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Construction Hazards and Standards
MODULE 21
2 ©2006 TEEX
Construction vs. General Industry
“Construction, alteration and/or repair, including painting and decorating” is under 29 CFR 1926 – 29 CFR 1910.12
Repair of existing facilities; replacement of structures and their components
Interpretation: Construction vs. Maintenance
3 ©2006 TEEX
29 CFR 1926 Organization
A. GeneralB. General InterpretationsC. General Safety and Health ProvisionsD. Occupational Health and Environmental
ControlsE. Personal Protective and Life Saving
EquipmentF. Fire Protection and PreventionG. Signs, Signals, and BarricadesH. Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and
Disposal I. Tools – Hand and Power
4 ©2006 TEEX
29 CFR 1926 Organization
J. Welding and CuttingK. ElectricalL. ScaffoldsM. Fall ProtectionN. Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, and ConveyorsO. Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, and
Marine OperationsP. ExcavationsQ. Concrete and Masonry ConstructionR. Steel Erection
5 ©2006 TEEX
29 CFR 1926 Organization
S. Underground Construction, Caissons, Cofferdams, and Compressed Air
T. DemolitionU. Blasting and the Use of ExplosivesV. Power Transmission and DistributionW. Rollover Protective Structures; Overhead
ProtectionX. LaddersY. Commercial Diving OperationsZ. Toxic and Hazardous Substances
6 ©2006 TEEX
Hazards and Standards
What hazards are employees exposed to: When they set up a drilling site? When they grade land or excavate? When they clear a site for use?
Regulations in 29 CFR 1926: Subpart P – Excavations Subpart O – Motor Vehicles, Mechanized
Equipment, and Marine Operations If blasting: Subpart O
Excavations29 CFR 1926 Subpart P
8 ©2006 TEEX
Excavation Hazards
Excavating is recognized as one of the most hazardous construction operations
Fatality rate for excavations is twice that of construction as a whole
Cave-ins: More likely to result in fatalities than other excavation hazards
9 ©2006 TEEX
Hazards of Excavation Work
Cave-ins Underground utilities Materials/equipment falling into
excavation sites Asphyxiation Explosion Falls Drowning
10 ©2006 TEEX
Soil Mechanics
Unit weight of soils: Varies with type and moisture content 1 cubic foot can weigh 100 to >140 lbs 1 cubic meter can weigh >3000 lbs
11 ©2006 TEEX
Types of excavation collapse
12 ©2006 TEEX
Heaving or Boiling
13 ©2006 TEEX
Definitions
Excavation: any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in an earth surface, formed by earth removal.
Trench (Trench excavation): a narrow excavation (in relation to its length) made below the surface of the ground. Depth>width; width <15 feet <15 feet between structure and side
14 ©2006 TEEX
Definition – Competent Person
Training, experience, and knowledge of: Soil analysis Use of protective systems Requirements of 29 CFR Part 1926 Subpart P
Ability to detect: Conditions that could result in cave-ins Failures in protective systems Hazardous atmospheres Other hazards including those associated with confined
spaces Authority to take prompt corrective measures to
eliminate existing and predictable hazards and to stop work when required
15 ©2006 TEEX
1926.651 Specific Excavation Requirements
a. Remove or support surface encumbrances (competent person)
b. Determine location of all underground utilities before opening excavation
OneCall system / 811 Use safe means to determine exact
locations & protect underground utilities
16 ©2006 TEEX
1926.651(c) Access & Egress
Structural ramps for access and egress designed by competent person & constructed according to design Bar is higher for equipment ramps
Access & egress ramps designed to avoid slipping or tripping
17 ©2006 TEEX
1926.651(c) Access & Egress
Stairway, ladder, ramp, other safe egress within 25 feet of employees in trenches >4 feet deep Ladder requirements apply, including
extending 3 feet above top surface
Every 25'
4' or greater
18 ©2006 TEEX
1926.651 Specific Excavation Requirements
d. In traffic areas, reflective vests required
e. No workers underneath loads handled by lifting or digging equipment.
f. Barricades, stop logs or hand signals for mobile equipment operating near excavations
19 ©2006 TEEX
1926.651(g) Hazardous atmospheres
In excavations 4 feet or more where hazardous atmospheres are likely to exist must test atmosphere before entering and retest as necessary Unsafe below 19.5% oxygen Stay below 20% of lower flammable limits
Ventilation or PPE must be used as required
Rescue equipment available
20 ©2006 TEEX
1926.651(h) Water Accumulation
Precautions required before working for water in excavations
Competent Person must monitor control measures
If diverting surface water, must take steps to prevent water from entering trench
21 ©2006 TEEX
1926.651(i) Stability of adjacent structures
Structures adjacent to excavations must be supported if stability is affected
No excavation below adjacent footings unless underpinned, or stable rock, or approved by PE
No undermining pavements unless supported
22 ©2006 TEEX
1926.651 Specific Excavation Requirements
j. Protect employees from falling rock, soil, or materials/equipment falling into excavations.
