Construction Safety Handbook

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Construction

SafetyHandbook


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Construction Saety Handbook

PERSONAL INFORMATION

All reasonably practicable steps in accordance to sae and soundpractices must be taken to ensure workplace health, saety and

welare o all personnel during every phase o construction.

Name:

Designation:

Company:

Contact No:


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All rights reserved. This publication is not or commercial purposes.It is intended or the use o the Land Transport Authoritys ofcers

and its Contractors. No part o this publication may be reproduced

or transmitted in any orm or by any means, in part or whole, without

the prior written permission o the Land Transport Authority.

Copyright September 2012

Land Transport Authority, Singapore

Published by Land Transport Authority

Enquires can be directed to LTA Safety Division


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CONTENTS

IntroductionConstruction Safety Indicators

Risk Management

Behavioural Based Safety (BBS)

Confined Space

Electrical InstallationsExcavations

Fire Safety

First Aid

Hazardous Substances

Housekeeping

Ladders

Lifting Operations

Lockout Procedure

Machinery Guarding

Scaffolding

Tunnelling

Working At Height

Works Train Operation

Personal Protective Equipment

References

13

5

13

17

3343

55

67

71

77

89

93

121

127

133

149

157

163

173

183


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Some o the subsidiary regulations o WSH Act which are applicableto the construction industry are as ollows :

WSH (General Provisions) (Amendments) Regulations 2011

WSH (Construction) Regulations 2007

WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006

WSH (First Aid) (Amendment) Regulations 2011

WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2011

WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006

WSH (Explosives Powered Tools) Regulations 2009

WSH (Conned Spaces) Regulations 2009

WSH (Operations o Cranes) Regulations 2011

WSH (Scaold) Regulations 2011

This revised Construction Saety Handbook aims to provide project

teams, contractors and consultants a better understanding and

emphasis o the updated WSH regulations, LTAs Saety & Health

requirements and encourage sae work practices in construction

sites.

INTRODUCTION


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Accident Frequency Rate (AFR) :

Accident Severity Rate (ASR) :

X 1,000,000

X 1,000,000

No o MOM Reportable Accident

Manhours Worked

No o Mandays lost due to

MOM Reportable Accident

Manhours Worked

CONSTRUCTION SAFETY INDICATORS


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This page is intended to be let blank.



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Risk

Management



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RISK MANAGEMENT

WSH (Risk Management) Reg. 4 :The employer, sel-employed person and principal shall take all

reasonably practicable steps to eliminate any oreseeable risk

to any person who may be aected by his undertaking in the

workplace.

Where it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate the risk, theemployer, sel-employed person or principal shall implement :

a) such reasonably practicable measures to minimise the risk; and

b) such sae work procedures to control the risk.

The measures may include all or any o the ollowing :

a) substitution;

b) engineering Control;

c) administrative Control;

d) provision and use o suitable personal protective equipment.

Note: Elimination o hazards should take frst priority while use o PPEshould be the last line o deence.


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HIERARCHY OF RISK CONTROL

RISK MANAGEMENT

1. Elimination

2. Substitution

3. Engineering

Control

4. Administrative

Control

5. PPE


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RISK MANAGEMENT

Step 3:Risk Control

Step 2:Risk

Evaluation

Step 1:

HazardIdentifcation

Formulate control measures

according to the Hierarchy o

Controls

Analyse and evaluate residual

risks

Evaluate the risk levels o the

workplace hazards

Prioritise the hazards to becontrolled

Identiy hazards

Identiy potential accidents orincidents


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RISK MANAGEMENT

WSH (Risk Management) Reg. 2 :A hazard means anything with the potential to cause bodily

injury, and includes any physical, chemical, biological, mechanical,

electrical or ergonomic hazard.

A risk means the likelihood that a hazard will cause a specic

bodily injury to any person.

LTA General Specifcation :

The Contractor shall identiy all saety critical activities using the

risk matrix (please reer to next 2 pages) and ensure that a method

statement is prepared or each activity and accepted by the

Engineer beore commencement o such activities.

Likelihood Rating Description

Frequent I Likely to occur 12 times or more per year

Probable II Likely to occur 4 times per year

Occasional III Likely to occur once a year

Remote IV Likely to occur once in 5 year project period

Improbable V Unlikely, but may exceptionally occur

Accident Frequency (LTA General Specifcation)


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Consequences Rating DescriptionCatastrophic I Single or Multiple loss o lie rom injury or

occupational disease, immediately or delayed;and/ or

Loss o whole production or greater than 3days and/ or

Total loss in excess o $1 million

Critical II Reportable major injury1, occupational

disease1 or dangerous occurrence; and/ or Damaged to works or plants causing delayso up to 3 days; and/ or

Total loss in excess o $250,000 but up to $1million

Marginal III Reportable injury2, occupational disease2;and/ or

Damage to works or plants causing delays o

up to 1 day; and/ or,Total loss in excess o $25,000 but up to$250,000

Negligible IV Minor injury3, no lost time or person involvedreturns to work during the shit atertreatment; and/ or

Damage to works or plants does not causesignicant delays; and/ or

Total loss o up to $25,000

RISK MANAGEMENT

Note: (*) I more than one o the descriptions occurs, the severity ratingwould be increased to the next higher level. Applicable to item numbers2 and 3 only.1 For man-days lost greater than 7 days2 For man-days lost greater than 4 to 7 days3 For man-days lost greater than 1 to 3 days

Accident Severity (LTA General Specifcation)


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Risk Index Description Defnition

A Intolerable Risk shall be reduced by whatever

means possible.

