Constitutional PeriodConstitutional Period

Unit IIBUnit IIB

AP American HistoryAP American History

A New Form of Government?A New Form of Government?

► States drafted new constitutionsStates drafted new constitutions Defined citizens’ rightsDefined citizens’ rights Increased the power of the legislaturesIncreased the power of the legislatures Fear of powerful executivesFear of powerful executives

► Republicanism vs. democracyRepublicanism vs. democracy Republicanism preferred landed elites, power in Republicanism preferred landed elites, power in

the hands of a fewthe hands of a few Democracy synonymous with “mob rule” and Democracy synonymous with “mob rule” and

development of corrupt factionsdevelopment of corrupt factions Debate on who may voteDebate on who may vote

► Whites? Property owners? All males? Women? Whites? Property owners? All males? Women? Christians?Christians?

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

► Each state retains its “sovereignty, freedom, Each state retains its “sovereignty, freedom, and independence”and independence”

► Unicameral legislature and weak national Unicameral legislature and weak national governmentgovernment No executive or judicial systemNo executive or judicial system Could not regulate commerceCould not regulate commerce

► Voting and RatificationVoting and Ratification Each state received one voteEach state received one vote No new tax or amendments without unanimous No new tax or amendments without unanimous

consentconsent

The Good: Northwest TerritoryThe Good: Northwest Territory► Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785

36-square-mile township36-square-mile township Each township divided into 36 Each township divided into 36

sections of 640 acres eachsections of 640 acres each► $1 each acre$1 each acre

Sections set aside for school Sections set aside for school and churchand church

Some land set aside as source Some land set aside as source of federal revenueof federal revenue

► Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Forbade slavery north of Ohio Forbade slavery north of Ohio

RiverRiver Admitting statesAdmitting states

► Appoint territorial officialsAppoint territorial officials► Once 5,000 adult males Once 5,000 adult males

settled then vote on settled then vote on temporary constitution and temporary constitution and legislaturelegislature

► When population at 60,000, When population at 60,000, residents approve state residents approve state constitutionconstitution

Angered NativesAngered Natives► Hoped for British supportHoped for British support► Deals with the SpanishDeals with the Spanish

The Bad: Problems with the The Bad: Problems with the ArticlesArticles

► War debt led to increased borrowing from War debt led to increased borrowing from abroadabroad

► Lack of faith in currency led to inflationLack of faith in currency led to inflation► Failure to generate and appropriate fundsFailure to generate and appropriate funds

No regulation of commerce and limited taxationNo regulation of commerce and limited taxation

► New England suffers from British trade New England suffers from British trade prohibitionsprohibitions

► Middle States have prosperous harvestsMiddle States have prosperous harvests► Southern States introduce new crops Southern States introduce new crops

leading to underemployment of slave laborleading to underemployment of slave labor

The Ugly: Shays’s Rebellion (1786-The Ugly: Shays’s Rebellion (1786-1787)1787)

► Tensions riseTensions rise Jay-Gardoqui TreatyJay-Gardoqui Treaty

► Spain’s rights to Spain’s rights to Mississippi RiverMississippi River

New England’s New England’s depressiondepression

Merchants and Merchants and shippers preferred a shippers preferred a stronger government stronger government to secure improved to secure improved commercecommerce

► Massachusetts farmers Massachusetts farmers in serious debtin serious debt

► Held meetings protesting Held meetings protesting “tyrannical Mass. “tyrannical Mass. government”government”

► Daniel Shays led 2,000 Daniel Shays led 2,000 men to shut down men to shut down western courts to avoid western courts to avoid foreclosuresforeclosures Failed but support for Failed but support for

Shays and farmers grewShays and farmers grew► Nationalists more Nationalists more

determined to reform the determined to reform the Articles fearing disunionArticles fearing disunion

Toward a ConstitutionToward a Constitution► Annapolis Convention (1786)Annapolis Convention (1786)

After a meeting run by Washington, delegates from five states After a meeting run by Washington, delegates from five states meet in Maryland to discuss interstate commercemeet in Maryland to discuss interstate commerce

Decide to reform Articles with other delegatesDecide to reform Articles with other delegates► Constitutional Convention at PhiladelphiaConstitutional Convention at Philadelphia

All states but Rhode IslandAll states but Rhode Island Held in secrecyHeld in secrecy Common nationalist viewpointCommon nationalist viewpoint Reform Articles or devise new government altogether?Reform Articles or devise new government altogether?

