construction technology for building surveying student Lect 2

8/20/2019 construction technology for building surveying student Lect 2

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TALL BUILDINGLECT 2


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INTRODUCTION• The term ‘tall buildings’ is not defned in specifc

term related to height or the number o storeys. Abuilding is considered tall when its structuralanalysis and designare in some way a ected by the lateral loads,particularly sway caused by such loads.

• According to Emporis tandards !ommittee

"E !# Tall $uilding is defned as a building %& metersor greater inheight, which is di'ided at regular inter'als intooccupiable le'els. To be considered a high(risebuildinga structure must be based on solid ground,and

abricated along its ull height through deliberateprocesses "as opposed to naturally(occurring

ormations#.

• According to the regulations o )anish, *erman andsome other European countries, the + t. " -. m /0stories buildings#, ha'ing fre(fghting e1uipment,are 2nown as tall buildings.

• )efnitions represented by the 3. . !ouncil on tallbuildings and urban settlement re ers to tall


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THE FACTS ABOUT TALLBUILDING…


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REASON FOR USING TALLBUILDING

5A!E 6787TAT79: 5;E T7*E

• the process urbanmigration

•increase in thepopulation densityo cities•increasing land pricesma2e it necessary toma


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EVOLUTION OF TALLBUILDINGS

;ein orced concrete established.Architectural emphasis on reasons,

unctional and technological acts.Transition o structural systems rom

rigid rame to more e>cientstructural systems

teel structures and sophisticatedser'ices such as mechanical li ts and'entilation, limitations on the height

o buildings were remo'ed8asonry wall bearing structures withthic2 and messy walls. The hori=ontal

and lateral loads o the structureswere mainly resisted solely by the

load bearing masonry wall


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1 st . EVOLUTION OF TALLBUILDINGS

Reliance BuildingChicago,1894

GuarantyBuilding,Buffalo, 1895

Carson Pirie ScottDe art!ent

Store,Chicago,19"4


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2 nd . EVOLUTION OF TALLBUILDINGS

WoolworthBuilding,New York,

1930

Chrysler Building,New

York, 1930

Empire State Building,New York, 1931 higheststru!ture in 19 th !entury"


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3 rd . EVOLUTION OF TALLBUILDINGS

World #rade Centre,

New York,19$%

Sears #ower,

Chi!ago,19$&

'etronas #win #ower,

(uala )umpur,199*


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?9;6) TA66E T$376)7:*


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?9;6) TA66E T$376)7:*


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?9;6) TA66E T$376)7:*


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T;@ T9 *ET 67 T 9 A?9;6) TA66E T

$376)7:*


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!9: 7)E;AT79:

The se e!t"#n #$ % t% &'" d"n( str'!t're "sn#t &%sed *ere + #n 'nderst%nd"n( thestr'!t're "n "ts #,n !#nte-t.

The se e!t"#n *%+ &e *#re $'n!t"#n #$ $%!t#rs re %ted t# !' t'r% s#!"% e!#n#*"!% %ndte!hn# #("!% needs.S#*e #$ the $%!t#rs %re

Gener% E!#n#*"! C#ns"der%t"#nsS#" C#nd"t"#n He"(ht t# ,"dth R%t"# #$ % B'" d"n(

F%&r"!%t"#n %nd Ere!t"#n C#ns"der%t"#n/e!h%n"!% S+ste*s C#ns"der%t"#ns F"re R%t"n( C#ns"der%t"#nsL#!% C#ns"der%t"#ns A0%" %&" "t+ %nd C#st #$ /%"n C#nstr'!t"#n

/%ter"% s


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*E:E;A6 E!9:987! !9: 7)E;AT79:

H#, *'!h the r# e!ts !#sts t# &'" d.H#, *'!h the n"shed r# e!t !#sts t# # er%te 4e.(e- enses %ss#!"%ted ,"th 't" "t"es *%"

nten%n!e "ns'r%n!e t%-es "nterest #nrr#,ed *#ne+5As the he"(ht #$ the &'" d"n( "n!re%ses*#re %nd *#re s %!e "s needed $#rstr'!t're *e!h%n"!% s+ste*s %nde e0%t#rs e%0"n( ess rent% s %!e.

The !#sts #$ e e0%t#rs %nd *e!h%n"!%s+ste*s "n!re%se ,"th he"(ht.C#st $#r s# h"st"!%ted !#nstr'!t"#ne6'" *ent %s &'" d"n( (et t% er


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976 !9:)7T79:

The er$#r*%n!e #$ % &'" d"n( "s de endent #n the stren(th #$ the s#" ,h"!h "t"s $#'nded.

The $#'nd%t"#n #r s'&str'!t're &"nds

the s' erstr'!t're t# the s#" .I$ the &e%r"n( !% %!"t+ #$ the s#" "sr%ther #, " es #r !%"ss#ns *%+ &ere6'"red t# re%!h the r# er $#'nd%t"#ns' #rt.


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;AT79 9 A $376)7:

*• As the *"n"*'* he"(ht7t#7,"dth r%t"# "n!re%ses s#sh#' d the &'" d"n(8s "nherentst"9ness

• The st"9ness #$ the &'" d"n(str'!t're "s de endent #ns":e %nd n'*&er #$ &%+sstr'!t'r% s+ste*s %ndr"("d"t+ #$ *e*&ers %nd!#nne!t"#ns.

• The (ener% he"(ht7t#7,"dth$#r % %ne $r%*e str'!t're "n

the r%n(e #$ ; t# <


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9:

!9: 7)E;AT79: The %nn"n( #$ $%&r"!%t"#n %ndere!t"#n r#!ed'res *%+ "nd"!%te"* #rt%nt $%!t#rs !#n!ern"n(str'!t'r% s+ste*s se e!t"#n.Sh#' d &e % *"n"*'* n'*&er #$ str'!t'r% "e!es t# sh#rten!#nstr'!t"#n t"*e !#* "!%ted! #sed $#r* sh% es sh#' d &e%0#"ded %nd e d ,e d"n( sh#' d &e*"n"*":ed.