B Undesirable Risk shall only be accepted i urtherrisk reduction is not practicable.

C Tolerable Risk shall be accepted subject todemonstration that the level o risk isas low as reasonably practicable.

D Acceptable Risk is acceptable.

RISK MANAGEMENT

Risk CategoryAccident Severity Category

I II III IV

Catastrophic Critical Marginal Negligible

Accident

Frequency

Category

I Frequent A A A B

II Probable A A B C

III Occasional A B C C

IV Remote B C C D

V Improbable C C D D

Risk Index Matrix (LTA General Specifcation)

Defnition o Risk Index (LTA General Specifcation)


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Sa

etyandHealthHazard

Log(LTAGeneralSpecif

cation)

F:Frequency(I=Frequent,II=Pro

bable,III=Occasional,IV=Remote,V=Improbable)

S:Severity(I=Catastrophic,II=Critical,III=Margial,IV=Negligible)

R:RiskIndex(A=Intolerable,B=U

ndesirable,C=Tolerable,D=Acceptable)

RISK MANAGEMENT


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BEHAVIOURAL BASED SAFETY (BBS)

LTA General Specifcation :The Contractor shall implement a BBS programme based on the

training provided by the Engineer. The BBS programme shall be

approved by the Engineer beore implementation.

The BBS programme shall include :

a) conducting a Saety Culture Survey through questionnaires.

The Contractor shall ensure that the Saety Culture Survey is

conducted eectively and interpreters shall be appointed i

necessary;

b) training o management sta, site supervisory sta, workers

and the appointed observers;

c) assigning Observers to conduct observations o sae andunsae behaviours. The Observers appointed shall base on the

ratio o 1 Observer to 50 workers. Each Observer shall conduct

regular observations o at least twice a week, and each duration

shall be about 20 minutes each;

d) direct Observers to input observations into the Engineers BBS

Database System or monitoring and analysis;e) organise goal setting committees chaired by senior site

management and introduce intervention strategies to correct

the unsae behaviours or continual improvement.


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BEHAVIOURAL BASED SAFETY (BBS)

Based on the result o baseline observation, a goal-setting committeewas ormed to set achievable targets or sae behaviour improvement orthe critical behaviours and monitor intervention results according to theintervention cycle below.

BBS Intervention Cycle

Step 1 :Observation results and causes o unsae behaviours communicated tosupervisors

Step 2 :Train the trainers (supervisors) on methods to promote sae behaviour

Step 3 :

Discuss and set new goals or next observation cycle


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Confined

Space



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WSH (Confned Spaces) Reg. 4 :Where a xed and stationary conned space is sited in a actory, it

shall be the duty o the occupier o the actory to:

a) make a record o the description and location o the conned

space; and

b) inorm persons who are liable to be exposed to the hazards

o the conned space, o the existence and hazards o theconned space.

CONFINED SPACE

Warning signage to inorm workers beoreentering into confned space


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WSH (Confned Spaces) Reg. 13 :The authorised manager or a conned space may issue a conned

space entry permit in respect o entry into or work in the conned

space i the authorised manager is satised that:

a) the level o oxygen in the conned space is within the range o

19.5% to 23.5% by volume;

b) the level o ammable gas or vapour in the conned space isless than 10% o its lower explosive limit;

c) the levels o toxic substances in the atmosphere o the

conned space do not exceed the permissible exposure levels

as specied in the First Schedule to the Workplace Saety and

Health (General Provisions) Regulations;

d) the conned space is adequately ventilated;e) eective steps have been taken to prevent any ingress o

dangerous gases, vapours or any other dangerous substances

into the conned space; and

) all reasonably practicable measures have been taken to ensure

the saety and health o persons who will be entering or

working in the conned space.

CONFINED SPACE


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Real-time Gas Monitoring

System

Permit-To-Work displayedon site

Provision o ventilation an and duct

CONFINED SPACE


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CONFINED SPACE

SS 510: 2005 :Conned space with little natural ventilation and no easy means o

escape or personnel; where there may be danger

a) rom :

(i) excessive concentration o certain gases, such as oxygen,

that supports combustion;

(ii) the accumulation o ammable or explosive air-gas

mixtures;

(iii) gases harmul to health; or

b) rom a combination o such gases; or

c) rom deciency o oxygen

the space shall be purged o all ammable or toxic liquids, gasvapours, or dust beore any welding or cutting is done and beore

any man enters a conned space. Suitable tests shall be perormed

by competent persons to ensure that no such hazardous

substances are present and that the oxygen content o the space is

adequate but not excessive.


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SS 568: 2011:The conned space saety

assessor shall conduct the

test in the ollowing sequence

unless all are conducted

simultaneously :

a) level o oxygen content;b) level o ammable gas or

vapour;

c) concentration o toxic gas

or vapour.Confned space ventilation

Source o ree air is obstructed

CONFINED SPACE


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LTA General Specifcation:Gas monitoring shall be conducted by a competent conned

space assessor to certiy that the conned space is sae or workers

to enter and thereater at every four-hour intervals.

