Construction Engineering and Management 1 Cost Benefits Structural Safety Architect Feasibility Assessment of architects Functional Aesthetic constructability

Construction Engineering and Management1

Cost

Benefits

Structural Safety

Architect

Feasibility AssessmentFeasibility Assessment of architects of architects

Functional

Aesthetic

constructability

maintainability


Design, should be provided the basic following requirements:

Functional requirements Communication requirements User needs and requirements Hygienic and comfort requirements Aesthetic requirements• Structural Safety Constructional requirements• Maintainability Economic requirements


Time

Cash

Subs

Labor

Materials

Equipment

Resources

Elements of any Project (Resources)Elements of any Project (Resources)


Time

Cash

Subs

Labor

Materials

Equipment

The Contract

Standards The Law

RelationshipsRelationships


Others

Government

LaborContractors

Owners

Architects/Engineers

Banking/Financing

Agents

Contractors

MaterialSuppliers

ProjectManager

The ChallengeThe Challenge

(Architect)


Project ManagementProject Management

• Project Management is the overall planning, control and coordination of a project from inception to completion aimed at meeting the client’s requirements and ensuring completion on time, within cost and to the required quality standards (Safety).


Schedule

QualityBudget

ProjectManagement

Project Management Challenges

PlanningConstructionControlling

Arch.Struc.


Planning

Funding

Design

Bid & Award

Construction

Operate

Project Life CycleProject Life Cycle


Designer

Owner

Contractor

Project Participants

Owner Rep Authority

Surety

Project ParticipantsProject Participants



Owner/client, is the one who sponsors the construction project and ultimately utilizes it. A client can be a public entity, or a private enterprise.

Government: Infrastructure development projects, such as roads, bridges, water supply and sewage systems, power plants, public transportation systems, etc.

Private (individual): Residential house, office building.

Private (company): Construction for investment goals. For example commercial office and shopping complexes, and multi-unit residential buildings.

Owner/ClientOwner/Client


Designer (architect/engineer) conducts the initial feasibility study and prepares the complete design of the facility.

Design Process

Proposal bythe client

Proposal bythe client

ArchitecturalDesign

ArchitecturalDesign

EngineeringDesign

EngineeringDesign

Drawing andSpecificationsDrawing and

Specifications

Feedback

The architect and engineer can be from the same firm or from different firms.

DesignerDesigner


Architect-Engineering (A/E) Companies

Employ both architects and engineers.

Complete design services under one roof.

May provide construction management (CM) service.

Separate Architect and Engineer

Owner selects the architectural and engineering firms based on their individual competencies.

Suitable for large-scale projects that require specialized skills in both fields

The firms that are only involved in engineering designs are called consulting engineers.

DesignerDesigner


The term constructor is used to include both contractors and specialty contractors or subcontractors, who build the facility.

General Contractor: A general contractor (GC) takes the sole responsibility to construct the facility. The GC in turn may hire several subcontractors depending on specialty.

Specialty contractor or Sub-contractor: One who is appointed by the GC or sometimes by the owner for a particular task, e.g. temporary works, excavations, piling work. May or may not be in privity with the owner.

Construction Manager at Risk: In many ways similar to general contracting.

ConstructorConstructor


Project Team (Options)

• Conventional Setup• Owner + Designer• Owner + Contractor• Designer + Contractor• Design-Build-Operate


Owner

Architect/Engineer General Contractor

SubSub Sub

Field observations

Owner

Architect/Engineer General Contractor

SubSub Sub

Field observations

Conventional Setup

Project TeamsProject Teams


Owner + DesignerOwner

Architect/Engineer

General Contractor

SubSub Sub

Government: Public works department; roads and highways department

Private: Oil-drilling company

The construction work is awarded to one (GC) or sometimes several (prime) contractors. Usually such organizations have their own construction management staff to supervise the projects.



Owner + Contractor

Owner/Contractor

SubSub Sub

Architect/Engineer

This form of project organization is limited to only real estate development. The owner-contractor entity is sometimes called a builder-developer, particularly in the USA.