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ec an ca ystems !onsidera

tionsA0er%(e *#re th%n #ne7th"rd #$ t#t% t% &'" d"n(!#sts.

E9e!ts #n the &'" d"n(#0er% % e%r%n!e %nde!#n#*"! se e!t"#n #$ %str'!t'r% s+ste*s


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7;E ;AT7:* !9: 7)E;AT79:

A *#st % =##rs %re &e+#nd there%!h #$ re tr'!> %dders re (ht"n( %nd res!'e %!t"#n %re $r#*the "ns"de #$ % &'" d"n(.

T#t% e*er(en!+ e0%!'%t"#n "s "* #ss"& e ,"th"n % re%s#n%& + sh#rter"#d #$ t"*e.

/'st &e %& e t# ens're the $# #,"n(?

str'!t'r% "nte(r"t+ $#r % !ert%"n er"#d #$ t"*e.!#n ne*ent #$ the re t# re0ent "t $r#* s re%d"n( t# !ert%"n&'" d"n( %re%s.%de6'%te e-"t s+ste*s.e9e!t"0e s*#>e %nd re dete!t"#n s+ste*s.

s r"n> ers %nd ne!ess%r+ s*#>e %nd he%t 0ent"n(


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69!A6!9: 7)E;AT79:

#or e$a! le, height li!itation, %oning regulations


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9 T 9 8A7:!9: T;3!T79:8ATE;7A6&f a desired !aterial is hard to ac'uire,it !ay delay the (uilding schedule and

add significantly to (uilding costs


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DESIGN CONSIDERATION


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8ETB9) 9

!9: T;3!T79:• CONVENTIONAL?

) In /% %+s"% "n7s"t' re"n$#r!ed !#n!rete "s then#r* $#r !#nstr'!t"n( t% &'" d"n(s. S>" ed %nd'ns>" ed ,#r>ers e- er"en!ed "n s'!h ,#r>%nd the %ss#!"%ted *%!h"ner+ %nd *%ter"% s%re re%d" + %0%" %& e. @re7!%st !#n!rete "ss#*et"*es 'sed "n #, %nd *ed"'* r"seres"dent"% &'" d"n(s. C#n!rete "s e"ther *"-ed#n s"te #r re%d+7*"-ed. The !#n!rete "s #'red"nt# % h# er %nd 's'% + "$ted &+ !r%ne t# the

n% #s"t"#n. The !#n!rete "s e* t"ed "n the$#r*,#r> 0"&r%ted %nd !'red.


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• INDUSTRIALISED? ) @re$%&r"!%t"#n d# n#t ne!ess%r+ h%s t# &e "n % $%!t#r+

#!%ted %,%+ $r#* the s"te. The re$%&r"!%ted!#* #nents !#' d &e &'" t #n % r#d'!t"#n "ne #n s"te.B't "$ the h"(h r"se &'" d"n( h%s "*"ted s %!e th"s

% r#%!h "s n#t s'"t%& e. ) The r"n!" e #$ re$%&r"!%t"#n "s th%t the !#* #nentssh#' d &e *%de %t % %!e ,here ,#r>ers !#' d ,#r>s%$e + %nd !#*$#rt%& + th's ens'r"n( &etter 6'% "t+ %ndthen tr%ns #rted t# the s"te t# &e %sse*& ed "n the"r

n% #s"t"#ns. Th"s r"n!" e !#' d &e 'sed $#r *%n+t+ es #$ !#* #nents th%t %re n#r*% + %ss#!"%ted ,"th"n7s"t' r#d'!t"#n. It "s s%$er %nd &etter 6'% "t+ ,#r> "s

r#0"ded "$ these !#* #nents !#' d &e %sse*& ed #ns"te %nd then "$ted "n "ts %sse*& ed $#r* t# "ts n%

#s"t"#n r%ther th%n the n#r*% r%!t"!e #$ "n s"t'r#d'!t"#n. F#r e-%* e re"n$#r!e*ent !%(es $#r the

!# '*ns %nd &e%*s !#' d &e $%&r"!%ted #n the (r#'nd

%nd then "$ted &+ "$t t# &e %!ed %t the"r n% #s"t"#ns.


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• STEEL OR REINFORCED CONCRETE? ) Re"n$#r!ed !#n!rete "s the n#r*% ,%+ #$ !#nstr'!t"n( h"(h r"se

&'" d"n(s "n /% %+s"%. Th"s "s %rt"% + d'e t# the %&'nd%n!e #$"*est#ne %nd the sett"n( ' #$ se0er% %r(e !e*ent $%!t#r"es %r#'nd

/% %+s"%. Stee re&%r "s *%n'$%!t'red "n /% %+s"% &'t h#t r# edstr'!t'r% stee h%s t# &e "* #rted. One #$ten 6'#ted %d0%nt%(e #$'s"n( str'!t'r% "s th%t 'n ">e re"n$#r!ed !#n!rete "t "s % dr+8 $#r* #$

!#nstr'!t"#n "n0# 0"n( #n + %sse*& + #$ the stee th's % sh#rter er"#d#$ t"*e. H#,e0er the 'se #$ stee str'!t'r% *e*&ers $#r the str'!t'r%$r%*e #$ the &'" d"n( "n /% %+s"% re6'"res % er"#d #$ re %nn"n( %ndt%>es %!!#'nt #$ tr%ns #rt t"*es %s these h%0e t# &e s#'r!ed $r#*Ind"% S#'th #re% Ch"n% %nd % %n ,here there %re h#t r# ed stee

r#d'!ers. Th"s !#ns'*es s#*e #$ the s#7!% ed t"*e s%0"n(s. In%dd"t"#n the %sse*& + #$ the stee str'!t'r% $r%*e needs the"n0# 0e*ent #$ te%*s #$ h"(h + s>" ed str'!t'r% stee ,#r>ers %nd

