Construction equipment (19.11.11)

Construction Equipment

Indian construction equipment market among the top 10

•In 2007, the size of the Indian construction equipment market was about US$ 2.4 billion to US$ 2.64 billion, a fraction of the US$ 75 billion global market.•The market grew more than 30 per cent over 2006 in comparison to a growth of 5 per cent globally.•The Indian market comprises 200 domestic manufacturers (small, medium and large) and the top six players account for about 60 per cent of the market.•The import market was in excess of US$ 375 million in 2007.•There is a huge scope to improve revenues from services for construction equipment.•Global service revenues scaled up 11 per cent to 20 per cent as compared to Indian companies.•Exports are expected to be worth US$ 100 million to US$ 200 million by 2010, after having registered a Compound Annual Gowth Rate (CAGR) of 30 per cent over the period 2001 to 2005.

The industry has four major segments

Basic Skills needed by Construction Managers

– Estimating– Computer– Leadership/supervisory– Communication = writing and oral skills– Negotiating

– Team Building

Construction Methods & Management


Construction Management Functions

• Coordination

• Planning & Scheduling

• Purchasing & Expediting

• Supervision

• Cost Control

• Documentation and Reporting


Construction Management Functions

• Quality Control/Quality Assurance

• Estimating

• Safety and Risk Management

• Contract Administration

• Claims Analysis/Avoidance


Additional Skills & Knowledge needed by Construction Engineers

• Surveying (GPS, GIS, Hydrographic)

• Structural Design

• CADD/Drafting

• Specialization in Mechanical, Electrical,

Chemical, or Environmental disciplines


Construction Engineering Functions

• Preparation and Review of Shop Drawings

• Constructibility & Sequencing Studies

• Value Engineering

• Erection Diagrams and Procedures

• Survey & Layout


Executive Functions

• Corporate Management

• Strategic Planning

• Marketing & Business Development

• Public Relations

• Labor Relations


Executive Functions

• Ultimately responsible for quality, safety, production, and general financial health.


Construction training can be valuable to design professionals……

• To enable them to produce practical and efficient designs

• Develop needed management skills

• Learn scheduling techniques that can be applied to the preconstruction process


Project Life Cycle


Life Cycle of a Constructed Facility

1. Concept and Feasibility

2. Engineering and Design

3. Procurement

4. Construction

5. Startup and Implementation

6. Operation or Utilization


What is Construction?

Application of art and science

Inherently dangerous

Organized chaos

Mankind using creativity, knowledge, strength, determination, and persistence to control his environment

Problems Facing Construction Industry:

• Highly traditional and fragmented; slow to embrace new technology

• Restrictive/outdated building codes

• Labor agreements and craft jurisdictional issues

• Liability and legal considerations

• Lack of profit motive or other incentive

Problems Facing the Construction Industry:

• Government regulation

• Environmental constraints

• NIMBY syndrome

• Global competition


“The Blame Game”

Overview of the Construction Industry

• 10% of GNP

• Employs over 10,000,000 workers

• Annual Volume exceeds $800 billion

• Vital to the Nation’s economic health and quality of life


Industry Divisions

1. Residential Construction

2. (Institutional & Commercial) Building Construction

3. Heavy Construction

4. Industrial Construction


Industry Divisions

1. Residential Construction

2. (Institutional & Commercial) Building Construction

3. Heavy Construction

4. Industrial Construction


Residential • Types

– Single family houses

– Multi family dwellings

– High-rise apartments & condominiums

• 30-35 % of the industry

• Low capital and technology requirements


Residential (continued)

• Largely private

• Often speculative

• Developers = surrogate owners

• Designed by architects, builders/developers

Building Construction

• Institutional and Commercial Construction

– Schools and universities

– Medical clinics and hospitals

– Recreational facilities and sports stadiums




– Retail stores and shopping centers

– Warehouses and light manufacturing

– Office buildings (single story to sky scrappers)

– Hotels, convention centers, and theaters


Building Construction• Institutional and

Commercial Construction– Churches and

Synagogues– Prisons– Courthouses and other

government buildings


• 35-40 % of construction market• Larger and more complex than

residential • Various owners (mostly private)• Designed by architects and engineers


