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8/12/2019 Construction techniques of Ancient India
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Edited by
Dr. A. S. Nene
Buildinging Materials & Construction
Techniques of Ancient India
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Eight ancient Indian tools of a
Sthapati (Engineer/ Architect)
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Mud, bricks, lime, stones, wood, metals andprecious stones should be used inconstruction of houses - Mayamat
Ancient Building Materials
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1. Soil /Mud
Techniques (Vidya) related to Veshma Shashtra
Vaso vidya-Huts (made of barks/skin)
Kutti vidya-Mud houses
Arts related to Kutti vidya
Mrutsadhan - Soil conditioning
TruNadyachhadan - Roofing with grass
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Definitions
Soil It is an aggregate of inorganic and
organic grains which can be separated by
simple mechanical action such as agitation in
water or by sieving.
Clays: Clays are finest particles of soil with
a size smaller than 75 microns.Mud It is a workable mixture of clay soil
and water.Ramtek -7 Aug 2014
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MANIFESTATIONS OF MUD
Cob Adobe / Sun- dried blocks
Rammed earth Wattle and DaubRamtek -7 Aug 2014
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Advantages of Adobe material
Adobe has relatively high thermal conductivityAdobe has sound insulation property.
Mud construction is really cost-effective,
Mud construction is a labor intensive mode
Disadvantages
Mud construction has low strength compared to
brick or stone construction.
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SOIL STABILIZATION
Functions of soil plasticizers
Increase the workability with minimum water
content
Increase the water repellent property
Increase the strength by increasing thedensity.
Impart glazing to pottery products.
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Ancient plasticizers can be grouped as
Extracts of Herbs, Fruits and tree barks
Trifala- Aamla, Hirda and Behada1
Wood apple2, Holy tree fruit3
Barks- Khadir4, Arjun trees
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Natural fibers
Cotton, coir, wool, silk cotton or jute
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Natural polymers
Cow Dung, Jaggaery, Coconut water, Eggs,
Green Algae, rice husk, burnt coconut shell
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Idols - Mud plaster
This constancy is determined by rollingthe clay mass on the palms. When the linesof palm are clearly impressed on the claymass the constancy is proper.
Liquidity index for this consistency (Palm line limit)corresponds to 15 to 20 %
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CASE STUDIES
A. Gadi soilswhite soil
The main constituents
are local soil, fine sand,
cow dung, quick lime,
extracts of Belphal ,fibers of jute and water
for mixing.
The mixture is allowed tomature for a minimum
period of 30 days and
kneaded everyday.
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2. Mud f loor ing.
The floors of were made
of a material that is unique
blend of burnt coconutshells, quick lime, palm
toddy, the whites of eggs
and extracts of certain
barks of trees and nuts.
Padmanabhapurum palace (1601 A.D) in Kerala
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Laurie Baker & his work
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2-Bricks & Roof Tiles
Mohenjodaro 2500 BC
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Origin of Bricks
Sanskrit word for brick is "Istika" meaning
comfort giving or well being. On being
burnt, the mud blocks of fire place (Yadnyakund) turned into a baked brick. Sage
Angirus was an authority on brick making.
Ref. Shatapatha Brahman
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Bricks and Tiles making
1. Selection of suitable site and collection of soil2. Wetting & Kneading the brick earth, Mixing of
additives.3. Hand molding of bricks
4. Sun dying of bricks5. Kiln Preparation and firing the bricks6. Cooling and quenching of bricks7. Rejecting damaged or non standard bricks
8. Testing of bricks9. Classification & qualitiesRef -Shilparatna, (c14, v48-51)
Various stages invo lved
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Cooling and quenching of bricks
The fire should be extinguished after 15 days
Bricks should be immersed in water for six to twelve
months before these are used
Bauddhayan Shalbsutra- measurement of bricks
used in constructing Holy pyre. The description ofHansmukhi (pentagonal) and Choukoni(four sided)
bricks.
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Brick Classification
Masculine Bricks with the same width at the front and theback
Having parallel edges Best for a for buildings .
Feminine -Bricks
Lesser width at the front than at the back Curved but parallel edges Building temples of Goddesses.
Neuter- bricks
Greater width at the front Curved but non parallel edges Discarded but used for other purposes.