!r%ne # er%t#rs. These ers#ns %re *#st + $#'nd "n N#rth A*er"!% %ndE'r# e. The"r ,%(es %re re %t"0e + h"(her th%n the "* #rtedInd#nes"%n B%n(%desh" %nd V"etn%*ese ,#r>ers. F'rther*#re there "s%n %0%" %& e ## #$ $#re"(n ,#r>ers ,h# h%0e h%d s' !"ent e- er"en!e%nd s#*e *e%s're #$ s>" "n !#n!ret"n( des "te the* n#t h%0"n( %n+$#r*% tr%"n"n( "n !#n!ret"n(. The *% #r dr%,&%!> #$ re"n$#r!ed!#n!rete "s th%t "t "s % ,et r#!ess %nd needs *#re ,#r>"n( s %!e.


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• SPECIAL TECHNIQUES? ) S#*et"*es the %r!h"te!ts #$ t% &'" d"n(s ,"sh

t# !re%te e-! 's"0"t+ #$ the"r des"(ns &+e* #+"n( "nn#0%t"0e !#nstr'!t"#n te!hn"6'es%nd str'!t'r% s+ste*s.

) The 'se #$ "nn#0%t"#n !#nstr'!t"#n te!hn"6'es*'st t%>e "nt# %!!#'nt the e!#n#*"!%0%" %&" "t+ #$ #!% %nd $#re"(n ,#r>ers %nd!#ns' t%nts ,h# %re s>" ed %nd !% %& e #$h%nd "n( the te!hn# #(+. It *'st &ere*e*&ered th%t ne, s+ste*s ," h%0eteeth"n( r#& e*s %nd t"*e ," &e s ents# 0"n( these r#& e*s d'r"n( the !#nstr'!t"#n

er"#d.


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A;!B7TE!T3;A6!9: 7)E;AT79:

• The sh% e #$ % t% &'" d"n( "s &%s"!% + %#n( 0ert"!% - #r !+ "nder. There "s"*"ted s!# e t# !re%te "nn#0%t"0e &'" d"n(

sh% es .• Ar!h"te!ts ("0e t% &'" d"n(s the"r "dent"t+

&+ the ,%+ the+ des"(n the $%!%de #r#'ts"de % e%r%n!e #$ the &'" d"n(. The+% s# des"(n the "nter"#r n"shes #$ the

&'" d"n(.• hen %n %r!h"te!t des"(ns the =##r %n #$the &'" d"n( he h%s t# %"* $#r *%-"*'*=##r %re% t# se #r rent t# #ss"& eten%nts.


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• He h%s t# e%0e %s"de s %!e #n the =##r %n $#rthe ser0"!e !#re %re% %nd the &'" d"n(#!!' "ers8 !"r!' %t"#n %ths. In the &'" d"n(ser0"!e !#re %re% the %r!h"te!t % #!%te s %!e

$#r the?7 ) t#" ets ) the r"ser !%& es $#r e e!tr"!"t+ %nd

te e!#**'n"!%t"#n ) "$t sh%$ts

) st%"r!%ses ) '*&"n( " es $#r dr%"n%(e se,er%(e %nd ,%ters' +

) %"r!#nd"t"#n"n( %nd 0ent" %t"#n r"ser d'!ts ) %"r!#nd"t"#n"n( !h" ed ,%ter " es

B+ )- N. SE/ CESC /E 2/E2


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• "th s# many things t# 't in the corearea the %r!h"te!ts tr+ t# reduce theamount o core areas.

• In %dd"t"#n the %r!h"te!t *%+ e%0e %s"de!ert%"n =##rs t# h#'se the %"r!#nd"t"#n"n(%nt the ,%ter t%n>s $#r ,%ter s' +

%"r!#nd"t"#n"n( %nd re (ht"n( s+ste*s%nd the e e!t"!"t+ d"str"&'t"#n e6'" *ent.

• These =##rs %re 's'% + "n the &%se*ent%t the r##$ #r "n =##rs ,here ("%nt "ntern%&e%*s #r ("rders !% ed #'tr"((ers %re

#!%ted.


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2ir Conditioning System


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# E C NS+ N.

• Ten%nts "n t% &'" d"n(s *%>e the #'rne+$r#* the"r t# =##r # !es t# the #'ts"dethe &'" d"n( %t (r#'nd e0e t# e%t. Th"s," &e t## t"*e !#ns'*"n( %nd t"r"n(es e!"% + "n % s' ert% &'" d"n(.

• Th's the %r!h"te!t ," tr+ t# r#0"de %re%s$#r !%nteens rest%'r%nts sh# s %nd #ther$%!" "t"es ,"th"n the &'" d"n( %n es e!"% +"$ "t "s % t% #r s' ert% &'" d"n(.


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• In th"s ,%+ e# e d# n#t h%0e t# e%0ethe &'" d"n( $#r 'n!h #r t# sh# #r $#r

e"s're. In s#*e s' ert% &'" d"n(s s'!h %sthe Se%rs T#,er s>+ #&&"es8 %re r#0"ded%t !ert%"n =##rs t# h#'se sh# s e%t"n(%nd re!re%t"#n% %!es.

• Th's % s' ert% &'" d"n( "s n#r*% + % !"t+,"th % !"t+. e !%n see th%t the *#re t% er% &'" d"n( "s the *#re s %!e "s 'sed $#rthe &'" d"n( ser0"!es %nd the ess the's%& e =##r s %!e er e0e .


