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7/29/2019 Constellations (1)
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Constellations
A constellation study guideMrs. Gianelos, Science 2009
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Constellations
Constellations group ofstars that form apattern in the sky
The shapes you see alldepend on your point ofview.
Stars in a constellationare NOT close to eachother, but when viewedfrom Earth they seemto be grouped together
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Constellations
The sky seems to
turn as Earth
Rotates
POLARIS: the North
Star, directly above
the North Pole
You can use Polaristo figure out
direction & location
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Ursa Major
Ursa Major is probably themost famous constellation,with the exception of Orion.Also known as the Great Bear,
it has a companion called UrsaMinor, or Little Bear.The body and tail of the bearmake up what is known as theBig Dipper.Most of the constellation is
circumpolar, which means itcan be viewed all year long.However, parts of the legs willdisappear from the sky in thefall and reappear in thewinter.
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Ursa Major Myth
Zeus, King of the Gods, fell in love with the beautiful Callisto, a young woman who was ahunter. When Hera, Zeus' wife, heard of what has happening she was furious and set out afterCallisto. On finding her, Hera said, "Your beauty, of which my husband speaks so tenderly, is nomore!" Whereupon Hera changes Callisto into a bear. Hera left Callisto with her human feelingsrather than those of a bear. Callisto roamed the forest day and night in constant fear of thehunters and in fear of other wild beasts, although she was now one.
One day Callisto found herself face-to-face with a young and handsome hunter and suddenly
recognized him as her son, Arcas. She raised up on her hind legs to embrace her son. Thinking thatthe bear was about to attack him, Arcas raised his spear and was about to hurl it and kill hismother. Zeus happened to be looking down on the scene from his position on Mt. Olympus andinstantly turned Arcas into a bear also. Zeus then grasped each bear by its tail and tugged andtugged until he had managed to lift both high into the sky, Callisto as Ursa Major and her son Arcasas Ursa Minor. This tugging of tails over such a long journey through the sky, stretched both tailsand explains why our celestial bears, unlike earthly ones, have long tails. The tail of Arcas becameeven longer since he was continuously swung around the sky by the end-star in his tail, Polaris.
On discovering that her husband had given Callisto and Arcas honored places in heaven, Hera wasfurious. She went down to Earth to visit her friend the ocean god, Oceanus. "How dare Zeus give
these two an honored place in heaven?" Hera fumed. "They have now displaced me, Queen of Heaven,from my place in the sky. I ask you forever keep these two penned so that they may never wanderfar."
Oceanus was sympathetic and promised that he would grant Hera her wish. He would see to it that"the couple never would be permitted to enter our water in their wandering," in other words, that thebears forever would be forbidden to set below the horizon of the sea as other constellations do. Tothis day both the Lesser Bear and the Greater Bear are held high in the sky near the Pole Star,never permitted to sink beneath the sea horizon.
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Ursa Major & Minor
SummaryImmortals:
Hera & Zeus
Mortals:Calisto & Arcus
Myth:Zeus loved Calisto, but Hera
became jealous and turned her
into a bear. Her son, Arcus,tried to kill her & Zeus turnedArcus into a bear as well.
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Casseopia
Nickname The QueenAnother story says that forher bragging, Cassiopeia waschained to her throne and
placed in the sky to circle theNorth Star. At times she ishanging upside down in a mostundignified position as awarning to all.The Romans called her theWoman of the Chair.To the Arabs, she was theLady in the Chair.
Cassiopeia is a northerncircumpolar constellation, so itcan be viewed all year long.
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Cassiopeia-the vain
queenCassiopeiawas the wife of Cepheus, the Ethiopian king of Joppa (now known asJaffa, in Israel), and the mother of Andromeda. The queen was both beautifuland vain, and the story of how her vanity caused great distress is told in relationto the constellation Andromeda.
After promising her daughter in marriage to Perseus, Cassiopeia had second
thoughts. She convinced one of Poseidon's sons, Agenor, to disrupt the ceremonyby claiming Andromeda for himself. Agenor arrived with an entire army, and afierce struggle ensued.
In the battle Cassiopeia is said to have cried "Perseus must die". At any rate itwas Perseus who was victorious, with the help of the Gorgon's head.
Perseus had recently slain Medusa, the Gorgon, and had put its head in a bedof coral. He retrieved the head and waved it in midst of the warring wedding
party, instantly turning them all to stone. In the group was both Cepheus andCassiopeia.
A contrite Poseidon put both father and mother in the heavens. But because ofCassiopeia's vanity, he placed her in a chair which revolves around the Pole Star,so half the time she's obliged to sit upside down.
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Cassiopeia
Immortals: Poseidon
Mortals
Perseus
Andromeda
Cassiopeia
Cepheus
Summary
Cassiopeia bragged that
she & her daughter weremore beautiful than the
sea nymphs. Poseidon sent
a monster to destroy the
town. Eventually,
Cassiopeia was turned to
stone.
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CepheusCepheus is one of
the oldest
constellations in
the night sky.
He is a
circumpolar
constellation,
circling aroundthe North Star all
year long.