Display o gas check

CONFINED SPACE


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CONFINED SPACE

WSH (Confned Spaces) Reg. 21:It shall be the duty o the responsible person o a person entering

into or working in a conned space to ensure, beore such entry or

work, that the person has rst received adequate saety and health

training or the purpose o amiliarising himsel with the hazards

associated with such entry into or work in the conned space and

the precautions to be observed.

Following courses are recommended or Confned Space works :

Saety Orientation Course (Manhole) or Workers

Saety Instruction Course (Manhole) or Supervisors

Confned Space Saety Assessor Course

Manhole Saety Assessor Course Occupational First Aid Course

Confned Space Entry and Rescue Course


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CONFINED SPACE

WSH (Confned Spaces) Reg. 22:An appointed conned space attendant shall remain outside the

conned space in order to :

a) monitor persons entering into and working in the conned

space;

b) maintain regular contact with the persons in the conned

space and when necessary assist them to evacuate should theneed arise; and

c) alert the persons appointed to carry out rescue work in the

event o an emergency.

Confned space attendant maintaining regularcontact with worker inside confned space


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CONFINED SPACE

WSH (Confned Spaces) Reg. 23:It shall be the duty o the responsible person o a person entering

into or working in a conned space to establish a written rescue

plan or the purpose o rescuing persons in the conned space in

the event o an emergency.

Emergency owchartprominently displayedon site

Emergency Escape Route and Assembly Area signs prominentlydisplayed on site


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CONFINED SPACE

WSH (Confned Spaces) Reg. 25:No person shall enter or remain, and no person shall require,

instruct or direct any person to enter or remain, in the conned

space or any purpose unless the person entering or remaining in

the conned space:

a) is wearing a suitable breathing apparatus;

b) has been authorised to enter by a competent person; and

c) when reasonably practicable, is wearing a saety harness with

a rope securely attached and there is a person keeping watch

outside who is provided with the means to pull him out in an

emergency.

Use o suitable breathingapparatus in confned

space


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CONFINED SPACE

SS 568: 2011:Forced ventilation:

The air supply shall be

rom a source ree rom

contamination.

Exhaust ventilation:

Exhaust air rom the

ventilation system shall

be exhausted to a location

outside the conned space.

LTA General Specifcation:In addition to the requirements

o the WSH (Conned Spaces)

Regulations and SS568:2011 (Code

o Practice or Conned Spaces),

the contractor shall also classiy

manholes, enclosed ormwork,culvert drains, excavations more

than 4 meters deep, partially

enclosed excavations and tunnels

as conned spaces and apply

all legislative requirements o

conned spaces.

Confned space ventilation


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CONFINED SPACE

LTA General Specifcation:The Contractor shall ensure that there is an certied man-riding

cage capable o taking a stretcher and two persons, together with

an identied crane equipped with rescue equipment, on standby

at all times whilst work is carried out in the conned space.

Where this is not reasonably practicable a stretcher which is

capable o being brought manually out o the conned spaceshould be located at a convenient point.

Example o man-riding cage which is capable o taking a

stretcher and two persons together


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CONFINED SPACE

SS 568: 2011:

Flowchart o procedures or confned space entry


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Electrical

Installations



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ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

WSH (Construction) Reg. 35:All electrical wiring in a worksite

shall:

a) be supported on proper

insulators; and

b) not be looped over nails or

brackets.

WSH (Construction) Reg. 35 :

No electrical wiring or cable shall be let or laid on the ground or

the oor o a worksite unless it is :

a) o the weather-proo type;

b) provided with adequate protection to withstand the wear and

tear to which it may be subjected; and

c) maintained in good and sae working order.

Hang cables on properinsulator, not let on wetground

Cables let lying on ground


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WSH (Construction) Reg. 37:It shall be the duty o the occupier o the worksite where any

electrical installation is used in the worksite to ensure that:

a) eective residual current circuit breakers are installed or all

temporary electrical installations to provide earth leakage

protection; and

b) overcurrent protective devices with the appropriate ratings areinstalled in the distribution board to provide overcurrent or

short-circuit protection.

Distribution board with Residual Current Circuit Breaker

(RCCB) and other saety devices


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CP 88: Part 1: 2001:All cables are to be installed without obstructing the passageways,

walkways, ladders, stairs, etc.

Proper cable management


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CP 88: Part 1: 2001:All plugs, socket-outlets and cable couplers likely to be exposed

to the weather shall be contained in waterproo enclosures unless

they are o the weatherproo type.

Water-prooed electrical installations


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Excavations



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EXCAVATIONS

WSH (Construction) Reg. 77:Where the depth o any excavation in a worksite exceed 4 metres,

adequate shoring by underpinning, sheet piling, bracing or other

means o shoring shall be made or erected in accordance with

the design o a proessional engineer to prevent collapse o the

excavation, or any other structures adjoining or over areas to be

excavated.

Poling boards extend above

edges o excavation to act as

toeboards

Ladder secured to guardrail

or sae access and egress

Exposed services

are supported

Guardrails


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EXCAVATIONS

WSH (Construction) Reg. 77:The open side o any excavation in a worksite which exceeds 2

metres in depth shall be provided with adequate guard-rails to

prevent persons rom alling into the excavation.

Notices shall be put up at appropriate and conspicuous positions

to warn persons about the excavation in a worksite.