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Ser*ice core area

+enant s usa(les ace area

Circulation s ace

#he 4loor plan o4 the $5 storey Central 'la6a in

7ong (ong


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T;3!T3;A6

!9: 7)E;AT79:• The str'!t'r% s+ste* "s %n

"nte(r%ted s+ste* #$ the%rr%n(e*ent #$ *e*&ers #$ the

str'!t're s# th%t "t !%n ,"thst%ndse0er% t+ es #$ #%ds s'!h %s&e #,?7 ) L"0e %nd De%d L#%d ) "nd L#%d ) D"9erent"% Te* er%t're L#%d ) V"&r%t"#n L#%d

) I* %!t L#%d


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)esigning or 6i'e and

)ead 6oads• The #%ds e-erted #n % &'" d"n( %re (ener% +

0ert"!% d'e t# de%d %nd "0e (r%0"t+ #%ds. Thestr'!t're tr%ns$ers the 0ert"!% #%ds %s ,e %sthe h#r":#nt% #%ds t# the (r#'nd. The &'" d"n(

!%n &e str'!t'r% + d"0"ded "nt# t,# %rts ?7". S' erstr'!t're. Th"s !#ns"sts #$ the =##rs ,% s %nd r##$ th%t %re (ener% +%e (r#'nd e0e . In %dd"t"#n t# the #%ds #$ thes' erstr'!t're there %re the #%ds #$ e6'" *ent*%!h"ner+ / E ser0"!es %nd e# e "ns"de the

s' erstr'!t're th%t h%0e t# &e tr%ns$erred t# thes'&str'!t're."". S'&str'!t're.

Th"s !#ns"sts #$ the $#'nd%t"#ns th%t %+ &e #, (r#'nd e0e . The $#'nd%t"#ns *%+ &e " es !%"ss#ns r%$ts %ds #r e0enstr" s. The *%ter"% s 'sed %re (ener% + re"n$#r!ed !#n!rete

#r !#n!rete en!%sed stee *e*&ers.


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Su erstructure

-alls

Sus ension syste!

#ra!e cages

S+'E/S#/+C#+/E

.anger Bridge CatenarySyste!


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• The *%"n $'n!t"#n #$ the 0ert"!% #%d"n(s'&s+ste* "s t# tr%ns$er the de%d %nd "0e

#%ds #$ the s' erstr'!t're t# thes'&str'!t're. There %re *%n+ ,%+s #$tr%ns$err"n( the #%ds.• % s ) /#st ,% s "n % t% &'" d"n( %re n#n7 #%d

&e%r"n(. The se $7,e"(hts #$ these n#n7 #%d&e%r"n( ,% s %re tr%ns*"tted t# the (r#'nd 0"%the =##r s %& %nd then the !# '*ns

) L#%d &e%r"n( ,% s "n t% &'" d"n(s %re(ener% + *%de #$ re"n$#r!ed !#n!rete. The+%re n#r*% + 'sed %s she%r ,% s %nd t#(ether,"th % $r%*e !%(e.


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;A8E !A*E

• n#,n %s % $r%*ed str'!t're s>e et#nstr'!t're %nd *#*ent res"st"n( $r%*es

• The $r%*e !%(e !#ns"sted #$ r# ed "r#n

&e%*s %nd st%n!h"#ns %rr%n(ed "n s6'%re#r re!t%n(' %r (r"d. The #%ds #$ the ,% s%nd =##rs %re tr%ns$erred t# the &e%*s%nd !# '*n (r"d t# the (r#'nd. /#st*#dern &'" d"n(s 'se the $r%*e !%(es+ste*. Ir#n h%0e &een s' erseded &+h"(h stren(th str'!t'r% stee %ndre"n$#r!ed !#n!rete.


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• In #rder t# trans er lateral loads t# the (r#'ndmega(bracing is s#*et"*es used "n the stee$r%*e. These %re ("%nt d"%(#n% *e*&ers th%ts %n &et,een ("%nt *e(% !# '*ns. The *e(%&r%!es tr%ns$er the #%ds #$ the =##rs t# the*e(% !# '*ns. The *e(% !# '*ns tr%ns$er the#%ds t# the $#'nd%t"#ns.

• C#* %red t# #%d &e%r"n( ,% s the se $7,e"(ht #$the $r%*e !%(e "s ess % th#'(h the #"nt #%ds %tthe &%se #$ the !# '*ns *%+ &e r%ther h"(h.

Fr%*e !%(e !#nstr'!t"#n "s % s# re %t"0e + $%stert# ere!t es e!"% + ,hen str'!t'r% stee "s the*%ter"% 'sed. The $r%*e !%(e str'!t'r%*e*&ers % s# #!!' "es % s*% er %re% #$ the&'" d"n( $##t r"nt. Th"s % #,s *#re 's%& e =##rs %!e $#r the &'" d"n(.


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• Stee $r%*e !%(es %re*#re s's!e t"& e t# ,"nd

#%ds d'e t# the"r re %t"0e +"(hter se $7,e"(ht. Th's

e- ens"0e d%* "n(

*e!h%n"s*s h%0e t# &e"n!#r #r%ted "nt# thestr'!t're.

• Re"n$#r!ed !#n!rete $r%*e!%(es %re *#re r"("d %ndth's %re ess ">e + t# s,%+"n the ,"nd. H#,e0ere-!ess"0e ,"nd #%ds *%+!%'se tens" e !r%!>s "n thestr'!t're %nd th's%dd"t"#n% *e%s'res *'st&e t%>en t# "n!re%se theR.C. $r%*e !%(e8s tens" e


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)7A*;7)• The %test "nn#0%t"#n t#

the $r%*e s+ste* "s thediagrid. Inste%d #$ -7

">e (r"d %rr%n(e*ents #$

&e%*s %nd !# '*ns %&'" d"n( ,"th % d"%(r"dstr'!t're 'ses d"%(#n%*e*&ers th%t $'n!t"#n%s th the &e%* %nd

!# '*n.. The *#st$%*#'s e-%* e #$ thed"%(r"d $r%*e str'!t're "sth%t #$ the L#nd#n8sS,"ss Re &'" d"n(.