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King Cepheus
This house-shaped constellation is named after an ancientking of a land called Ethiopia (different from the currentcountry, Ethiopia). He was married to the beautiful
Cassiopeia and had a daughter, Andromeda.In Greek mythology, Cassiopeia boasted that she and herdaughter were more beautiful than the Nereids. Theycomplained to the sea god Poseidon, who sent a monster todestroy Cepheus' land. The king and queen offered their
daughter to the monster, but she was saved by Perseus. Allfour people, along with the monster, are represented in thesky by constellations.
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Cepheus
Immortals:
Poseidon
Mortals
Perseus
Andromeda
Cassiopeia
Cepheus
Summary Cassiopeias
husband
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Cygnus
The Swan
Cygnus, the Swan, is also
known as the Northern
Cross because of it's
shape. The tail of the swan
is marked by the bright
star Deneb, Arabic for "tail".
Three fainter stars cross
the line between Deneb and
the head of the swan,
Albireo. Cygnus flies
southward along thesummer Milky Way, and
into the Summer Triangle.
Deneb is a bright, blue
supergiant star, very
young as stars go.
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Cygnus
The identity of Cygnus is uncertain. He
could be Zeus in the guise in which he
seduced Leda, the mother of Helen of
Troy.In one myth, Cygnus is a friend of
Phaethon, the son ofApollo, the sun
god. Phaethon fell into the river
Eridanus, trying to drive the sun-gods
chariot. Cygnus dove repeatedly intothe water to search for Phaethon. Out
of pity, Zeus turned the boy into a
swan.
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Cygnus
Immortals
Apollo
Mortals
Cygnus
Phaeton
Summary
Phaeton is shot out of
the sky while trying to
drive Apollos chariot.Cygnus dives repeatedly
into the river to save
his friend. Zeus turns
Cygnus into a swan out
of pity.
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OrionOrion, the Hunter, is by far themost famous seasonalconstellation. No other is moredistinct or bright as thisnorthern winter constellation.The famous Orion's Belt makesthe hunter easy to find in thenight sky.Orion looks very much like aperson. First, you should spot
Orion's Belt, which is made ofthree bright stars in a straightline. One of Orion's legs isrepresented by the bright starRigel, one of the brightest starsin the night sky. His twoshoulders are made of the stars
Bellatrix and Betelgeuse.The famous Orion Nebula islocated in Orion's sword, whichhangs from the belt. It is sobright, that even the naked eyecan see the fuzzy patch
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Orion the Hunter
Orion is the master of the winter skies. He lords over theheavens from late fall to early spring, with his hunting dog
Sirius trailing at his feet.
Many different civilizations saw this constellationin the sky. The most famous stories come fromGreek and Roman myths. Orion was a famedhunter, and in one story boasted that no creaturecould kill him. Hera then sent a scorpion to stingthe hunter. Orion smashed the animal with hisclub, but not before he was poisoned. Both are nowon opposite sides of the sky. They cannot be seenat the same time.
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Orion
Immortals
Hera
Mortals
Orion
Summary
Orion bragged that
no animal could kill
him. Hera sent ascorpion who did.
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Scorpius
More than any otherconstellation, Scorpiusresembles it's given name.Scorpius crawls across the
southern sky, close to thehorizon.The bright star Antaresmarks the heart of thearachnid, and it's long curvingtail trails to the south. Thescorpion once had claws, butthey were cut off by JuliusCeasar to form theconstellation Libra.Scorpious is a Summerconstellation.
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The Scorpion
Scorpius represents death, darkness, and everything that welook on as evil.Orion Boasted that so great was his might and skill as ahunter that he could kill all the animals on the face of theEarth. Hera was alarmed at such a boastful andinappropriate statement. Hera decided that Orion must bekilled just in case he might one day decide to carry out hisboast. So Hera to sting Orion. As mighty as Orion was,after only a brief battle, the scorpion managed to deliverthe hunter a deadly sting. Scorpius stung Orion on the heel(at the star Rigel). Orion and the scorpion were givenhonored places in the sky, but they were placed at oppositeends of the great sky dome so that they would never engagein battle again. Although there are other storied about howOrion met his death, this one is the most common.
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Scorpius - Summary
Immortals:
Hera
Mortals
Orion
Myth
Orion boasted no
animal could kill
him.
Hera sent a
scorpion who did.
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Ursa Major
Ursa MinorUrsa Major
Big Dipper
Great Bear
Ursa Minor
Little Dipper
Little Bear
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Draco
CassiopeiaDraco
Dragon
Cassiopeia
Vain Queen
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Cepheus
PerseusCepheus
King
Perseus
The hero
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Andromeda
GeminiAndromeda
The chained
maiden
Gemini
The twins
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Orion
Canis MajorOrion
The hunter
Canis Major Orions Dog
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Cygnus
LeoCygnus
Northern Cross
SwanLeo
The lion
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Hercules
PegasusScorpius
Cancer
Hercules
The strongman
Pegasus
The winged horse
Scorpius
The scorpion
Cancer
The crab
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What did we learn?
A constellation is a group of
stars that form a pattern in
the skyA solar system contains only
1 star
Constellations change
position in the night sky due
to Earths rotation