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Constitutional Republic: The Directory, 1795-1799. S T A R T E R. Wednesday, 12 November 2014. Why was the Directoire overthrown?. KI3: Radical Revolution 1793-1799. Wednesday, 12 November 2014. Session Aims. identify the reasons why the Directory was unable to continue - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Constitutional Republic: The Directory, 1795-1799
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S T A R T E R Napoleon’s surname
Name of the coup bringing Napoleon to power in 1799
Country of NB’sfirst major military disaster
NB’s title from 1799-1804
Country of NB’s victorious campaigns earning him fame
Rank he achieved by age of 24
Country of his birth.
Departement of constant war and rebellion
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Wednesday 19 April 2023
Why was the Directoire overthrown?
KI3: Radical Revolution 1793-1799.
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Wednesday 19 April 2023
Session Aims
Events of 1789.
• identify the reasons why the Directory was unable to continue
• assess the role of different groups in the downfall of the Directors
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Thermidorian Reaction
1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1804
Robespierre Executed (7/28/94)
-Thermidorian Reaction Begins
Rule of the Directory
Price Controls
Abolished
Constitution of 1795
Coup d’etat of Fructidor
(September 4) 1797
• Coup d’etat of Brumaire (11/9/1799)
• Consulate begins
• End of Revolution?
Napoleon crowned Emperor
=Restoration Begins
White Terror attacks
Jacobins
Consulate of NB
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The Weakness of the Directory• Constitution of 1795
– Supported mainly by Wealthy– Restricted the politically active
class– Universal male suffrage selected
electors– Electors were usually wealthy– Electors chose department
officials and members of the Legislative Assembly
– Lower Chamber= Council of the 500
– Upper Chamber= Council of Ancients (250)
• Chose the Directory (5 executives)
Council of Ancients
Council of 500
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Opposition to the Directory
The Directory
STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES
FAILURES
THREATS
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Opposition to the Directory
Gracchus Babeuf & Lower Class (hurt by Laissez Faire); Declaration of Verona
and Conspiracy of Equals; the Count of Provence; Jacobins; Hebertists ; Royalists
The Directory
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Directory’s Enemies on the Right• Louis XVIII
– Count of Provence – Directed royalists against
Directory from Verona, Italy– not too politically bright– Declaration of Verona
• announced his intention to restore Old Regime and punish revolutionaries since 1789 (doh!)
– “Bourbons learned nothing and forgot nothing.”
– French don’t love Con of 1795 but Restoration to them means
• Return of privileged nobility• Reimplementation of the
manorial system
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Directory’s Enemies on the Left• Conspiracy of Equals
(1796)• group led by Gracchus
Babeuf • Wanted to overthrow the
Directory with a dictatorship
• called it democratic• Wanted to abolish private
property, equality decreed• a precursor to communism• Babeuf is guillotined• Yet Directory ignored
hardships of lower classesGracchus Babeuf
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Fashion: Convention v Directory Periods
Radical Period Thermidorian Period
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Napoleon• Educated in a French military school
• Barras, head of state security, selected Napoleon to defend the Convention against
attacks by royalists
• Married Josephine de Beauharnais, a leader of society
• In two years he defeated theAustrians, won control of most of Italy, and made the Peace of Campo Formio unilaterally!
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• French royalists won elections
• Republicans worked a coup d’etat, with Napoleon's help, the “Coup d’etat of Fructidor”
• Directory annulled the 3/1797 elections and made peace with Austria
• France also annexed Belgium and the west bank of the Rhine
The Political Crisis of 1797: Summary
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Coup d’etat of Fructidor: Details
• 3/1797- first free election is held:
• Royalists win many seats and are gaining political control
• Republicans, regicides, and Napoleon can not let royalists get control
(Napoleon, for one, never would have risen in “Old Regime”)
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Coup d’etat of Fructidor (September 4, 1797):
•The Directory annuls the elections of the spring to keep the royalists out and Directors violate their own Constitution of the year III.•Directory first purges 2 Directors: One, Lazare Carnot, driven into exile, also Bathelemy.•To save the republic (they said), they had to violate their own constitution…
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Foreign Policy of Directory• Expansion continues:• 10/1797- Treaty of
Campo Formio • Austria recognizes
French annexation of Belgium (former Austrian Netherlands) & Northern Italy
• Pope deposed and Roman Republic declared
• Only England is still at war with France
• Napoleon’s aggression is directed toward Egypt
Young Napoleon
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Who had deserted the Directory after 1797? Why?
WHO? WHY?
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The Coup d’Etat of 1799 Bonaparte• After Fructidor constitutionalism is given
up• Directory becomes an ineffective
dictatorship– They repudiate debts– Guerrilla activity in Vendee flares up– Religious schism becomes more acute
as Directory persecutes refractory clergy
• Napoleon feints toward India with the invasion of Egypt (indirect strike at British)
• British fleet cuts off French army in Egypt• Napoleon abandons his army and returns
to Paris on his own.
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• Directory is looking for a general to keep a lid on France
• Abbe Sieyes says “confidence from below, authority from above”
• Coup d’ etat of Brumaire (11/9/1799)
• Napoleon is chosen as a member of the Consulate (3) and becomes first Consul 11/1799
The Coup d’Etat of 1799: Bonaparte
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Steps to Brumaire…
1797
1798
1799
COUP OFBRUMAIRE
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