Proper guardrail around a shat

Notices and guardrailprovided at excavation zone


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EXCAVATIONS

WSH (Construction) Reg. 77:All reasonably practicable measures shall be taken during any

excavation work in a worksite to prevent any person rom:

a) being trapped by the collapse o the excavation;

b) being struck by an object, such as an excavating machine or by

any material dislodged by the machine;

c) alling into the excavation; and

d) inhaling, or otherwise being exposed to, carbon monoxide or

other impurity o the air in the excavation.

Working area o excavator was barricaded


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EXCAVATIONS

WSH (Construction) Reg. 79:It shall be the duty o the occupier o worksite where any excavation

work is carried out to ensure that:

a) sae access to and egress rom the excavation in the worksite is

provided where persons are required to work in the excavation;

and

b) the access and egress is sufcient in numbers and installed insuch locations so as to be readily accessible.

Provision o well maintained walkway and access into excavation


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EXCAVATIONS

LTA General Specifcation:Designated walkways along walers and struts shall be levelled,

ushed without tripping hazards and with rigid guardrails and toe

boards securely provided.

Toe boards and netting are added to preventloose material rom alling into excavation


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EXCAVATIONS

RFID Tag taped insideworkers helmet

RFID gantry waserected to trackaccess to and egressrom confned space


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EXCAVATIONS

LTA General Specifcation:Excavators within the excavation pit shall have suitably reinorced

cabin roos capable o withstanding impact rom alling objects

rom the top o the excavation and its movement coordinated

by one o its operator, who shall be appointed as a leader by the

Contractor.

Excavator with reinorced roo


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Fire Safety



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FIRE SAFETY

SS 510: 2005:Oxygen cylinders in storage shall be separated rom uel gas

cylinders or combustible materials (especially oil or grease), or a

minimum distance o 6.0 m or by a non-combustible barrier o at

least 1.5m high having a re-resistance rating o at least hour.

SS 510: 2005:

No welding, cutting, or other hot work shall be perormed on used

drums, barrels, tanks or other containers until they have been

cleaned so thoroughly as to make absolutely certain that there are

no ammable materials present or any substances such as greases,

tars, acids or other materials which, when subjected to heat might

produce ammable (or toxic) vapours.

Separation o oxygen and acetylene cylinders by a minimumdistance o 6.0m

6m


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FIRE SAFETY

SS 510: 2005:All equipments used (or welding, cutting and other operations

involving the use o heat) should be visually examined at the

beginning o the day, beore being used. All hoses must be

checked to ensure they are ree rom cuts, cracks and other deects.

Deective hoses and apparatus must not be used. The gas supply

must be shut o at the regulators beore any changing o torches,hoses or other parts is done.

Beore starting the burning operations, checks must be made to

ensure that there is no ammable or combustible material nearby.

Deective hose should not be used


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FIRE SAFETY

Welding area was kept reerom ammable materials.Fire-extinguisher wasprovided nearby in caseo fre

Flammable materials ound

around the welding area


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FIRE SAFETY

WSH (General Provisions)Reg. 37:

Means o extinguishing

re shall be provided and

maintained and shall be readily

accessible, adequate, suitable

and tested by a competentperson at regular intervals.

Fire extinguisher was notmaintained

Provision o

fre-extinguishers


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FIRE SAFETY

Fire point completewith sand bags,fre-extinguishers,shovel, and waterbucket

Portable HandCranking Alarm


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First Aid



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FIRST AID

LTA General Specifcation:An approved rst aid station shall be provided and maintained at

all times. The station shall be ully equipped to treat illness and

injuries which can normally be expected to occur in work o the

types required by this Contract. Medical supplies shall be stocked

in the types and quantities recommended by the designated

doctor.

Provision oproper First AidRoom

Medical supplies properlymaintained


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HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

WSH (General Provisions) Reg. 41:Adequate warning notices in languages understood by all persons

at work in a actory speciying the nature o the danger o the

hazardous substances shall be placed:

a) at all entrances to any workroom; and

b) at appropriate locations,

where the hazardous substances are used or present.

GHS Pictograms:

Sources: https://www.wshc.sg/ghs


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CP 79: 1999:The occupier shall establish a control program which shall include:

a) maintenance o a register o hazardous materials compiled

rom Saety Data Sheets (SDS);

b) appointment o a competent person to receive such materials

and ensure its sae storage and use;

c) establishment o procedures or labelling, issue, distribution

and use;

d) communication o the hazards by the competent person to the

users;

e) designation o storage areas secured against unauthorised

access; and

) procedures or disposal.

Proper chemicalstorage area

with warningsigns, hazardclassifcation, saework practicesand PPE neededprominentlydisplayed



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LTA General Specifcation:The Contractor shall assess the Saety Data Sheets (SDS) o all the

hazardous substances and chemicals or its suitability in terms o

SHE hazards and consider saer alternatives prior to its entry to site.

Saety Data Sheet displayed on notice board



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LTA General Specifcation:The Contractor shall ensure that all hazardous substance or

chemical containers are labelled, its movement is recorded and

returned to the designated storage areas when not in use.

The Contractor may store petrol up to a maximum volume o 5

litres on Site provided that it is kept in a suitably constructed store

which is licensed by the SCDF.

Chemical containers properly labelled



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HOUSEKEEPING

Scattered construction materials


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HOUSEKEEPING

Improper storing and stacking o unused materials


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HOUSEKEEPING

WSH (Construction) Reg. 27 (b):Any sharp projection which is present in any passageway, stair,

platorm and other means o access or place o work in the

worksite and which may injure any person is removed or otherwise

made sae.