RefShilparatna , Kashyap-Shilpam(and Ishan Shivgurudev paddhati
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Shapes& Sizes of Bricks
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Roof Tiles
Types and Sizes of roofing tiles
Neevraloshta , Urdhwaloshta, Turyakloshta
Kroorloshta , Dhwashraloshta, Keellloshta
Gartakonaloshta , Konaloshta , Putloshta
Ref.- Shilparatna, Vastuvidya and Vastu Vidya
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Name of Bond
in the order of
strength
Layers in which
joints are exactly
above First Layer
1.Toda or Patti Third
2.Mallaleel Fourth
3.Brahmraj Fifth4.Panchparva Sixth
5.Poogparva Seventh
6.Devsandhi Ninths
6.Swana twelfth
7.Dandak Fourteenth
Brick bonds
Samarangana Stradhar (c10-v26.), Baudhayan Shulbsutra,Vasturatnakar
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1 - Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa Civilization
Brick Size - 10 x 20 x 40 cm
2
Floating Bricks of Maharashtra during 10th to 17thcentaury
Gora kumbhar (1267 to 1317 AD) Floating Bricks atTera doki (near Kurduwadi)
Sizes of bricks vary from 350x175x75 mm to450x225x150mm.
Properly fired
Lighter by 2 to 10 times compared to modernbricks
Contains micro pores partially interconnected.
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Written instructions by Swami Ramadass to Shiwaji ,
about bricks and brick construction.
Bricks should be of uniform size and with square corners
Size should be 9x7x3 tasu.(1 tasu = 37.5 mm)
Brickearth should be prepared by proper mixing of red clayey
soil, ash, dung of cow or horse.
Soil mixed with water should be kneaded frequently
The soil should be free from gravels
Wooden moulds should be used for casting bricks. Sides should
be fixed by driving nails.
Bricks should be sun dried and then fired in kilns. The fire
wood should be dry and of medium size.
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Village Sirpur (Chhattisgarh) 5th century AD.
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Lakshmana Temple, Sirpur-Chattisgarh
Lakshmana temple built by Queen Vasata, in 7th century AD is
world heritage structure
Brick temple stands on a high massive platform
This temple is one among the best examples of brick temples
of ancient India. Ramtek -7 Aug 2014
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Clay cart of MohenjodaroRamtek -7 Aug 2014
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3. Lime and Lime Mortars
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Five types of sands for lime mortars
1. Karal (size similar to hirda seeds)2. Mugdi (size similar to green gram
seeds)3. Gulmash (medium size sand)4. Kalk (size similar to Bengal gram flour)
5. ChikkaN (Fine silt)
Ref.Mayamat chp.18Ramtek -7 Aug 2014
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Lime Plasters
1. Wash and dry fine sand
2. Sieve slaked lime to separate coarse materials.3. Cut cotton fibers into very fine pieces.4. Cook three food grains (Trijava) Rice, Wheat and Barley(equal parts).5. Cook powdered banana.
Mix all the above ingredients in the proportion given below
Fine sand 1 part
Slaked lime 1 part
Cooked grains half partCooked Banana powder Half part
Cotton fibers Half part
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Ingredient for Lime plasters1 Ash 9 Cow dung 17 Mahuwa flowers
2 Bark of Neem 10 Egg white 18 Milk, curd or ghee
3 Bark of Pakar tree 11 Flowers Silk cotton tree 19 Mustard cake
4 Bee wax 12 Green gram (Moog) 20 oil
5 Belgiri (aegle'pulp) 13 Guggul 21 Powder of Cattle horn
6 Black gram(Udad ) 14 Hemp fiber 22 Resin of Sal tree
7 Brick powder 15 Jaggery 23 Rice husk
8 Clay 16 Juice of Cactus 24 Saaf flower oil
Natural Polymers for Lime Mortar
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Case Studies
Brick Mortar
A Light House structure on the coast near Mul Dwarka
(Kodinar)
The possible date of this structure is 12th and the 15th
centuries AD.
As per SEM analysis lime mortar was used .
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Waterproof lime mortar
Mix Ghee, coconut water, black
gram paste , extract of
barks(Pipal), milk, curd,
decoction of Trifala, and Pichhit,
in proportion of 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
and 11 parts to 100 parts of
slaked lime.
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4. Building Stones
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Sources of building stones
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Sources of building stones
From hills From underground mines
Riverbanks and forests
The stones obtained from barren land,
graveyard or those embedded in ground
are unsuitable.
Stones obtained from sites unsuitable
for habitation are also unsuitable.
Ref. Kashyapash i lpa
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Stones of first or third category are unsuitable
By Age
Child Sound produced as un-burnt
bricks, long or flat in shape asa leaf
Young Longringing sound like bell,
soft in touch, with good smell,
without pores
Old Non-ringing sound, highly
porous, highly weathered
Ref. MayamatRamtek -7 Aug 2014
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Defects in building stones
Lines curvilinear (as thread),
straight (as sun rays)
parallel (as rains)
Spots size. lemon fruit (15-20 mm),
grape size (5-10 mm),
less than 5 mm.