► The DelegatesThe Delegates 55 total delegates; all white males55 total delegates; all white males Mostly wealthy, middle-aged, professional (especially lawyers or Mostly wealthy, middle-aged, professional (especially lawyers or

politicians)politicians) 19 delegates owned slaves19 delegates owned slaves George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Benjamin George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Benjamin

FranklinFranklin

Representation?Representation?

► Virginia PlanVirginia Plan Strong central governmentStrong central government Virtually total legislative Virtually total legislative

control over the statescontrol over the states Bicameral legislatureBicameral legislature

► Proportional Proportional representation to each representation to each states population in both states population in both houseshouses

► Lower house directly Lower house directly electedelected

► Lower house elected Lower house elected upper house with input upper house with input from state legislaturesfrom state legislatures

► Both houses chose Both houses chose executive and judicialexecutive and judicial

► New Jersey PlanNew Jersey Plan Unicameral Unicameral

legislaturelegislature Each state with an Each state with an

equal voteequal vote

Great CompromiseGreat Compromise

►Bicameral legislatureBicameral legislature Lower house (House of Representatives) Lower house (House of Representatives)

based on proportion of each state’s based on proportion of each state’s population and directly electedpopulation and directly elected

Upper house (Senate) based on equal Upper house (Senate) based on equal representation of 2 senators each and representation of 2 senators each and elected by state legislatureselected by state legislatures

►NOTE: Virginia and New Jersey Plans NOTE: Virginia and New Jersey Plans allowed for Congress to pass revenue allowed for Congress to pass revenue bills, regulate commerce, supremacy bills, regulate commerce, supremacy over statesover states

Separation of Powers/Checks Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances/Federalismand Balances/Federalism

►National government divided equally National government divided equally among three branches: legislative among three branches: legislative (make laws), executive (enforce laws), (make laws), executive (enforce laws), judicial (interpret laws)judicial (interpret laws)

►Each branch checked each otherEach branch checked each other►Federalism: division of powers Federalism: division of powers

between national government and between national government and statesstates

Three-Fifths Compromise and Three-Fifths Compromise and SlaverySlavery

►Concerning representation, Southern Concerning representation, Southern states requested slave populations states requested slave populations counted while Northern states noted counted while Northern states noted hypocrisy and advantagehypocrisy and advantage

►Each slave counted as 3/5ths a personEach slave counted as 3/5ths a person►Prohibited citizens from preventing Prohibited citizens from preventing

return of escaped slavesreturn of escaped slaves► Importation of slaves banned by 1808Importation of slaves banned by 1808

Federalists vs Anti-Federalists vs Anti-FederalistsFederalists

► Strong central Strong central governmentgovernment

► Well-funded and Well-funded and politically organizedpolitically organized

► Favored by Favored by merchants, urban merchants, urban centers, frontiersmencenters, frontiersmen

► The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers Federalist No. 10Federalist No. 10 Federalist No. 51Federalist No. 51

► States rightsStates rights► Argued for a Bill of Argued for a Bill of

RightsRights► Favored by small Favored by small

farmersfarmers

Bill of RightsBill of Rights

► First Ten First Ten AmendmentsAmendments

► Guarantee of civil Guarantee of civil libertiesliberties

► First AmendmentFirst Amendment Establishment Establishment

ClauseClause Freedom of…Freedom of…

► Tenth AmendmentTenth Amendment FederalismFederalism

Washington and the Washington and the ConstitutionConstitution

► Washington unanimously electedWashington unanimously elected John Adams as VPJohn Adams as VP Status and leadershipStatus and leadership

► The CabinetThe Cabinet Secretary of State, Treasury, Secretary of State, Treasury,

War; Attorney GeneralWar; Attorney General► Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789