LTA General Specifcation:

The Contractor shall provide capping on all protruding starter

reinorcement bars with individual plastic/ rubber caps or with

hose/ tube.

Protruding objects at eyelevel

Protruding objects werecapped


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HOUSEKEEPING

LTA General Specifcation:The Contractor shall implement a 5S housekeeping method

approved by the Engineer. The method shall be based on a

Japanese quality management concept based on cyclical

methodology. The 5S shall consist o Seiri, Seiton, Seiso, Seiketsu

and Shitsuke.

1. SEIRI

(SORT/ ORGANISE)

2. SEITON

(SET IN PLACE/

ORDERLINESS)

5. SHITSUKE

(SUSTAIN/ DICIPLINE)

Maintain established proceduresand make it a custom

Put things in order &Clearly distinguish

needed itemsrom unneeded

and eliminatethe latter

4. SEIKETSU

(STANDARDISE)

3. SEISO

(SWEEP/ SHINE/

CLEANLINESS)

To arrange things

properly & Keepneeded items in

the correct place

to allow or easyand immediateretrieval

Keep the

workplace neatand clean

The method bywhich Sort, Set

in Place, and

Sweep/ Shinemade habitual

Sources :

1. http://www.lean.state.mn.us/photos.htm2. https://www.wshc.sg/wps/themes/html/upload/event/fle/3%205S%20MATL%20SKS.pd


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HOUSEKEEPING

Seiri (Sort/ Organise)Focus on sorting out unnecessary items and disposing them

away rom the site.

Seiton (Set in Place/ Orderliness)

Arrange the necessary items in a neat, proper manner or easy

retrieval and to return them to their original locations.

Seiso (Sweep/ Shine/ Cleanliness)

Thoroughly clean and inspect the site.

Seiketsu (Standardise)Maintain a high standard o housekeeping at site by keeping

everything clean and orderly at all times.

Shitsuke (Sustain/ Discipline)

Train people to ollow good housekeeping standards, and to

inculcate sel-discipline through continuous practice.

Thus, by adopting the 5S model, a site with good housekeeping

and maintenance will be ensured.

DEFINITION OF 5S


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Materials were segregated and stored in an organised andorderly manner

HOUSEKEEPING


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Materials were segregated and stored in an organised andorderly manner

HOUSEKEEPING


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Using vacuum cleaner to prevent dust

accumulation in the station box

HOUSEKEEPING


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Ladders



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LADDERS

WSH (Construction) Reg. 44:Every ladder in the worksite shall be positioned and securely xed

when used by any person carrying out any work so as to prevent

slipping, swaying or sagging.

Ladders should be securedduring use


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LADDERS

LTA GeneralSpecifcation:

No vertical access ladders

exceeding three meters in

length is allowed on site.

Landing was provided but atan interval exceeding3 meters


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Lifting

Operations



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LIFTING OPERATIONS

WSH (General Provisions) Reg. 21:Every liting appliance and liting machine shall be thoroughly

examined by an authorised examiner at least once every year

(once in every 6 months or LTA projects) or such other intervals as

the Commissioner may determine.

LM certifcate displayed on crane


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LIFTING OPERATIONS

WSH (Operation o Cranes) Reg. 16 (c):The crane operator need to ensure that any outrigger when it is

required is ully extended and secured.

Outriggers not ullyextended

Outriggers resting onplank


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LIFTING OPERATIONS

LTA General Specifcation:Steel plates o minimum dimensions 1m X 1m X 25mm shall be

placed under all the outriggers o any lorry mounted mobile crane

deployed or a liting operation unless that crane is entirely sited

on hard standing such as a reinorced concrete surace, with no

void underneath.

Correct placement o steel plates or outriggers (outriggers ullyextended)


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LIFTING OPERATIONS

Interlocking device or outriggers


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LIFTING OPERATIONS

WSH (Construction) Reg. 135:The capacity chart shall:

a) be posted and maintained in the crane which is clearly visible

to the operator;

b) set out the sae loads or various lengths o jib at various angles

and radial distances; and

c) be prepared and certied by an authorised examiner, unless it

is urnished by the manuacturer or builder o the crane.

Capacity chart displayed in language (Japanese) notcomprehensible to the crane operator and liting supervisor


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LIFTING OPERATIONS

Capacity chart in language (English) understood by the craneoperator and liting supervisor

Load capacity indicator


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LIFTING OPERATIONS

SS 536:2008:Hook block shall not be allowed to hit the boom tip. Operator shall

exercise care when hoisting up or telescoping out o the boom

to provide sufcient length o wire rope. Two-block damage-

preventing devices shall be tted.

Sensing devices toOver-Hoisting LimitSwitch


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LIFTING OPERATIONS

SS 536: 2008:Load hooks shall be provided with a swivel and saety latch.

The rated capacity o the liting hooks shall be clearly and

permanently marked on them.

The dead weight o the hooks shall also be clearly marked.

Load hooks with swiveland saety latch

No saety latch


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LIFTING OPERATIONS

SS 536:2008:For cranes with derricking jibs, the maximum boom angle shall be

80o to the horizontal except or tower arrangements and automatic

means shall be provided to stop the boom hoisting operation rom

exceeding the maximum allowable angle.

