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CONSOLIDATING INDONESIAN (PANCASILA?) DEMOCRACY: Revitalization of Nationalism Azyumardi Azra , CBE Presented at Konvensi Kampus XIV dan Temu Tahunan XX Forum Rektor Indonesia (FRI), Makassar, 16 February 2018 Revised Version of Original Presentation in Conference of Bali Democracy Forum (BDF) Tunis Chapter Tunisia, October 2, 2017

CONSOLIDATING INDONESIAN (PANCASILA?) DEMOCRACY ... · CONSOLIDATING INDONESIAN (PANCASILA?) DEMOCRACY: Revitalization of Nationalism Azyumardi Azra, CBE Presented at Konvensi Kampus

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Page 1: CONSOLIDATING INDONESIAN (PANCASILA?) DEMOCRACY ... · CONSOLIDATING INDONESIAN (PANCASILA?) DEMOCRACY: Revitalization of Nationalism Azyumardi Azra, CBE Presented at Konvensi Kampus

CONSOLIDATING

INDONESIAN (PANCASILA?)

DEMOCRACY:

Revitalization of Nationalism

Azyumardi Azra, CBE

Presented at Konvensi Kampus XIV dan Temu Tahunan XX Forum Rektor Indonesia (FRI), Makassar, 16 February 2018

Revised Version of Original Presentation in Conference of

Bali Democracy Forum (BDF)Tunis Chapter

Tunisia, October 2, 2017

Page 2: CONSOLIDATING INDONESIAN (PANCASILA?) DEMOCRACY ... · CONSOLIDATING INDONESIAN (PANCASILA?) DEMOCRACY: Revitalization of Nationalism Azyumardi Azra, CBE Presented at Konvensi Kampus

Dilemma of Democracy

Democracy is the least deficiency political systems

compared to other types of political systems such as

authoritarianism, totalitarianism;

Liberal and multi-party competitive democracy has

a number of unintended consequences such as

ineffective public governance, continued political

fragmentation and contestation; disconnection

between executive and legislative institutions with

the people; and rampant corruption.

Page 3: CONSOLIDATING INDONESIAN (PANCASILA?) DEMOCRACY ... · CONSOLIDATING INDONESIAN (PANCASILA?) DEMOCRACY: Revitalization of Nationalism Azyumardi Azra, CBE Presented at Konvensi Kampus

Challenges of Democracy

Tendency of decline of democracy in Europe and USA

with the rise of rightist populism which is

undemocratic;

Economic down-turn in many democracies in the West

that has negative impact on the practice of democracy;

Rise of non-democratic countries that leads some

people to think about alternatives of political system

such as military/civilian authoritarianism, one-single

political party and religious-based political systems such

as dawlah Islam and/or khilafah.

Page 4: CONSOLIDATING INDONESIAN (PANCASILA?) DEMOCRACY ... · CONSOLIDATING INDONESIAN (PANCASILA?) DEMOCRACY: Revitalization of Nationalism Azyumardi Azra, CBE Presented at Konvensi Kampus

Challenges of Indonesian

Democracy Rampant undemocratic political culture such as oligarchy,

patrimonialism, politico-cracy, creating continuing splits

among political parties;

Rampant pragmatic and opportunistic politics—non

ideological politics;

Increased cost of contesting election—leads to transactional

politics; widespread practice of ‘money politics’ among

politicians and permissive voters;

Rampant corruption among bulk of elected office holders

and high officials—lack of integrity;

Rise of ‘putra daerahism’—colored by ‘ethno-nationalism’—

in local elections.

Page 5: CONSOLIDATING INDONESIAN (PANCASILA?) DEMOCRACY ... · CONSOLIDATING INDONESIAN (PANCASILA?) DEMOCRACY: Revitalization of Nationalism Azyumardi Azra, CBE Presented at Konvensi Kampus

Democracy: What to Do (1)

Further and continuing consolidation of state,

political party and people democratic institutions;

Building democratic political behavior through

democracy education/citizenship education/civic

education in order to develop ‘civic culture; and

‘civility’ crucial for democracy to grow;

Delivering democracy promises for better welfare

of the people—improving economy and create

employment—’no democracy when people are

hungry’.