Heavy Construction

• Horizontal Construction

• 20-25% of the construction industry

• Mostly public financing or large consortium


Heavy Construction

• Highway & Bridges• Railroads & Urban Transit

Systems• Tunnels and Dams• Airports• Canals• Port & harbor structures


Heavy Construction

• Pipelines• Sewer Systems• Water treatment & distribution

systems• Power & communication

networks• Landfills



Heavy Construction

• Mass quantities of basic materials: earth, rock, steel, timber, and concrete

• Constructors need knowledge of engineering and geology

• Engineers and builders are often specialized


Heavy Construction

• Greatest impact on land and water

• High degree of mechanization

• Contracts awarded through competitive bidding

Industrial Construction

• Very large scale projects

• High degree of technological complexity

• Designed and built by the largest firms with the highest level of technical sophistication

• Represent 5-10% of the market



• Petroleum refineries

• Steel mills & aluminum plants

• Chemical processing plants



• Fossil fuel & nuclear power plants

• Other heavy manufacturing facilities



• Complex mechanical systems, process piping, and instrumentation

• Civil, but also mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering disciplines involved

• Mostly private ownership (in western countries)



• Negotiated contracts are typical

• “Turnkey” contract arrangements are common

• Design-constructor must be intimately familiar with the technology and operations of the facility


Construction Industry is further subdivided into sectors or segments by:

• Public vs. private ownership/funding• Union labor vs. open shop• Organization and method of project delivery• Type of work: new vs. rehab/retrofit/restoration• Contract type


Construction equipment are heavy duty vehicles, specially designed for executing Civil Engineering and construction tasks.Modern construction is a complex affair, projects are quite big and are complicated.They require a long duration for their completion and huge amount of fund.It has become essential now to use construction equipment to economies the cost of construction.Advantages of using Construction equipment:• Tough work which is beyond the scope of the manual labour can be performed efficiently and speedily.• At the time when human labour is uncertain, machines are the only alternatives, further these equipment are not affected by social and economic conditions of the region. • Due to use of machines, proper planning and execution of work can be made which reduces the overall cost of project.• Equipment utilization help in rapid industrialization of country.

Drawback of using machines are: It creates unemployment to human labour. Requires regular maintenance, work progress stops during break down. It requires to have stand byes – increases the total cost of the project. Requires huge early investment.

Factors considered at the selection stage: suitability for the job with specific reference to climate and other operating conditions. Size of the equipment. Standardization and variety reduction. Degree of utilization. Suitability of local conditions. Adaptability. Technical considerations.

Technical considerations:• Strength• Vibration stability• Resistance to wear and Tear• Reliability• Maintainability

Planning of Construction Equipment:o Equipment planning on major construction project besides its relation includes type of equipment, number and size of machines, type and amount of works to be done, availability of equipment and its parts including facilities for repair and maintenance etc.o The type of equipment depends on type of work, amount of work, soil conditions and type of material to be handled. o The number and size of equipment depend on amount of work, working days availability, number of shifts, availability of labour etc.o Along with planning of selection of the equipment, planning of equipment operation, its relation with other jobs under execution etc. should be done properly.o Many times due to lack of knowledge of equipment, either equipment lies idle or work is not taken from the equipment of his capacity.o Topographical conditions where the equipment is to be used should be considered properly while selecting and planning execution operation of equipment.o Proper records of operation of equipment must be maintained. This gives an idea about the production, usage, break-down hours, amount spent on repairs etc.

Selection of Construction Equipment:Proper selection of equipment increases the speed of construction and makes project most economical. Some general considerations for selection of equipment are:

As far as possible only equipment available with ease should be selected. Unless & until it is ascertained that new equipment will earn more than its cost can be used in future also, it should not be purchased.

Choice should be restricted to standard equipment, special equipment should be selected if job justifies its selection.

Topographical conditions, type of soil, existing approaches and roads working conditions etc., must be studied.

Less variety of equipments should be used, more varieties means more skilled workers, more spare parts requirements and more production cost.

It is always better to purchase an equipment manufactured within the country.

Size of equipment should be made according to the amount of work. It is better to use more than one equipment of small size than using of one of large size.

Obsolescence of the equipment should not be overlooked.

Equipment should be capable of doing more than one job, but it should be versatile.

The technical and economic aspects should be analysed before selection.

Documents

Construction equipment (19.11.11)