Ref. Mayamat
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Selection of Building Stones
The stones which are weathered, contains sand grains ordisintegrates on immersion in water are termed unsuitable(Kashyapashilpa ,Shilpratna )Stones from unsuitable site, used stones, stones withinferior minerals are termed unsuitable (Mayamat ,
Vishnupuran)Stone with one side very long compared to other sidesshould not be used. (Shilpratna )Brittle or porous stones, non-uniform colored stones areunsuitable (Shilpratna, Vishnupuran)Stones with cavities inside or poisonous stones should notbe used. The ancient texts describe methods to check suchdefects. (Mayamat , Shilpratna )
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Breaking of stone blocks
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gHeating: The stone block is heated by make a
pyre of wooden logs of Palash or Tinduk trees.
The heating is continued till the color of woodenlogs becomes bright red or orange.
Cooling: The fire is moved to adjacent area of
rock surface. The preheated surface is cooled down
quickly by pouring certain types of liquids listed
below.
Solution of quick lime in cold water
Solution prepared by mixing buttermilk with rice paste, ripeberries.
Solution prepared by boiling Neem leaves and some tree
barks.
Ref. Brihat SamhitaRamtek -7 Aug 2014
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SurangaA water tunnel
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g
Suranga is a tunnels bored horizontally
on the slopes of hills to get clean drinking
quality water.
Found in many parts of Dakshina Kannada
district of Karnataka and Kasaragod districtof
KeralaQuanatis a similar structure used in Iran
and Iraq
Quanat
Suranga
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Ashtabandha and Vajralepa
Special Mortars for Brick or Stone masonry
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Shrivasaka Raktabola(myrrh)
Guggulu Bhallataka
Kunduruka
or tree resin
Atasi Bilva) fruit
The resulting paste is termed as adamantine glue. It
was expected to last for a million years.
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Second VarietyAs per Mayamat
Lac Kunduru soot (lamp
black)Guggulu wood-apple Manjiostha
resin
Bilva
kernel
fruits of Naga,
neem,Tinduka,Madana,Madhuka,
myrrh and
Ambalaka
The method of preparation is same as
mentioned above.
Ingredients are
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Third Variety As per Brihatsamhita
This variety of glue known as Vajratala or VajralepaIngredients are
horns of cows, buffalo and goats,
hairs of donkey,
buffalo hide, cow hide,
Neem fruits,wood-apples and myrrh.
This mixture too should be boiled in water and
reduced to one-eight. In this glue some organicsubstances are also included
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Musical Pillars at Hampi, Vijaynagar AP
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5 Timber for Construction
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A civil engineer has to use different building materials including
wood.
The quality and durability of the structure depends upon
the wood used.
The life of the structure is also affected by trees grown in
its vicinity.
Hence a civil engineer should have some basic
knowledge about botany.
5. Timber for Construction
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Environment means neighborhood of
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Indian Botanical Classification
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Indian Botanical Classification
Western Botanists divide trees into two classes viz.;
1) Endogenous or growing from inside and
2) Exogenous or growing from outside.
Ancient Indian Botanists divide trees into four classes viz.;
1. NissarTrees having no hard core
2. Antassar-Trees having hard core inside
3. BahhissarTrees having hard core outside
4. Sarvassar- Trees having core throughout their cross-section
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1.Nissar trees are Pipal, Banyan and Holy fig.
However thick these trees grow they form no core.
Their flowers are closed. Fruits are bunch of flowers
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3. Antassar trees or Exogenous trees, as per
western Botanist, are Mango, Jackfruit, Neem
tree and other trees.
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Unsuitable trees
Pipal , Banyan , Holy fig, Kadamba
Saptaparn ,Tamarind Bilva Palash,
Pilu ,Kutaj, Shlemantak, Lodhra ,Parijat, Kovider, Shirish, Plaksha,
Mahadroom
Nissar trees and Sarvassar trees are
unsuitable construction
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Tree Recommended near Habitat
High trees or fruit bearing trees may be
allowed, provided they cast no shadow at
noon or overtop the building. The distance of
tree from house should be twice the height
of tree.
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T itt d t H bit t
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Trees permitted to grow near Habitat
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Classification of Trees
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According to Gender
Gender: This subdivisions is based on the
direction of growth of the tree.
Male trees : Trees strong vertically or in compression
Female trees: Trees strong laterally or in tension
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Hard wood Trees
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Hard wood Trees
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Classification of Trees
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According to Age
Classification of Trees
Age: This subdivisions is based on the five life spans
the tree: Child, Young, Adult, Aged and Dead
The trees in the middle three spans of life are to be used
for constructional purposes. The trees in the extreme two
spans (childhood and decay) of life should not be used.
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Formation test
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To ascertain the stage of life of a tree, a bore through
the stem, at two feet above ground is made. The age of
the tree is indicated by1) color of the core,
2) hardness and
3) juice oozing from the bore.