Page 6: CONSOLIDATING INDONESIAN (PANCASILA?) DEMOCRACY ... · CONSOLIDATING INDONESIAN (PANCASILA?) DEMOCRACY: Revitalization of Nationalism Azyumardi Azra, CBE Presented at Konvensi Kampus

Democracy: What to Do (2)

Creating good governance—eradicating corruption and

building integrity of public office holder;

Reconsolidating political parties;

Strengthening civil society as balancing and mediating

force between state and society;

Protecting freedom of speech and association;

Empowering women as equal actors of democracy

together with men as partners;

Enforcing law and order in order to create political and

social stability.

Page 7: CONSOLIDATING INDONESIAN (PANCASILA?) DEMOCRACY ... · CONSOLIDATING INDONESIAN (PANCASILA?) DEMOCRACY: Revitalization of Nationalism Azyumardi Azra, CBE Presented at Konvensi Kampus

Indonesian Politics and Nationalism

Indonesia since 1999 is the third largest democracy after India and USA;

Indonesia is the largest Muslim country—88,2 per cent out of some 260 million population is Muslim;

Indonesian nationalism came to existence in early decades of 20th century;

Basis of Indonesian nationalism was Youth pledge of 28 October 1928; one nation—Indonesia; one homeland—Indonesia; one language—Bahasa Indonesia;

Indonesian nasionalism is challenged by incessant spread of globalization and trans-nationalism.

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Indonesia: State and Religion

Indonesia gained its independence on Aug 17, 1945 following the end of World War II; Indonesia was occupied by the Japanese in the early 1940s after the eviction of the Dutch.

Geographically Indonesia consist of more than 17.000 islands and hundreds of ethnic groups who speak different languages and have distinctive multi-cultural traditions. The geography of the Republic is the area that was colonialized by the Dutch.

Bulk majority (88,2 per cent) of Indonesia’s population is Muslim. But neither is Indonesia an Islamic state nor is Islam the official religion of the state.

There are now six religions recognized by the state: Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism.

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Indonesian Islam

Indonesia is now the largest Muslim nation in the world; 88,2 per cent out of some 260 million population is Muslim;

Islam spread through centuries by way of penetration pacifique--a lot of accommodation with local culture;

Indonesian Islam is a moderate Islam (Islam wasatiyyah), having strong tradition of inclusiveness, multiculturalism, tolerance and peaceful co-existence with adherents of other religions.

Indonesia is the least Arabicized Muslim country;

Indonesian Wasatiyah Islam is under threat of Islamic transnationalism.

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Pancasila: Politics of Recognition

Indonesia is based on Pancasila (‘Five Pillars’): Belief in One Supreme God, Humanity, Indonesian Unity, Democracy, and Social Justice;

With Pancasila as the basis, Indonesian state is not a ‘confessional’ state, nor is it a ‘purely’ secular state; religion is part and parcel of public life;

Pancasila is ‘religiously friendly’ basis of the state;

Pancasila is the common platform and a crucial integrating force of plural/multi-cultural Indonesia that has been accepted by virtually all Muslims in particular;

Indonesian-state also recognizes multi-culturalism through principle of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Diversity in Unity).

Pancasila and Bhinneka Tunggal Ika are politics of recognition of diversity/pluralism/multiculturalism.

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Indonesian (Pancasila?) Democracy

Liberal, multi-party democracy—post-independence and election 1955;

‘Guided democracy’ 1959-1965 under ‘Old Order’ President Soekarno with three Nasakom parties (PNI, PKI, PNU);

‘Pancasila Democracy’ 1971-1998, under New Order President Soeharto, with three parties (Golkar, PDI, and PPP) with elections in 1971, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, and 1997;

Liberal, multi-party democracy, reform period, with elections in 1999, 2004, 2009, 2014, and 2019;

It is questionable whether or not Indonesia’s current democracy is ‘Pancasila Democracy’.