NOTE: Supreme Court held NOTE: Supreme Court held final decisionsfinal decisions

Established federal judicial Established federal judicial systemsystem

Federal district court in each Federal district court in each statestate

Attorney General createdAttorney General created► Whiskey Rebellion (1794)Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Use of federal troops exemplified Use of federal troops exemplified national powernational power

Hamilton and the National Hamilton and the National BankBank► Reports on the Public Reports on the Public

CreditCredit Develop the nation’s credit Develop the nation’s credit

especially abroadespecially abroad Fund debt by selling bondsFund debt by selling bonds Assume state debtsAssume state debts Pay off interest rather than Pay off interest rather than

pay principle: “perpetual pay principle: “perpetual debt”debt”

Opponents argued wealthy Opponents argued wealthy would benefit greatlywould benefit greatly

► Southern farmers fear growth Southern farmers fear growth of Northern businessesof Northern businesses

Brokers a deal with Madison Brokers a deal with Madison and Jeffersonand Jefferson

► Assume debtAssume debt► Capital in the SouthCapital in the South

► Report on a National BankReport on a National Bank Safe place for revenuesSafe place for revenues Develop nation’s creditDevelop nation’s credit Issue of paper notesIssue of paper notes Established as a private Established as a private

institutioninstitution Opponents - Jefferson and Opponents - Jefferson and

MadisonMadison► Another attempt to enrich the Another attempt to enrich the

Northern businesses and Northern businesses and commercial interestscommercial interests

Washington signs into law in Washington signs into law in 17911791

► Chartered for 20 yearsChartered for 20 years► Hamilton argued based on Hamilton argued based on

“necessary and proper clause” “necessary and proper clause” (SEE MCULLOGH V. MARYLAND (SEE MCULLOGH V. MARYLAND - 1819)- 1819)

Opposition and Whiskey Opposition and Whiskey RebellionRebellion

► Hamilton’s economic policies tended to Hamilton’s economic policies tended to benefit urban and commercial interestsbenefit urban and commercial interests

► Southern and Western farmers had little Southern and Western farmers had little benefitbenefit

► Excise tax on domestic whiskeyExcise tax on domestic whiskey Western Pennsylvanian farmers attacked federal Western Pennsylvanian farmers attacked federal

tax collectorstax collectors Washington and Hamilton led federal troops and Washington and Hamilton led federal troops and

quashed the rebelsquashed the rebels► Asserted federal authority over lawlessnessAsserted federal authority over lawlessness► Public could denounce and protest lawsPublic could denounce and protest laws

Washington’s Foreign PolicyWashington’s Foreign Policy► Growing fear of Spain and Natives in the WestGrowing fear of Spain and Natives in the West► French Revolution alienates U.S. and FranceFrench Revolution alienates U.S. and France

Citizen Genet (1793)Citizen Genet (1793) Washington proclaims neutrality to avoid war with EuropeWashington proclaims neutrality to avoid war with Europe

► Treaty of Greenville (1795)Treaty of Greenville (1795) After routing Shawnees at Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)After routing Shawnees at Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) Formal recognition/cession of Northwest TerritoryFormal recognition/cession of Northwest Territory

► Jay’s Treaty (1796)Jay’s Treaty (1796) Removed British from Northwest fortsRemoved British from Northwest forts Most-favored trade status to BritainMost-favored trade status to Britain No compensation for lost slavesNo compensation for lost slaves Heavily favored Britain, but averted war for U.S.Heavily favored Britain, but averted war for U.S.

► Treaty of San Lorenzo/Pinckney’s Treaty (1796)Treaty of San Lorenzo/Pinckney’s Treaty (1796) Established boundaries with SpainEstablished boundaries with Spain Unrestricted trade access on the Mississippi RiverUnrestricted trade access on the Mississippi River

Washington’s Precedents

►Two terms►“Mr. President”►Cabinet►Neutrality►Special Relationship with Great Britain►Farewell Address

Washington’s FarewellWashington’s Farewell► Washington’s Farewell AddressWashington’s Farewell Address

Retired after two termsRetired after two terms Preserve treaties and avoid alliances**Preserve treaties and avoid alliances** Condemned political parties and partisan conflicts*Condemned political parties and partisan conflicts* Warned of sectionalism and to preserve unityWarned of sectionalism and to preserve unity Religion and morality and diffusion of knowledge (education)Religion and morality and diffusion of knowledge (education)