Keep materials 2 feet from edge Retaining devices/barricades
k. Inspections by competent person, daily and as needed during shift
l. Walkways to cross excavations
23 ©2006 TEEX
1926.652 Requirements for protective systems
Protection of employees in excavations
Design of sloping and benching systems
Design of support systems, shield systems, and other protective systems
Materials and equipment Installation and removal
24 ©2006 TEEX
1926.652(a) Protection of employees in excavations
Use adequate protective system, except Excavations entirely in stable rock <5 feet and competent person sees no
potential for cave-in
Capacity for all reasonably expected loads
25 ©2006 TEEX
1926.652(b) and (c) Design of sloping and benching systems
Four choices for sloping: Slope for type ‘C’, no steeper than 34° Use sloping choices from Appendices A, B Tabulated data determined by a PE Designed by a PE
For support systems, shield systems, other: Design using Appendices A, C, D Manufacturer’s tabulated data Other tabulated data determined by a PE Designed by a PE
26 ©2006 TEEX
1926.652(d) Materials and equipment
Materials for protective systems free from damage & defects
Used according to manufacturer’s specifications
If damaged, competent person must determine suitability for continued use
27 ©2006 TEEX
1926.652(e) Installation and removal of support
Support system members securely connected together
Installed & removed to assure employee safety
Keep within design capacity
Remove from bottom first, and backfill as you remove
28 ©2006 TEEX
1926.652(f) Sloping and benching systems
No working on sloped or benched faces unless employees below are protected
29 ©2006 TEEX
1926.652(g) Shield systems
Shield systems not subject to loads exceeding their capacity
Installed to restrict lateral movement Employee protection provided while
entering/exiting shields No employees in trench during installation or
removal of shields May excavate up to 2 feet below shield with
proper conditions
Subtitles & TransitionsFOR EXAMPLE…Trench box
Shielding
Shoring
31 ©2006 TEEX
1926 Subpart P Appendix A - Soil Classification
A method of categorizing soil and rock deposits in a hierarchy: Stable Rock Type A – cohesive soil >1.5 tsf – with
exceptions Type B – cohesive soil >.5-1.5 tsf or
granular, disturbed, vibrated, fissured, layered
Type C – cohesive soil <.5 tsf or granular, submerged, layered…
32 ©2006 TEEX
33 ©2006 TEEX
Soils - Types & Particle Size
Gravel larger than 2 millimeters
Sand Between 0.075 and 2 millimeters
Silt Between 0.002 and 0.075 millimeters
Clay Smaller than 0.002 millimeters
.
34 ©2006 TEEX
Additional soil classification
Layered geological strata: based on weakest layer
May be classified individually if weaker is on top of stronger
35 ©2006 TEEX
36 ©2006 TEEX
1926 Subpart P Appendix A - Soil Classification
Each soil and rock deposit shall be classified by a competent person
Classification made based on at least one visual and one manual analysis
37 ©2006 TEEX
Visual tests: Particle size
38 ©2006 TEEX
Visual tests
Clumping Cracks or spalling Existing utilities/previously disturbed soil Layers and slope Water in surface, seeping, water table Vibration sources
39 ©2006 TEEX
Manual tests
Plasticity Dry strength Thumb penetration Pocket penetrometer or shearvane Drying test
Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, and Marine Operations
29 CFR 1926 Subpart O
41 ©2006 TEEX
Organization of Subpart O
1926.600 - Equipment. 1926.601 - Motor vehicles. 1926.602 - Material handling equipment. 1926.603 - Pile driving equipment. 1926.604 - Site clearing. 1926.605 - Marine operations and equipment. 1926.606 - Definitions applicable to this
subpart.
42 ©2006 TEEX
1926.600(a) Equipment - General Requirements
Lights/reflectors on unattended equipment next to highway
Protection for tire changes on split rims Elevated equipment: protect from falling Parking brake, plus chocks for inclines Batteries: by Subpart K Cab glass: safety glass with no visible
distortion Movement around power lines or transmitters Stops for railroad cars on spurs
43 ©2006 TEEX
1926.601 – Motor Vehicles
a. Coverage. Motor vehicles that operate within an off-
highway jobsite, not open to public traffic Not for material handling equipment
covered under 1926.602.