The design is usually performed by an outside A/E firm hired by the builder-developer



Designer + Contractor

Owner

Design/Build Firm

Design forceConstruction

force

SubSub Sub

Design-build team.

Advantage: Improved coordination by combining two major functions of construction - design and building

Disadvantage: difficulty of obtaining competition between suppliers and the complexity of evaluating their proposals



Design-Build-Operate

Owner

Designer/Builder/Operator

Design force

Contractor

Operator

Designer + Contractor + Operator + Financier.

Turnkey projects.

Advantage: Operation needs incorporated in design. No cash outlet for owner.

Disadvantage: limited competition, long term contract.

Financier



…and where is the money coming from?

General Revenue: Capital improvement and/or operating budgets of public agencies as approved by the legislative body and funded with tax revenue.

Trust Funds: Funds created by special taxes (such as gasoline) that can only be used in accordance with the trust guidelines (highway construction).

Bonds: Commercial paper sold in the financial markets.

Banks: Commercial loans secured by an interest in the property.

The proverbial mattress

FinancingFinancing


Project Life CycleProject Life Cycle

Linear Nature of the Project Life Cycle


Quality

Schedule

Scope

Risk

Project

Budget

Communication

Interaction

Coordination

The ProjectThe Project


Cost

Benefits

Consequences

Alternatives

Feasibility AssessmentFeasibility Assessment



• Determination of whether the solution to a problem is suitable, acceptable, and attainable.– Engineering FeasibilityEngineering Feasibility– Economic FeasibilityEconomic Feasibility– Financial FeasibilityFinancial Feasibility– Social and Political FeasibilitySocial and Political Feasibility– Environmental FeasibilityEnvironmental Feasibility



• Engineering Feasibility– The proposed system must be capable

of performing its intended function.– Conventional design analysis procedures

can be used to assess engineering feasibility.

– In addition, the construction or implementation of the system must be possible.


• Economic Feasibility– A proposed system is economically

feasible if the total value of the benefits that result from the system exceed the costs that result from the system.

– Economic feasibility depends on engineering feasibility because a system must be capable of producing the required output in order to produce benefits.




• Financial Feasibility– The owner must have sufficient funds to

pay for project before the proposed system is considered to be financially feasible.

– Financial feasibility may or may not be related to economic feasibility. (fulfill non-economic goals).

– It is also possible that an economically feasible project is financially infeasible because the owner is not able to obtain enough money to implement the system.


• Social and Political Feasibility– Political and social feasibility is assured if the

required political approval can be obtained and if the potential users of the system will respond favorably to system implementation.

– Usually, political support is gained after evidence of engineering and economic feasibility has been presented. However, political pressure may be quite strong for a specific system even if it is economically infeasible.

– Groups that feel that they are adversely affected often oppose economically feasible systems because non-economic factors have not received sufficient emphasis.

Feasibility Assessment


Feasibility Assessment

• Environmental Feasibility– It involves the assessment of the environmental

consequences of the proposed system.– Because of the increased societal concern

about potential short and long term influences on the environment, the development and implementation of most engineering systems of any magnitude require formal study of the expected environmental consequences if the project is implemented. This study results in what is known as an environmental impact statement.


Project Life

• Physical Life– The physical life of a system ends when

it can no longer physically perform its intended function.

– The physical life of a building does not end if the building is converted from a hotel to a museum. Its physical life ends when it can no longer provide shelter or support the loads sustained in the use of the building.


Project Life

• Economic Life– The economic life of a system ends when the

incremental benefit from continuing operation of the system no longer exceeds the incremental costs of continuing operation.

– This point usually occurs when the annual operation, maintenance, and repair (OMR) costs equal or exceed the annual benefits from the system.

– Since a program of regular maintenance and periodic replacement of worn parts may extend the physical life of a system almost indefinitely, the economic life is usually shorter than the physical life.

Documents

Construction Engineering and Management 1 Cost Benefits Structural Safety Architect Feasibility Assessment of architects Functional Aesthetic constructability