First Political Party System

► FederalistsFederalists National policiesNational policies Commerce and Commerce and

manufacturingmanufacturing UrbanUrban Pro-BritishPro-British Anti-French Anti-French

revolutionrevolution Elitist and Elitist and

republicanismrepublicanism NortheastNortheast

► Democratic-Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans Egalitarian and Egalitarian and

liberalismliberalism AgriculturalAgricultural RuralRural Included small Included small

farmers, merchants, farmers, merchants, artisansartisans

Pro-FrancePro-France West and SouthWest and South

Election of 1796

John Adams (1797-1801)John Adams (1797-1801)► XYZ Affair (1797-1798)XYZ Affair (1797-1798)

French seized American shipsFrench seized American ships French ambassador demanded bribe to meet French ambassador demanded bribe to meet

delegationdelegation Reaction led to Quasi-War (1798-1800)Reaction led to Quasi-War (1798-1800)

► Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) Deport or jail foreign citizens believed as Deport or jail foreign citizens believed as

threatsthreats Expel foreign residents if considered Expel foreign residents if considered

dangerousdangerous Increase residency requirementIncrease residency requirement Criticism of government prohibitedCriticism of government prohibited Designed to weaken Adams and Federalist Designed to weaken Adams and Federalist

political rivals - backfirespolitical rivals - backfires► Kentucky and Virginia ResolutionsKentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Madison’s Virginia ResolutionMadison’s Virginia Resolution► State legislatures, through interposition, State legislatures, through interposition,

never surrendered right to determine never surrendered right to determine constitutionality of federal actionsconstitutionality of federal actions

Jefferson’s Kentucky ResolutionJefferson’s Kentucky Resolution► Ultimate sovereignty reserved for the Ultimate sovereignty reserved for the

statesstates► Could nullify federal lawsCould nullify federal laws

Election of 1800Election of 1800► Political efficacy more than Political efficacy more than

doubled given the increased doubled given the increased partisan politicspartisan politics

► Dem-Reps gathered Dem-Reps gathered increased support as increased support as Federalists weakenedFederalists weakened

► Adams lost, but Thomas Adams lost, but Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Jefferson and Aaron Burr tiedtied Hamilton secured Federalist Hamilton secured Federalist

support for Jeffersonsupport for Jefferson House elected JeffersonHouse elected Jefferson

► Smooth transition of Smooth transition of leadership signaled the leadership signaled the success of the New Republicsuccess of the New Republic

Election of 1800

An American SocietyAn American Society

► In the past, most families produced for In the past, most families produced for personal consumptionpersonal consumption

► In the new nation, families attempted to In the new nation, families attempted to meet new demands and focused on meet new demands and focused on production with old and new marketsproduction with old and new markets

►New class of entrepreneurs and New class of entrepreneurs and investorsinvestors

►Split between manufacturers (Hamilton) Split between manufacturers (Hamilton) and farmers (Jefferson)and farmers (Jefferson)

Women in the New RepublicWomen in the New Republic

► Little gain for women regarding civic rights Little gain for women regarding civic rights and status as wivesand status as wives

► Could choose who to marry; less emphasis Could choose who to marry; less emphasis on obedience and subordinationon obedience and subordination

► Having less babies due to urbanization, Having less babies due to urbanization, smaller farm lands, burdens of pregnanciessmaller farm lands, burdens of pregnancies

► ““Republican motherhood”Republican motherhood” Civic duty to teach children on nation’s idealsCivic duty to teach children on nation’s ideals Increased educational opportunitiesIncreased educational opportunities Outside opportunities still limitedOutside opportunities still limited

Blacks and Slaves in the New Blacks and Slaves in the New RepublicRepublic

► Increase in hypocrisy of liberty/equality and existence of slaveryIncrease in hypocrisy of liberty/equality and existence of slavery► Improved slave conditionsImproved slave conditions► More protections on free blacks regarding movement and propertyMore protections on free blacks regarding movement and property► Civic rights still limited, even by federal lawCivic rights still limited, even by federal law► Opportunities as artisans and landownersOpportunities as artisans and landowners