)7A*;7


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)7A*;7)

• )iagrid system• The d"%(r"d "s #$ten

'sed $#r the er"*etere-ter"#r ,% . It "s's'% + %rt #$ % t'&e7

,"th"n7t'&e str'!t'r%s+ste*.

• E-%* es IB/&'" d"n( @"tts&'r(h


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S+S'ENS N SYS#E

• As the n%*e "* "es the =##rs #$ the &'" d"n(s%re s's ended #0er % #n( s %n. The s' #rts$#r these =##rs *%+ &e t#,ers h%n(ers #r!%ten%r"es. The *%"n %d0%nt%(e #$ theses+ste*s "s the %&" "t+ t# r#0"de % !# '*n $ree(r#'nd =##r ,h"!h !#' d then &e 'sed %s %'& "! s %!e e-h"&"t"#n %re%s et!. The #ther=##rs % s# en #+ !# '*n $ree s %!e ,h"!h% #,s %n "n n"te n'*&er #$ s %!e %rt"t"#n"n(# t"#ns.

• There %re three *%"n t+ es #$ s's ens"#ns+ste*?• H%n(er• Br"d(e• C%ten%r+ s+ste*s ?7


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45/88

• There %re $e, &'" d"n(s's"n( th"s s+ste*.

These &'" d"n(s %red" !' t t# des"(n %nd

!#nstr'!t.• E-%* es #$ &'" d"n(s,"th h%n(er s+ste*s%re H#n( #n( %ndSh%n(h%" B%n> &'" d"n(

"n H#n( #n( S%&%hF#'nd%t"#n B'" d"n( "n#t% "n%&% ' %nd the

AA@ &'" d"n( "n S+dne+.


46/88

Catenary system

• The !%ten%r+ s+ste* 's'% + !#ns"sted #$ %pair o catenary members that spanbetween two towers o the building . B#th!%ten%r+ *e*&ers "e #n the #n( $%!%des #$the &'" d"n(. The !%ten%r+ s %ns "n % U7sh% ed!#n ('r%t"#n s#*e,h%t ">e % s's ens"#n&r"d(e &et,een the t#,ers. E%!h !%ten%r+*e*&er s' #rts h%n(ers %nd !# '*ns. Theseh%n(ers %nd !# '*ns s' #rt the =##rstr'!t're.

• There %re t,# e-%* es #$ th"s !%ten%r+s+ste*. Th"s "s the 1 st#r+ Feder% Reser0eB%n> #$ /"nne% # "s "n USA %nd the 1 st#r+F"rst E-!h%n(e H#'se L#nd#n.


47/88

#he original design o4 the !atenary stru!tural system o4 the

inneapolis 8ederal /eser e Bank right" and photo o4 as:;uilt ;uilding le4t"


48/88

• The h"(her the &'" d"n( the *#ree- #sed "t "s t# ,"nd $#r!es. The ,"nde-erts h#r":#nt% #%ds #n the

&'" d"n( th%t !%'ses the &'" d"n( t#s,%+. Th"s "s n#r*% + $e t "n *ed"'*r"se %nd t% &'" d"n(s th%t h%0e steestr'!t'r% $r%*es.

• B'" d"n(s th%t h%0e re"n$#r!ed!#n!rete str'!t'r% $r%*es d# n#ts'9er th"s r#& e*.

Des"(n"n( F#r H#r":#nt% F#r!es


49/88

• An#ther h#r":#nt% $#r!e th%t h%s t# &e!#ns"dered &+ en("neers "s the $#r!e d'et# e%rth6'%>es.

• The t+ e #$ *#0e*ent d'e t# %ne%rth6'%>e "s %!t'% + ' %nd d#,n %nd$r#* s"de t# s"de. In #ther ,#rds d'r"n( %ne%rth6'%>e the &'" d"n( $ee s ">e "t "s #n %%t.

• B'" d"n(s "n e%rth6'%>e %re%s %re n#r*% +tted ,"th sh#!> %&s#r&ers "n the"r

$#'nd%t"#ns %nd str'!t'r% $r%*es.


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• There %re three *%"n ,%+s #$re0ent"n( s,%+"n( 4#r #s!" %t"#n5 #$

t% &'" d"n(s d'e t# ,"nd $#r!es ) STRUCTURAL /ETHOD ) DA/@ING /ETHOD

) AERODJNA/IC /ETHOD


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STRUCTURAL/ETHOD

D/0P& G02+.3D

/2R3D /0&C 02+.3D

Shear -all

Brace fra!e and !o!entresistant fra!e syste!s

#u;es systems

Composite systems

Passi*e Da! ers

/cti*e da! ers

#riction da! ers

Passi*e tuned !ass da! ers

Passi*e endulu! da! ers

+uned i'uid Da! ers 6a7a +uned

Sloshing -ater Da! ers 6+S-Da7a +uned i'uid Colu!n Da! ers6+ CD


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Stru!tural ethod

• The #s!" %t"#n "s *"n"*":ed #rre*#0ed "n!re%sed st"9en"n( thestr'!t'r% $r%*e. F#'r ,%+s !%n &e

'sed ?• *%>"n( the &'" d"n( st"9er &+ 's"n("n!re%s"n( "ts ,e"(ht

• -"n( str'!t'r% t"e *e*&ers 4&r%!es5 "nthe &'" d"n( str'!t'r% $r%*e

• red'!"n( the s":e #$ the 0ert"!% &%+s "n the$r%*e %nd

• ('+"n( the str'!t're t# the (r#'nd &+str'!t'r% t"es


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Structural 0ethod 6Shear -alls

• /#n# "th"! she%r ,% s #$ re"n$#r!ed !#n!rete%re 'sed t# r#0"de st"9ness. B+ 's"n( %*#n# "th"! ,% the ,% ," &e *#re he%0"er%nd th's st"9er. Jet "n!re%s"n( ,e"(ht h%s %d"s%d0%nt%(e. It *e%ns th%t the $#'nd%t"#nsh%0e t# &e str#n(er %nd th"s "n t'rn *e%ns*#re !#st.

