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Constitution and New Republic, 1776-1800. Philadelphia Convention 1787. Washington agrees to preside only after Shays’ Rebellion Complete overhaul of federal gov’t on the agenda Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation obvious Fear of centralized gov’t still strong. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Constitution and New Republic,1776-1800
Philadelphia Convention 1787¨ Washington agrees to preside only
after Shays’ Rebellion¨ Complete overhaul of federal gov’t
on the agenda¨ Weaknesses of Articles of
Confederation obvious¨ Fear of centralized gov’t still
strong
Madison and the Virginia Plan¨ Madison, Randolph and other
Virginians dominate early proceedings
¨ Executive, legislative, and judicial branches called for by Randolph–Bicameral Congress (2 houses)
•Lower house by population•Lower chooses upper house
Small States Respond (New Jersey Plan)¨ Patterson calls for unicameral
Congress (one house)–Equal representation for all states–Increased taxing/interstate power
¨ VA Plan supporters knew they had to compromise with the small states to ensure ratification
The Great Compromise
¨ Bicameral Congress created–House of Reps. (Lower House)
•elected based on population•3/5 compromise
–Senate (Upper House) •equal representation for all states
Dodging the Issue¨ Southern delegates worry about the
legality of slavery and the fed. gov’t interfering with it
¨ Slave trade allowed to continue until 1808
¨ No heavy taxing on imported slaves
Federalists¨ Hamilton, Madison, and Jay
publish The Federalist Papers¨ Thought a stronger, more
centralized gov’t was needed¨ Abandoned the ideas of the
Articles of Confederation¨ Feared chaos and the power of the people
Anti-Federalists
¨ Jefferson led this group¨ Feared concentrated power¨ Trusted the will of the people¨ Thought Constitution was too
removed from the people¨ Demanded a bill of rights
Bill of Rights¨ Appeased the Anti-Federalists¨ #1-9 stop Congress from
impinging on rights¨ #10 Powers not mentioned
reserved to the state gov’ts
Washington takes the oath of office
Washington’s Presidency
¨ Received all electoral votes ¨ Adams (Federalist) becomes Vice
President¨ Remained “neutral” in politics
(actually, supported Federalists)
Forming the First Cabinet¨ Hamilton
–Sec. of Treasury¨ Knox
–Sec. of War¨ Randolph
–Attorney General¨ Jefferson
–Sec. of State
¨ Tried to balance regions and viewpoints
¨ Rift develops between Hamilton and Jefferson
Hamilton’s Financial Program¨ Washington supported¨ Tried to gain support of the elite¨ Gov’t should assume public debt
and state debt¨ Taxes raised by whiskey tax¨ Create a National Bank to stabilize
financial structure
Opposition to Federalist Program¨ VA protests assuming state debts
–Future capital is moved to Washington DC as compromise
¨ Small farmers protest taxes¨ National Bank
–“Loose” interpretation of Constitution troubled Jefferson, Madison, and others
–Passed over protests
Beginnings of Political Parties
¨ Constitution does not mention parties
¨ Washington opposed them¨ These early squabbles created
allies and enemies•Federalists•Republicans (Anti-Federalist)
Securing the Frontier¨ Northwest Ordinance was not
enough¨ Land claims sorted out¨ Whiskey Rebellion in
Pennsylvania put down by federal gov’t. when President Washington sent federal troops to stop it
Whiskey Rebellion Flag
Foreign Difficulties¨ Britain and France engaged in war¨ American neutrality declared
–“Citizen Genet”–British impressment–Jay’s Treaty w/ Britain
(Federalist influenced)–Pinckney’s Treaty w/ Spain (US
can use the Mississippi)
Pinckney’s Treaty
John Adams’ Presidency
¨ Washington’s Farewell Address¨ One-term Federalist, elected in
1796 over Jefferson (became VP)¨ Federalists were splintering
The Quasi War with France
¨ XYZ Affair outrages Americans¨ Undeclared naval warfare¨ Eventually tensions cool
Alien and Sedition Acts¨ Federalists attempt to quiet
Republican Opposition¨ Alien Act
–Harder for foreigners (tended to be Republican) to become citizens
¨ Sedition Act–Punished anti-gov’t activities
(writings and otherwise)
The “Revolution” of 1800¨ Rematch from 1796¨ Bitter campaigns¨ Jefferson elected after 36 counts¨ Republicans now control executive
and legislative branches of gov’t.¨ Federalists control judicial branch
–Adams appoints “midnight” judges