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Post-Soeharto Democracy

Basically ‘liberal democracy’, multi-party politics—far from being ‘Pancasila Democracy’;

Religious-based parties (Islam/PPP, PKS, PBB and Christianity/PDS), and Pancasila-based parties/P Golkar, PDIP, PD, PKB, PAN;

Post-Soeharto elections: 1999, 2004, 2009, and 2014 were peaceful. The 2019 elections will be more likely peaceful too;

The winners of legislature elections: PDIP (1999), Golkar Party (2004), Demokrat Party (2009); PDIP (9 April 2014); and 2019 (?).

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Islamic Parties vs Pancasila Parties

‘Democracy trap’ fails in Indonesian politics—Islamic parties (in elections 2014 were PPP, PKS, PBB) fail to use democracy for their own purposes;

Islamic parties fared poorly in all post-Soeharto elections (18 per cent in 1999; 20 per cent in 2004; 13 per cent in 2009; and 15 per cent in 2014);

There is not much difference between Islamic-based parties and Pancasila-based parties;

Indonesian Muslims vote mostly for Pancasila-based parties; no Islamic identity politics nor ‘Islamic populism’;

The so-called ‘politik aliran’ is no longer significant.

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Indonesian Islam and Democracy

Indonesian Muslims accept democracy since the time of independence;

Indonesian Muslims in general view that Islam is compatible with democracy;

Indonesian Muslims participated in all stages of Indonesian democracy;

Muslim women have increasingly occupy legislature bodies, and executive offices from Presidency (Megawati Soekarnoputri 2001-4), governors, and mayors/district chiefs.

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Mainstream Islam and Democracy

Mainstream Indonesia Islam consists of large organizations; Nahdlatul Ulama (NU, est 1926), Muhammadiyah (est 1912), and some other smaller organizations across the country. They are also religious-based Civil Society organizations. They are inclusive, accepting multiculturalism;

These organizations are also religious-based Civil Society playing: instrumental role in growing and strengthening ‘civic culture’ and ‘civility’, crucial for democracy to grow; maintenance of social cohesion; and provision of alternative socio-political leadership;

Islam/Muslims are important factors in Indonesian politics, but again without significant ‘identity politics’ or ‘Islamic populism’.

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Indonesian Democracy 20 Years On

Unsettled democratic politics and democratic institutions;

Unchanged undemocratic political behavior;

Ineffective public governance;

Lack of delivery of promises for better and equitable socio-economic development;

Rise of political oligarchy at the local levels;

Increasing grip of businessmen-turn-politicians in politics and elections;

Rampant money politics.

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Indonesian Democracy: Building Political Meritocracy

Consolidating democratic political institutions, political parties, civil society and mass-media;

Strengthening democratic political behavior;

Accelerating the creation of good and clean governance;

Strengthening firmer law against local oligarchy, financing of political party, and money politics;

Building ‘reward and punishment’ politics;

Upscaling democracy education and/or civic education for young people.

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Revitalization of Nationalism

Restrengthening of and redisemminating integrating forces (the four pillars): the state (NKRI), Pancasila, UUD 1945, and Bhinneka Tunggal Ika;

Creating a more-balanced economic and social justice for all Indonesian;

Re-evaluation local elections (Pilkada) that is colored by sukuism or ‘putra daerahism’;

Building genuine democratic political culture;

Eradicating rampant corruption and building good governance.

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Role of Rectors

Accelarating the quality upscaling of university in order to be more competitive for preparing future intelligentsias, intellectuals and leaders;

Revitalizing the ethical, moral and social roles of university leadership at local, national and international levels for best interest of the nation;

Strengthening the efforts to instill the spirit of nationalism among students through various vistas (in cooperation with UKP PIP for instance);

Being watchful of the spread of transnational ideas and praxis among civitas academica.

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THANKS VERY MUCH