‡q iv¯Ív ev dzUcvZ eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i:

(K) Gi †h‡Kvb cÖKvi eënv‡ii Rb¨ h_vh_ KZ…c‡¶i wbKU †_‡K AbygwZ wb‡Z n‡e|Ó

mshyw³ 1 : A¨vR‡emUm wb‡q KvR

A¨vR‡emUm GKUv NvZK ayjv Ges G †_‡K kªwgK‡ì i¶v Kivi Rb¨ K‡Vvi eë¯’v wb‡Z n‡e|

A¨vR‡emUm wb‡q KvR

weGbwewmÔ93 Aby‡”Q` 2.2.19 G A¨vR‡emUm wb‡q Kv‡Ri kZ©vejx wea„Z n‡q‡Q:

A¨vR‡emUm m¤^wjZ mgMÖx eë¯’vcbv I bvovPvov : hLb †Kvb e× RvqMvq A¨vR‡emUm RvZxq mvgMÖx KvUv, dvov ev †gwk‡b cÖwµqv Kiv nq ZLb Zv †_‡K m„ó a~jv ev KYv AcmviY Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß hš¿vw` ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| weKí eë¯’v wn‡m‡e cvwb eënv‡i a~jv wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i Giƒc hš¿cvwZi mvnv‡h¨ †gwk‡bi wfRv c×wZ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

†hLv‡b A¨vR‡emUm KvUv nq †mLv‡b nvDRwKwcs I cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbZvi m‡e©vËg c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e Ges G KvUvKvwUi GjvKv m¤ú~Y© c„_K n‡Z n‡e I Ab¨ †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ GUv eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv| Kg© GjvKvq eR©¨ c`v_© I a~jv Rgv‡bv ev gRyZ Kiv hv‡e bv|

†g‡S, †`qvj I ¯’vei `ªe¨vw`‡Z hv‡Z a~jv R‡g bv hvq Zvi Rb¨ GKwU D”P Kvh©¶gZvi wdëvi m¤^wjZ a~jv-evwj cwi®‹viK hš¿ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| weKí eë¯’v wn‡m‡e, mg¯Í wRwb‡mi evB‡ii Ask †fRv b¨vKov ev Kvco w`‡q cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †g‡S Avj‡Zv K‡i cvwb w`‡q a~‡q †dj‡Z n‡e| KL‡bvB ïK‡bv Ae¯’vq Svo– †`qv ev evZvm w`‡q Dwo‡q †`qv c×wZ‡Z cwi®‹vi Kiv hv‡e bv|

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