If a tree is already cut, instead of juice, the sound
produced by tamping with a heavy rod, will indicate the
stage of age.
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Directional suitability of Trees
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Directional suitability of Trees
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K t i W d
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Knots in Wood
The wood should not be full of or devoid of knots.
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Seasoning of wood
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For seasoning of wood, it should be placed on sandwith bottom portion facing wind blowing from west or
south direction.
Seasoning of wood
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Before felling the tree, the branches of tree
should be cut first to avoid unusual strains.
Felling the tree
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Preservation of Wood
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Preservation of Wood
The wood should be painted to avoid thelosses of oily substance. An oil coat should
be applied every year after rainy season.
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Frames and door shutters
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Wood for frames and door shutters should be of same
type so that the action of weather may be same on
both. Unequal action produces unequal strains and it is
detrimental to architecture.
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Woodwork Joints
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Rathakar - Maker of chariots
Badai - Carpenter Vidalkari - Women bamboo
worker
Names of wood workers - Shatapatha Brahman (3.6-12)
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6.Colors and Paints
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To enhance the aesthetics of any structure.
To improve the durability .
Vishnudharmottara Purana
Chitrasutra
Abhilisharthachintamani
Manosollas
Related ancient Indian texts
The main purpose of colors and paints
Basic Colors
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White, yellow, red, black and blue are fivebasic (pure) colors. All other compositecolors are made from these colors.
White color - White color is prepared from lime
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White color White color is prepared from lime
made of shells or mother of pearls or from white clay
(pottery clay-Kaolin). White color is prepared by
mixing resins of Neem or wood apple tree with white
soil or lime. The mixture is pulverized and dissolved
in hot water.
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Yellow color - Yellow color is prepared frompounding yellow wood trees (Haridra) and yellow
soil (from hills or river banks) together. Themixture is poured in clear water for two hours.The top yellow solution is stored in earth pot tillit dries. The dry powder is used for preparing
yellow color.
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Red color - Red color is prepared from Sindur (Vermilion), Gaierik
(R d h ) Hi l (Ci b ) L k h (Sh ll ) li h
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(Red ochre), Hingul (Cinnabar) or Laksharus (Shellac) to get light,
medium, dark and very dark shades respectively. Red ochre is finely
pulverized and sieved through a muslin cloth. The powder is cleaned by
mixing with water. Vermillion is mixed in water and stirred for 12 hours.
Manashil is dry pulverized by pounding in mortar with pestle. All these
colors are mixed with resin of Neem.
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Black color -Oil lamp is ignited in a mud pot. Inner
surface of another mud pot is smeared with powder of drycow dung. This pot is place on the first pot such that lampblack is coated inside the top pot. The lamp black is cleanedwith water before application.
Blue color - Blue color is prepared by drying a mixtureof blue minerals or indigo and resin of wood apple.
Golden color - Golden color is prepared from gold foilpulverized with fine sand. The mixture is poured in water andtop suspension is separated and mixed with adamantine glue.
The painted surface is polished with horn (of an ox or swine).
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Composite Colors
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Composite colors were made by mixing two
or more basic (pure) colors.Table Composite colors
Basic colors to be mixed Resulting composite color
White + Red Gour light Pink
White + Black +Yellow Shar color
White + Black Elephant skin colorRed+ Yellow Bakul flower color
2 parts Red+1 part Yellow flame color
Dark Red+Yellow Fire color
2 parts Yellow +1 part white gray color
2 parts Yellow +1 part black aqua color
White +Yellow skin colorYellow +Blue parrot green color
Shellac+Hingul Dark Red
Shellac+black Purple color
Blue+black Hair color
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Paintings at Ajanta & Ellora Cave
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This presentation is only a tip of huge iceberg i.e. Ancient IndianShilpashastra.
The main purpose to acquaint the engineers and students about theglorious heritage of ancient India.
Many of the ancient techniques may have become irrelevant with the
advent of modern materials and construction equipments. But onemust admire the wisdom of ancient engineers of India.
The ancient Indian texts are not religious books compiled for peopleof a particular religion or caste. These are encyclopedias of allsubjects.
If this presentation could inspire few research workers to look intoother hidden aspects related to their profession, the purpose ofthis presentation will be more than fulfilled.
Indias Contribution to World
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India s Contributionto World
Mantra Futuristic Invention
Ideas Tantra Technology
Yantra Machines & Mechanisms
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Acknowledgement
This presentation is based on published and
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This presentation is based on published and
unpublished works of Late K.V.Vaze and G.G.Joshi
Late K.V. Vaze
1869-1929
Late G.G. Joshi
1912-1992Ramtek -7 Aug 2014
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Review the Past with modern perspective- Kautilya