Boom angle indicator


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LIFTING OPERATIONS

LTA General Specifcation:Cranes tted with a load radius indicator (LRI) shall sound an

audible alarm in the crane cab i its sae working load is exceeded

on either the main or auxiliary hook. A second alarm connected to

the LRI, shall be tted external to the cab and shall emit a signal o

a sufcient volume to make it audible above the ambient site noise

levels during working hours. Visual warning shall also be providedexternally to indicate sae working range and overload conditions.

Externally fttedaudible alarm

Visual warning lightinstalled on crane ornight work :

Green (within SWL),Amber (reaching SWL)Red (exceeded SWL)


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LIFTING OPERATIONS

LTA General Specifcation:The Contractor shall ensure that no liting operation shall be

carried out on site using the auxiliary hook o a mobile crane

unless the SWL o this is shown on the LM certicate in addition to

that o the main hook block, and is not exceeded.

Craneinormation,including SWLo auxiliary lineprominentlydisplayed oncrane

The SWL o the auxiliary hook and the main hook is shown onthe LM certifcate


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LIFTING OPERATIONS

LTA General Specifcation:Minimum clearance o

600mm between the crane

and any xture or other

machinery.

n:

Provision o clearance more than 600mm

600mm


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LIFTING OPERATIONS

LTA General Specifcation:No excavator shall be used as a liting machine on site unless it is

originally designed and manuactured to also unction as a liting

machine and complies with all MOM stipulated requirements.

List o MOM requirements or excavator to perorm liting unctions :

a) the excavator has been originally designed and manuactured to

also unction as a liting machine;

b) the excavator shall be equipped with original hook(s) with saety

catch or hoisting purposes;

c) the excavator shall have a load capacity chart urnished by the

manuacturer or builder;

d) the excavator shall be equipped with an accurate indicator

which shows clearly to the operator, the working radius and the

corresponding sae working load at all times and gives a warning

signal when the radius is unsae; and

e) any other applicable requirements as stipulated in the WSH Act

and its subsidiary legislations.

Indicator with working radiusand corresponding SWL


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LIFTING OPERATIONS

LTA General Specifcation:All cranes without manuacturer tted data loggers operating on

LTA sites shall be retrotted with data loggers approved by the

Engineer.

All cranes with manuacturer tted data loggers shall have the

data loggers enabled when operating on LTA sites.

Crane Data loggers (Black Box)


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LIFTING OPERATIONS

LTA General Specifcation:When not in used, the Contractor

shall ensure that all items o the

LG/LA are stored in a rack sheltered

rom the weather and maintained

regularly. Should any LG/LA be

exposed to a corrosive material e.g.wet concrete, it must be washed and

re-greased.

Liting gears properly stored and maintained in good condition


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LIFTING OPERATIONS

LTA General Specifcation:The Contractor shall implement an inspection programme to

thoroughly check all LG/LA by a liting supervisor prior to its rst

use and thereater on a monthly basis. A monthly colour coding

system shall be adopted. Deective LG/LA shall be discarded.

Colour-coding system

GREEN

JanuaryMay

September

SLINGS MUST BE

DESTROYED AND

DISCARDED!

UNSAFE,

DO NOT USE!

WHITE

AprilAugust

December

BLUE

FebruaryJune

October

YELLOW

MarchJuly

November

RED


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LOCKOUT PROCEDURE

WSH (General Provisions) Reg. 14:The occupier shall ensure that all practicable measures are taken

to protect any person against the risks o electric shock arising

rom or in connection with the use o any electrical installation or

equipment.

Live switchgears locked with warningtags

Do notTamper tag

Danger sticker


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LOCKOUT PROCEDURE

WSH (General Provisions) Reg. 16:It shall be the duty o the occupier o a actory to establish and

implement lock-out procedures relating to the inspection, cleaning,

repair or maintenance o any plant, machinery, equipment or

electrical installation in the actory that, i inadvertently activated

or energised, is liable to cause bodily injury to any person.

SS 571: 2011:

Locks should be provided by the responsible person/ occupier

and should be the only authorised device(s) used or the lockout

o energy sources. They should be singularly identied and

specically approved or lockout.

Placement o a lockout device on anenergy isolating device


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LOCKOUT PROCEDURE

Keys to all work areas, padlocks, tags and signs

are kept securely by the Authorised Person


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LOCKOUT PROCEDURE

SS 571: 2011:Procedures shall be established or shit or personnel changes

to ensure the continuity o lockout or protection. It shall include

a procedure or the orderly transer o lockout or devices rom

departing to incoming authorised individuals to minimise

exposure to hazards.

Every room is kept with a logbook to record and monitor allactivities going on


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Machinery

Guarding



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MACHINERY GUARDING

SS537: Part1: 2008:The xed guard should be provided to prevent access to

the hazardous parts o the machinery. It should be o robust

construction, sufcient to withstand the stresses o the process

and environmental conditions.

Fixed guard installedto prevent workerrom coming intocontact with themachines hazardousmoving part


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Fixed guard installed to prevent worker rom coming intocontact with the machines hazardous moving part

MACHINERY GUARDING


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Scaffolding



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SCAFFOLDING

WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 10:Every scaold in a workplace shall be constructed, erected or

installed on structures or oundations o adequate strength.