44 ©2006 TEEX
1926.601(b) General requirements
Brake system in operable condition: Service brake system Emergency brake system Parking brake system
2 headlights & 2 taillights if needed, depending on visibility
Brake lights regardless of visibility
45 ©2006 TEEX
1926.601(b) General requirements
Audible warning device (horn) Obstructed rear view: must have
Reverse signal alarm audible above surrounding noise level or
Backed up only when observer signals that it is safe
Windshields & powered wipers on cabs Fix cracked glass Defogger/defroster where necessary
46 ©2006 TEEX
1926.601(b) General requirements
Haulage vehicles: cab shield and/or canopy adequate to protect the operator from shifting or falling materials
Secure tools and material from movement in compartments with employees
Seats firmly secured and adequate for employees being carried
47 ©2006 TEEX
1926.601(b) General requirements
Seat belts and anchorages meeting 49 CFR Part 571
Dump bodies supported, locked into position for maintenance or inspection
Latch on hoisting/dumping devices to prevent accidental operation
Trip handle of dump truck tailgate: operator must be clear when dumping
48 ©2006 TEEX
1926.601(b) General requirements
Rubber-tired equipment must have fenders or mud flaps
Vehicles checked at beginning of shift: All brake systems Tires Horn Steering Coupling Seat belt
ControlsSafety devicesLights/reflectorsWipers/defrostersFire extinguishers
49 ©2006 TEEX
1926.602 – Material Handling Equipment
Application: Scrapers, loaders, crawler or wheel
tractors, bulldozers, off-highway trucks, graders, agricultural and industrial tractors, and similar equipment
Compactors and rubber-tired "skid-steer" equipment: reserved
50 ©2006 TEEX
1926.602(a)(2) Seat belts
Provided and must meet standards Not necessary for standup operations Not necessary for equipment without
roll-over protective structure (ROPS) or canopy protection ROPS: See 1926 Subpart W
51 ©2006 TEEX
1926.602(a) Earthmoving equipment; General
Access roadways and grades Must be constructed and maintained for
safe movement of equipment involved Emergency access ramps or berms to
restrain and control runaway vehicles Service braking system
Capable of stopping and holding fully loaded equipment
SAE standards apply
52 ©2006 TEEX
1926.602(a) Earthmoving equipment; General
Fenders on pneumatic-tired earth-moving equipment >15 mph Suspended pending reevaluation
ROPS and overhead protection: Subpart W
Horns for bidirectional machines Reverse signal alarm Guard all scissor points
53 ©2006 TEEX
1926.602(b) Excavating and other equipment
Seatbelts for tractor operation Power Crane and Shovel Associations
Standards No. 1 and No. 2 of 1968, and No. 3 of 1969 adopted
54 ©2006 TEEX
1926.602(c) Lifting and hauling equipment
Other than that covered by Subpart N 1926.600 and:
Ratings clearly visible and not exceeded No modifications or additions without
manufacturer’s written approval Multiple trucks together: proportion of load
must not exceed capacity Steering knobs not attached unless
spinning prevented
55 ©2006 TEEX
1926.602(c) Lifting and hauling equipment
Overhead guards for high lift rider industrial trucks
ANSI B56.1-1969 Riding on industrial trucks:
No unauthorized personnel Safe place to ride
56 ©2006 TEEX
1926.602(c)(1)(viii) Lifting Personnel
Only where designed for that purpose by manufacturer! (interpretation)
Safety platform secured to lifting carriage or forks
Riding personnel must be able to shut off power to truck
Falling object protection
57 ©2006 TEEX
Powered industrial truck training
Identical to 1910.178
58 ©2006 TEEX
1926.603 Pile driving equipment
General requirements Barges or floats: 1926.605 Pile driving equipment
59 ©2006 TEEX
1926.604 Site clearing
Protect from toxic/irritant plants Instruct in first aid treatment
Rollover guards Overhead and rear canopy guards:
At least 1/8” steel plate or 1/4” wire mesh with up to 1” openings
Rear of canopy: at least 1/4” wire mesh with up to 1” openings
60 ©2006 TEEX
1926.605 Marine operations and equipment
Material handling: 1918, Longshoring Access to barges Working surfaces of barges First-aid and lifesaving equipment Commercial diving operations: 1926
Subpart T
61 ©2006 TEEX
1926 Subpart W: Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS)
This construction equipment must have ROPS meeting minimum performance standards: Rubber-tired, self-propelled scrapers Rubber-tired front-end loaders Rubber-tired dozers Wheel-type agricultural and industrial tractors Crawler tractors Crawler-type loaders Motor graders, with or without attachments NOT sideboom pipe laying tractors
62 ©2006 TEEX
Rollover Protective Structures
Purpose: Prevent complete overturn; minimize possibility of crushed operator
Driver could still be crushed if not wearing a seatbelt!
Also in subpart W: Testing provisions Rule for overhead protection
Scaffolds29 CFR 1926 Subpart L
64 ©2006 TEEX
Application of Scaffold Regulations
What is a scaffold? What is covered by 29 CFR 1926
Subpart L? Where are scaffolds used in oil and
gas?