• There$#re he%0+ she%r ,% s *%+ n#t &e thes'"t%& e s# 't"#n. St"9 &'t re %t"0e + s endershe%r ,% s %re re$er%& e. She%r ,% s !%n &e

re7stressed t# "n!re%se st"9ness +et ("0e %re %t"0e + th"n ,% .

• B+ the ,%+ she%r ,% s d# n#t h%0e t# &e #$re"n$#r!ed !#n!rete "t *%+ &e *%de #$re"n$#r!ed stee %te %nd e0en re"n$#r!ed


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• She%r ,% s %re #!%ted "n #ne #r*#re #$ the $# #,"n( #!%t"#ns #nthe &'" d"n( $##t r"nt %n.

• Centr% !#re #$ &'" d"n(• Ends #r !#rners #$ &'" d"n(• As 0ert"!% ns $#r % t#,er• As the 0ert"!% t'&' %r ,% #$ the t#,er


55/88

• /#n# "th"! she%r ,% s #$re"n$#r!ed !#n!rete %re

# ' %r "n /% %+s"%n t%&'" d"n(s &e!%'sere"n$#r!ed !#n!retestr'!t'r% $r%*es %re'sed "n *#st &'" d"n(s.

• /#n# "th"! she%r ,% s #$re"n$#r!ed !#n!rete %re#$ten 'sed t# en! #se the

&'" d"n( ser0"!es !#re%re%. These ,% s %ren%t'r% re,% s th%ten! #se the "$t sh%$tses!% e st%"r,%+s %nde e!tr"!% r"sers.

Shear all

Shear all

Building with shear walls at its ends


56/88

Bra!e 4rame and moment resistant4rame systems

• In!re%s"n( the *%ss #$ &'" d"n( "s the *#st e9e!t"0e ,%+t# res"st %ter% $#r!es 4ASCE 2 ;5 &'t th"s "s re %t"0e +'ne!#n#*"! t#d%+. The trend "s $#r "(hter &'t st"9er&'" d"n(s

• ". /#*ent res"st%nt $r%*e• The *#*ent res"st"n( $r%*e "s % three d"*ens"#n%(r"d #$ "ne%r !# '*ns %nd &e%*s. The *e*&ers #$the $r%*es %re !#nne!ted e%!h #ther 's"n( r"("d #rse*"7r"("d !#nne!t"#ns.

• "". Br%!ed $r%*e• /#*ent res"st%nt $r%*es !%n &e st"9ened &+ %dd"n(

&r%!es t# 0ert"!% %nd h#r":#nt% &%+s #$ the $r%*e. A*e(%$r%*e str'!t're % s# 'se *e(%&r%!es t# st"9enthe *e(%$r%*e %nd t# tr%ns*"t the =##r #%ds #$ the&'" d"n( t# *e(%!# '*ns th%t rests #n the

$#'nd%t"#ns


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• S#*e 0ert"!% %ndK#r h#r":#nt%&%+s #$ the str'!t'r% $r%*e %re&r%!ed. Th"s !re%tes st"9ness t#the #0er% $r%*e. The

%rr%n(e*ent #$ the &r%!es's'% + res' t "n 0ert"!% tr'ss!#n ('r%t"#n #r er"*eter &e ttr'sses #r #'tr"((er tr'sses. Ins#*e $r%*es % 0ert"!%*e(%tr'ss "s 'sed "nste%%d #$ %she%r ,% t# $'rther st"9en the$r%*e.

• A *e(%$r%*e !%n &e &'" t t#!%rr+ the =##rs #$ the &'" d"n(. T#st"9en the *e(%$r%*e*e(%&r%!es %re %!ed %!r#ssthe 0ert"!% *e(%&%+s. Th's the

&'" d"n( &eh%0es ">e % 0ert"!%*e(%tr'ss.


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• A *e(% s %!e $r%*e !%n&e 'sed t# s' #rt the=##rs #$ the &'" d"n(. The

!#n!e t #$ #%dtr%ns*"tt%n!e "s the s%*e%s th%t #$ the 0ert"!%*e(%tr'ss

• /%n+ str'!t'r% steeen!" th"n8 t#,ers 'se the


59/88

• There %re *%n+ !#n ('r%t"#ns #$ the*#*ent res"st%nt $r%*e %nd she%r,% s t# "n!re%se the &'" d"n(res"st%n!e t# the ,"nd. The s+ste*s%re?7 ) T'&e s+ste*

) C#* #s"te s+ste*

u es


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u esyste

ms

) L#%d &e%r"n( !# '*ns#$ the e-ter"#r

er"*eter %re %!ed! #se + t#(ether t#$#r* % t'&e8. T'&es!%n % s# &e $#r*ed$r#* !#n ('r%t"#ns #$she%r ,% s th%t $#r* %t'&e. She%r ,% s !%n&e er"*eter ,% s #r!#res.