Benjamin BannekerBenjamin Banneker► Free African Society of Philadelphia (1787)Free African Society of Philadelphia (1787)

Richard Allen & Absalom JonesRichard Allen & Absalom Jones First black mutual aid society for economic, social, religious needsFirst black mutual aid society for economic, social, religious needs

► Fugitive Slave LawFugitive Slave Law Escaped slaves returned with no trial by jury or evidenceEscaped slaves returned with no trial by jury or evidence Free blacks not afforded Bill of RightsFree blacks not afforded Bill of Rights

► Gabriel’s Rebellion (1800)Gabriel’s Rebellion (1800) Inspired by Haitian Revolution and took advantage of partisan politicsInspired by Haitian Revolution and took advantage of partisan politics Plot uncovered and increased fears among slave ownersPlot uncovered and increased fears among slave owners

► The introduction of the cotton ginThe introduction of the cotton gin Eli Whitney (1793) invented machine to separate cotton seeds from Eli Whitney (1793) invented machine to separate cotton seeds from

fibersfibers With increased production, demand for slaves increased and “King With increased production, demand for slaves increased and “King

Cotton”Cotton”

Benjamin Banneker and Thomas Jefferson

► Excerpt from Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson (1776)

► We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

► Excerpt from Benjamin Banneker’s address to Thomas Jefferson (1792)

► …Sir, how pitiable is it to reflect, that although you were so fully convinced of the benevolence of the Father of Mankind, and of his equal and impartial distribution of these rights and privileges, which he hath conferred upon them, that you should at the same time counteract his mercies, in detaining by fraud and violence so numerous a part of my brethren, under groaning captivity and cruel oppression, that you should at the same time be found guilty of that most criminal act, which you professedly detested in others, with respect to yourselves.

Percentage of Free Blacks of Percentage of Free Blacks of Total Black Population (1800)Total Black Population (1800)

► Massachusetts - 100%Massachusetts - 100% 7,378 Free Blacks7,378 Free Blacks

► Vermont - 100%Vermont - 100% 557 Free Blacks557 Free Blacks

► New Hampshire - 99%New Hampshire - 99% 855 Free Blacks855 Free Blacks

► Rhode Island - 90%Rhode Island - 90% 3,304 Free Blacks3,304 Free Blacks

► Pennsylvania - 89%Pennsylvania - 89% 14,564 Free Blacks14,564 Free Blacks

► Connecticut - 85%Connecticut - 85% 5,300 Free Blacks5,300 Free Blacks

► Delaware - 57%Delaware - 57% 8,268 Free Blacks8,268 Free Blacks

► New York - 33%New York - 33% 10,374 Free Blacks10,374 Free Blacks

► New Jersey - 26%New Jersey - 26% 4,402 Free Blacks4,402 Free Blacks

► Maryland - 16%Maryland - 16% 19,587 Free Blacks19,587 Free Blacks

► Virginia - 6%Virginia - 6% 20,124 Free Blacks20,124 Free Blacks

► North Carolina - 5%North Carolina - 5% 7,043 Free Blacks7,043 Free Blacks

► South Carolina - 2%South Carolina - 2% 3,185 Free Blacks3,185 Free Blacks

► Georgia - 2%Georgia - 2% 1,019 Free Blacks1,019 Free Blacks

► Kentucky - 2%Kentucky - 2% 741 Free Blacks741 Free Blacks

► Tennessee - 2%Tennessee - 2% 309 Free Blacks309 Free Blacks

► United States - 11%United States - 11% 108,395 Free Blacks108,395 Free Blacks

Total U.S. Population:5.3 million

Total Black Population:1 million

Natives in New RepublicNatives in New Republic

►Populations and lands severely depleted Populations and lands severely depleted due to famine, disease, and encroachment due to famine, disease, and encroachment by white settlersby white settlers

►Taken advantage by white traders due to Taken advantage by white traders due to unfamiliarity to American economic systemunfamiliarity to American economic system

► Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts (1790-Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts (1790-1796)1796) Protect against illegal land seizures and abusesProtect against illegal land seizures and abuses ““civilization” programscivilization” programs