In the case o a scaold in a workplace exceeding 15 metres in

height or being erected on poorly drained soil, base plates shall

bear upon sole plates that are :

a) o strength not less than 670 kg per square metre; andb) o a length suitable to distribute the load.

There shall be no cavity under the sole plate immediately below

any standard o a scaold in a workplace.

Stacked timber pieces as

oundation is not acceptable

Absence o base plate


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SCAFFOLDING

Scaold erected on a proper oundation


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SCAFFOLDING

WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 13:Ensure that stairs or ladders are provided to enable persons to gain

access rom one level o any scaold in a workplace to another

level and so ar as is reasonably practicable, are installed within

the scaold.

No proper access provided


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SCAFFOLDING

WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 18:Work platorms in a workplace shall be provided:

a) at any place o work which does not aord a proper and secure

oothold; and

b) in the case o a building under construction, around the edge

o the building at every uppermost permanent oor which is

under construction.

Scaold without proper working platorm, access and edgeprotection


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SCAFFOLDING

WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 19:Signboards stating the maximum permissible weight o tools and

materials and the maximum number o persons permissible on

each bay shall be prominently displayed at suitable locations on

the scaold in a workplace.

Sae Working Load prominentlydisplayed


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SCAFFOLDING

WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 21:Any board or plank which orms part o a work platorm shall

project beyond its end support to a distance o not less than 50

millimetres and not more than 4 times the thickness o the board

or plank unless it is eectively secured to prevent tipping or uplit.

End o board was eectively secured


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SCAFFOLDING

WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 21:All board, planks or decking used in the construction o work

platorm shall:

a) be o uniorm thickness;

b) be capable o supporting a load o 670kg per square metre

with due regard to the spacing o the supports; and

c) be ushed along their lengths and secured.

Work platorm not ushed along their lengths and

secured


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SCAFFOLDING

WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 22:Every side o a work platorm or workplace rom which a person is

liable to all more than 2 metres shall be provided with toe-boards

and 2 or more guards-rails.

Toe-boards and guard-rails were provided along the workplatorm

> 2.0 m


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SCAFFOLDING

WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 26:Ensure that no scaold is used unless it has been inspected by a

scaold supervisor:

a) upon completion o its construction, erection or installation, as

the case may be;

b) thereater, at intervals o not more than 7 days immediately

ollowing the date o the last inspection by the scaoldsupervisor; and

c) ater exposure to weather conditions likely to have aected

strength or stability or to have displaced any part.

Erected scaold was inspected by scaold

supervisor


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SCAFFOLDING

WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 27:Scaold supervisor who carries out the inspection o a scaold

under regulation 26 shall immediately ater such inspection,

display a notice or label indicating whether the scaold is sae or

use or otherwise.

Scaold inspected and tagged Sae to Use


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SCAFFOLDING

Mobile Tower Scaold


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SCAFFOLDING

WSH (Scaolds) Reg. 31:Every alternate lit and every uppermost lit o an independent

tied metal scaold in a workplace shall be eectively tied to the

building or structure by means o ties.

Reveal tie Edge protection withtoeboards

Distribution

board

Eyebolt Through tie


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Tunnelling



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TUNNELLING

WSH (Construction) Reg. 83:In a worksite where tunnelling works are carried out:

a) all areas in the tunnel shall be adequately illuminated; and

b) emergency generators are provided to ensure adequate

illumination o the tunnels and work areas in the event o a

ailure in the power supply.

Well illuminated tunnel


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TUNNELLING

WSH (Construction) Reg. 84:In a worksite where tunnelling works are carried out:

a) proper control o ingress and egress o persons to and rom any

tunnel under construction in the worksite shall be exercised;

b) a chart listing the names o persons working in the tunnel and

their location o work shall be displayed at the main entrance to

the tunnel and be regularly updated; andc) notices to warn persons against unauthorised entry shall be

displayed at all points o entry to the tunnel.

Tally board placed near excavation opening


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TUNNELLING

WSH (Construction) Reg. 85:No diesel engine shall be used in a tunnel unless it is so constructed

that no air enters the engine without rst being cleaned, and no

umes or sparks shall be emitted by the engine:

a) oil, grease or uel stored in the tunnel shall be kept in tightly

sealed containers in re resistant areas at sae distances rom

explosives, magazines, electrical installations and away rombottom o shats;

b) gasoline or liqueed petroleum gases or other ammable

substances shall not be used in the tunnel without the approval

o the project manager o the worksite.

Tunnel kept ree o combustiblematerial Provision o fre

point in tunnel


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TUNNELLING

WSH (Construction) Reg. 95:No oxy-acetylene shall be used in the compressed air environment

in the worksite.

WSH (Construction) Reg. 104:

Where work in a compressed air environment in a worksite is

carried out:a) no person shall consume alcohol or smoke while at work in the

compressed air environment;

b) no person shall carry cigarettes, cigarette lighters, matches or

other sources o ignition into the compressed air environment;

and

c) no person who has consumed alcohol shall be allowed to

undergo compression in any lock in the worksite other than in

a medical lock.

No smoking sign at entrance into

excavation


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Working At

Height



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WORKING AT HEIGHT

WSH (General Provisions) Reg. 23:Any person who has to work at a place rom which he would be

liable to all:

a) a distance o more than 2 metres; or

b) into a substance which is likely to cause drowning or

asphyxiation

shall be provided with a secure oothold and handhold at a place

so ar as is reasonably practicable or ensuring his saety.