) T#,ers 'se e"thert'&' %r r.!. ste*8str'!t'res #r %r(e


61/88

• An#ther ,%+ t# !re%te % &'" d"n( t'&e "s t# h%0e%n #'ter er"*eter #$ *e(% !# '*ns. A &'" d"n(t'&e *%+ h%0e *e(% &r%!"n( *e(% !# '*ns %nd*e(% &e%*s th%t $#r* % er"*eter - tr'ss $#rthe &'" d"n(. A er"*eter - s %!e tr'ss!#n ('r%t"#n !%n &e 'sed "nste%d #$ the - tr'ss

• Se0er% !#n ('r%t"#ns #$ the t'&e s+ste* !%n &e$#'nd ) 7 S"n( e t'&e

) 7 T'&e ,"th"n t'&e 4One She @ %:% B'" d"n(5 ) 7 B'nd "n( #$ t'&es 4Se%rs T#,er5 ) 7 Br%!ed t'&es 4see A !#% B'" d"n(5


62/88

ne Shell 'la6a ;uilding,7ouston #e


63/88

Bundled tu;e system as usedin the Sears #ower, Chi!ago,+=S=2=

iew o4 Sears #ower stru!ture


64/88

• In t% &'" d"n(s 's"n( t'&e %ter%s+ste*s8 $'rther %ter% restr%"nt !%n &e

r#0"ded &+ red'!"n( the 0ert"!% &end"n(*#*ent #$ the &'" d"n(s.

• The &'" d"n( str'!t're "s des"(ned s'!ht,# #r *#re 0ert"!% :#nes #$ =##rs sh%rethe &end"n( *#*ent. E%!h :#ne ," th'se- er"en!e % #,er &end"n( *#*ent.

• The #0er% e9e!t "s th%t the &'" d"n(str'!t're ," n#t e- er"en!e % *'!h #,er&end"n( *#*ent %nd ess s,%+.


65/88

• There %re three ,%+s #$ d#"n( th"s?7". Us"n( er"*eter str'!t'r% &e ts

e0er+ !ert%"n he"(ht #$ &'" d"n(

• The er"*eter str'!t'r% &e ts %re #!%ted#n the e-tern% er"*eter ,% "ne #$ the&'" d"n(. These str'!t'res !%n &e tr'sses("rders #r *#n# "th"! ,% s %nd 's'% + #ne

st#r+ "n he"(ht. The+ %re #s"t"#ned %te0er+ #ther n'*&er #$ =##rs s# %s t#&re%> ' 8 the &'" d"n( "nt# t,# #r *#re

0ert"!% :#nes


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"". Us"n( #'tr"((ers %t e0er+ !ert%"nhe"(ht #$ the &'" d"n(

• The #'tr"((ers %re #!%ted ,"th"n the &'" d"n(. On%n the+ !#nne!t the #'ter t'&e8 ,"th "nner t'&e8

str'!t're. A (r#' #$ #'tr"((ers %re #s"t"#ned %te0er+ #ther n'*&er #$ =##rs s# %s t# &re%> ' 8 the&'" d"n( "nt# t,# #r *#re 0ert"!% :#nes O'tr"((ers!%n &e $#r*ed $r#* tr'sses #r ("rders #r *#n# "th"!,% s %nd 's'% + #ne =##r "n he"(ht.

• The *#n# "th"! ,% #'tr"((er ," 's'% + h%0eer$#r%t"#ns t# % #, the e# e !"r!' %t"#n %ndser0"!e r'ns


67/88

""". C#*&"ned s+ste*s• C#*&"n%t"#n #$ str'!t'r% &e t %nd

#'tr"((ers.•

O'tr"((ers #$ % =##r e0e "s t"ed t#(ether &+the str'!t'r% &e t #!%ted #n the e-ter"#rer"*eter $%!e #$ the &'" d"n(

d


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Composite > 7y;rid

• The !#* 'ter % #,s en("neers t# sh#rten the t"*e $#rdes"(n"n( t% &'" d"n(. It % s# % #,s *#re !#* "!%teddes"(ns t# &e $e%s"& e.

• /#re %nd *#re !#* #s"te s+ste*s th%t !#*&"ne se0er%str'!t'r% s+ste*s s'!h %s she%r ,% s t'&es %nd &r%!"n(s+ste*s t#(ether.

• S#*e t+ es %re %s $# #,s ) She%r ,% s %nd s>e et#n $r%*e %!t"n( %s t'&es. She%r ,% s

%re %!ed #n !ert%"n #s"t"#ns #$ the e-ter"#r er"*eter #$&'" d"n( $r%*e

) T'&e ,"th"n t'&e s+ste* 's"n( she%r ,% !#re %nd !# '*n%det'&e #n e-ter"#r er"*eter

) T'&e ,"th"n t'&e s+ste* ,"th she%r ,% !#re %nd &r%!ed *e(%$r%*e $#r e-ter"#r er"*eter #$ &'" d"n(. ) T'&e ,"th t'&e s+ste* 's"n( she%r ,% !#nstr'!t"#n. Inter"#r

,% ns !#nne!t the e-ter"#r %nd "nter"#r t'&es t#(ether. ) T'&e s+ste* #$ stee !#nstr'!t"#n ,"th ('+"n( !%& es


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-amping -e i!es

• These de0"!es %re (ener% + 'sed "n "(htert% &'" d"n(s 4n#r*% + #$ stee $r%*e!#nstr'!t"#n5. He%0+ &'" d"n(s 'se *%ss

%nd st"9ness %s n%t'r% d%* ers 4n#r*% +r.!. $r%*e &'" d"n(s5. Th's d%* ers %rese d#* $#'nd "n r.!. &'" d"n( $#r res"st"n(,"nd $#r!es.

• There %re se0er% t+ es #$ d%* ers?7 ) @%ss"0e d%* ers ) A!t"0e d%* ers


70/88

• @%ss"0e D%* ers ) There %re t,# t+ es ".e. the h+dr%' "! "st#n

d%* ers %nd the 0"s!#e %st"! $r"!t"#n d%* ers?7• H+dr%' "! "st#ns %re %!ed %t 0%r"#'s #"nts "n the

str'!t're. These "st#ns %re ed ,"th #" . The "st#ns%&s#r& *#st #$ the res' t"n( *#0e*ent #r 0"&r%t"#nd'e t# ,"nd. The+ %re 's'% + tted "n the 0ert"!%&%+s "n % &r%!"n( !#n ('r%t"#n.

• V"s!#e %st"! *%ter"% s %re %!ed %t 0%r"#'s #"nts "n

the str'!t'r% $r%*e. The+ %re s%nd,"!hed &et,eenthe stee %te !#nne!t"#ns #$ the str'!t'r% $r%*e.

The *%ter"% "nserts r#0"de she%r res"st%n!e t# the#s!" %t"#n $#r!es. See $r"!t"#n d%* ers


71/88

• Fr"!t"#n d%* ers ) The $r"!t"#n d%* er !#ns"sts #$ % stee

%te th%t "s s%nd,"!hed &+ t,# %tes A

s e!"% '&r"!%nt !#%ts the %re% ,herethe %tes t#'!h s# th%t st%&" "t+ "s*%"nt%"ned e0en %$ter re e%tedde$#r*%t"#n #$ the %tes d'e t#*#0*ent. hen the &'" d"n( s,%+sd'r"n( % h"(h ,"nd #r e%rth6'%>e the

%tes %&s#r& ener(+ &+ $r"!t"#n %ndth's *"n"*"se the s,%+"n(.


72/88

/ lication for the (olt:ty e friction da! er

#riction da! er


73/88

• @%ss"0e t'ned *%ss d%* ers ) Th"s d%* er t+ e !#ns"sts #$ % s "d"n( #r

h#r":#nt% *#0"n( *%ss t'ned t# *#0e

"n re%!t"#n t# the h#r":#nt% *#0e*ent#$ the &'" d"n(. E"ther %r(e s r"n(s #rd%* ers %re tted t# the *%ss %nd the&'" d"n( str'!t're. @%ss"0e t'nedd%* ers %re 's'% + $#'nd %t thet# *#st =##r. A (##d e-%* e "s the C"t"C#r Centre &'" d"n( "n Ne, J#r>.

E l 4 # d i Ci i


74/88

E


75/88

• @%ss"0e end' '* d%* ers ) Th"s "s % s's ended *%ss %!t"n( %s

end' '*. The !#n!e t "s s"*" %r t# the

%ss"0e t'ned *%ss"0e d%* er. The ne, T%" e" 1 1 &'" d"n( 'ses %


76/88

'assi e pendulum # - o4 #aipei 101 ;uilding


77/88

• T'ned L"6'"d D%* ers 4%.>.%. T'nedS #sh"n( %ter D%* ers 4TS D5%.>.%. T'ned L"6'"d C# '*n D%* ers

4TLCD55 ) Th"s d%* er t+ e !#ns"sts #$ t,# #r *#re t%n>s

4#r "6'"d !# '*ns5 ,h#se ,%ter !#ntents !h%n(e"n res #nse t# %ter% $#r!es. The d%* er !%n &e %

%"r #$ %r(e t%n>s #r n'*&er #$ s*% #nes.


78/88

+uned i'uid Da! ers6a;7;a; +uned Sloshing-ater Da! ers 6+S-Da;7;a; +uned i'uid Colu!nDa! ers 6+ CD


79/88

• A!t"0e d%* ers ) A!t"0e t'ned *%ss d%* ers %re t'ned t#

% !ert%"n $re6'en!+. C#* 'ters % #, "tt# %d% t "tse $ t# % &"( r%n(e #$ t'n"n(. Th"s *%>es "t *#re e9e!t"0e.

) A!t'%t#rs s'!h %s "st#ns *#0e the

*%ss "n res #nse t# the %!t'%h#r":#nt% *#0e*ent #$ the &'" d"n(. The *%"n d"s%d0%nt%(e "s "ts re "%n!e #ne e!tr"!"t+. B%!>' e e!tr"!"t+ s' + "sneeded "n !%se #$ & %!>#'ts


80/88

/cti*e Da! er ) Si!ulation for (uilding


81/88


82/88

2!ti e tuned mass damper system in (yo;ashi Seiwa;uilding, #okyo, ?apan


83/88


84/88

#uned )i@uid -amper at Wall Centre ;uilding,

an!ou er, Canada


85/88

• A!t"0e7 %ss"0e t'ned *%ss d%* ers. Inthese d%* "n( s+ste*s there "s acti'edamper actuator wor2ing with thepassi'e damper . The %!t"0e *%ssd%* er ,#r>s ,"th"n the !% %!"t+ r%n(e #$the %!t'%t#r. B't #'ts"de the r%n(e the

%ss"0e d%* er %nd the h+dr%' "! &e!#*e

det%!hed %nd the d%* "n( "s r#0"ded &+the %ss"0e d%* er. Th"s *eth#d % #,sthe 'se #$ % s*% er s":ed %ss"0e d%* er%t % #,er !#st. Th"s *eth#d "s 'sed

r"*%r" + $#r %ter% $#r!es d'e t#

2 d i!


86/88

2erodynami!

• T#,er !r#ss7se!t"#n% %n "s des"(ned t#h%0e *"n"*'* %"r t'r&' en!e th%t !#' d!%'se s,%+"n( #$ the &'" d"n(. Red'!t"#n#$ %"r t'r&' en!e !%n &e #&t%"ned &+?7

". H%0e % !"r!' %r %n r%ther th%n re!t%n(' %r

#r s6'%re %n $#r t#,er"". F %tten"n( 4#r t% er"n(5 #$ the !#rners""". @r#0"d"n( $#r er$#r%t"#ns %t e"ther the

!#rners #r t# #$ the t#,er"0. H%0"n( !h%nne s "n the &'" d"n( s" h#'ette

th%t % #, the ,"nd t# &e !h%nne ed %,%+$r#* the $%!e #$ the &'" d"n(


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Than2 @ou


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Documents

construction technology for building surveying student Lect 2