Provision o secureoothold and handhold


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WORKING AT HEIGHT

WSH (General Provisions) Reg. 23:Where it is not reasonably practicable to provide a secure oothold

or handhold, other suitable means such as saety harness or saety

belt shall be provided or ensuring the saety o every person

working at such places.

Saety harness should be provided


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Works Train

Operation



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WORKS TRAIN OPERATION

Point Numbers marked clearly to avoid conusion

Point secured with G Clamp & Point Scotch or a Sae Shunting

movement


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Buer installed at the end o track to prevent overrun o train

Warning signage posted on Works Train


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Ground Shunter using coloured ags to direct an approachingtrain

Sector Limit Board with ashing light is used by the Possession

Master who has ull control o a sector or demarcation purposes


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Service Vehicle Load Gauge installed to ensure loads ormaterials on the train will not protrude beyond allowable limits

Materials are secured onto the wagon beore moving o to

avoid derailment caused by objects on the rails


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Demarcation o Defned Areas

Warning signages posted or Defned Areas


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Liting Operation at the Shat must be authorised by LitingEngineer

Providing proper access


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Track trolley with scaold materials let unattended within theDefned Area and no sight o any working group within thevicinity

Access gate into theDefned Area unlockedand unattended by thePossession Master


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Personal

Protective

Equipment



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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

WSH (Construction) Reg. 33:It shall be the duty o the employer o any person who carries out

any work in a worksite or the principal under whose direction any

person carries out any work in a worksite to provide and maintain

the appropriate personal protective equipment to the person.

The protection is as ollows:

a) eye protectionb) all protection

c) oot protection

d) hand protection

e) head protection

) hearing protection; and

g) respiratory protection.

Signage to remind sitepersonnel to put on PPE


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LTA General Specifcation:The contractor shall provide, maintain and enorce the usage o

PPE or all the personnel on site at all times. The ollowing PPE shall

be compulsory in site:

a) saety helmets with chin strap conorming to SS98 showing the

contract number;

b) saety ootwear with steel toe cap and steel sole plateconorming to SS513;

c) high-visibility vest/clothing conorming to BS EN 471;

d) saety belts shall be provided or restraining alls or saety

harness or all protection. Saety belts and harness shall comply

with SS528 series (Personal all-arrest systems), SS541 (Restraint

belts) and SS570 (Personal protective equipment or protectionagainst alls rom a height Single point anchor devices and

exible horizontal lieline systems);

e) respirators / dust masks o the appropriate standard shall be

provided or activities generating dust or ume.


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Respiratory Protection

Dust Mask:

It is relatively comortable butoers minimal protection due toinerior sealing qualities.

Hal-ace respirators:

Relatively light-weight as well asoer good protection.

Full-ace respirators:

Heavier than hal-mask and lesscomortable but it oers moreprotection through its bettersealing qualities.

It also protects the eyes and acerom irritating vapours.


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Hearing Protection

Ear Plugs:

Ear plugs provide better noise protection i properly ftted intothe ear canal. Generally, NRR (Noise Reduction Rating) or ear

plug is higher than NRR or ear mu.

Ear Mus:

Ear mus provide lower level o noise protection as comparedto ear plugs. However, the wearer is most likely to get the ratedprotection due to its ease o providing proper ft.


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Hand Protection

Metal mesh gloves:

Protect hands romaccidental cuts andscratches rom workingwith cutting tools.

Leather gloves:

Guard against injuriesrom sparks or scrapingagainst rough suraces.

Note:

When selecting chemical resistance gloves, be sure to consult themanuacturers recommendations.

Latex-coated Kevlargloves:

Improve grip and protecthands rom cut andabrasion.

Chemical resistant gloves:

Protect hands romcorrosives, oils, andsolvents.


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Chart o cut resistance level

Sources:

Making Sense o Cut Resistance by National Saety, Inc. (USA)

www.nationalsaetyinc.com

Note:

Please reer to manuacturers recommendations and the above chartwhen selecting a pair o cut resistant gloves.


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Foot Protection

Saety boots

High heeled waterproosaety boots


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Fall ProtectionFall Arrest

Fall Restraint

Saety harness Stop the all (keep the wearer rom hitting theground ater a all rom the edge).

Saety belt Restraint wearer rom alling (keep the wearer away

rom the edge).


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REFERENCES

CP 79: 1999 : Code o Practice or Saety Management System orConstruction Worksites

CP 88: Part 1: 2001: Code o Practice or Temporary Electrical

Installations (Construction and Building Sites)

LTA General Specication Appendix A

Workplace Saety and Health Act

WSH (Conned Space) Regulations 2009

WSH (Construction) Regulations 2007

WSH (First Aid) (Amendment) Regulations 2011

WSH (General Provisions) (Amendment) Regulations 2011

WSH (Operation o Cranes) Regulations 2011

WSH (Scaolds) Regulations 2011SS 510: 2005 : Saety in welding and cutting (and other operations

involving the use o heat)

SS 536: 2008: Code o Practice or The Sae Use o Mobile Cranes

SS 537: Part 1: 2008 : Sae Use o Machinery

SS 568: 2011 : Code o Practice or Conned Spaces

SS 571: 2011 : Code o Practice or Energy Lockout and Tagout


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NOTES

Documents

Construction Safety Handbook