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Considerations for NASA’s TGIR Meeting: Revolutionizing Aviation. (A very personal View!) Capt. Tom Imrich Chief Pilot, Research Boeing Commercial Airplanes May 16, 2001. The NEED is real. System Capacity/Delay (e.g., see the media!) Capability/Efficiency (e.g. MDY; GA / MIL access) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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W016A.1
Considerations for NASA’s TGIR Meeting:
Revolutionizing Aviation
Considerations for NASA’s TGIR Meeting:
Revolutionizing Aviation
(A very personal View!)
Capt. Tom ImrichChief Pilot, Research
Boeing Commercial Airplanes
May 16, 2001
(A very personal View!)
Capt. Tom ImrichChief Pilot, Research
Boeing Commercial Airplanes
May 16, 2001
W016A.2
• System Capacity/Delay (e.g., see the media!)
• Capability/Efficiency (e.g. MDY; GA / MIL access)
• Safety (e.g., Approach/Landing, CFIT, RCOs…)
• Forces: ...Growth, Events, Markets, Globalization
New Aircraft Capability, Mil Reqts, $,...
The NEED is real...
W016A.3
AerodynamicsAerodynamics PropulsionPropulsion
The INASThe INAS
Moving Forward……With Major Complex Systems Moving Forward……With Major Complex Systems
2001Aircraft/OperatorsInfrastructureATS Methods
2040Both New and Legacy AircraftNew Operations / GlobalizationExisting and New InfrastructureNew Flight Deck/ATS Methods
StructuresStructures
System Performance
Congress; Law
Funding, Capital, AIR-20
Interest GroupsATA, ALPA, AOPA,...
Unions
ICAO, JAA,...
Technology Opportunities
Control
Press/Media
Public Support
Competition
Airline/GA/Military
Authorities/MassPortCost / Service
The VehiclesThe Vehicles
W016A.4
A Key Example … The INAS: Critical Need and Opportunity • Capacity/Access (e.g., Incentives, measures)
• Efficiency
(e.g., equivalent DOC)
• Safety (e.g, concepts, redundancy, simplification)
W016A.5
“Air-Ground” and “Air-Air” 4-D Path Coordination(Conflict Probe Negotiation)
Contract Probe PlanRTA(1)
RTA(2)
ELCT
ATS FACILITY
Smart Aircraft
Smart Ground Facilities
“AIR - GROUND - AIR” Transactions
“GROUND - AIR - GROUND” Transactions
W016A.6
Access to Airspace(Conflict Probe Negotiation)
ATS Facilities
Airspace Constraints
(e.g., Class B)
Baltimore/Wash (KBWI)
Washington National (KDCA)
Philadelphia (KPHL)
W016A.7
Examples of what NASA could do?
• Architectures / Trade studies (e.g., Central vs. Distributed elements; key role of rare and non-norm performance; fail soft characteristics and robustness; similar vs. dissimilar redundancy)
• Models / Tools (e.g., the atmosphere,... turbulence...; conflict probe resolution cost index)
• Unique Aviation Applications (e.g., Best human roles; Hardware/software lessons from other industries)
• Key conceptual “Demonstrations” (e.g., Smart Aircraft linking to Smart Ground Systems; R.O.T. management)
• High risk/high payoff Conceptual Studies (e.g., managing flow via new ATS capabilities at an airport)
What could be Possible…the limits?What could be Possible…the limits?(e.g., What do the “Laws of Physics” allow)(e.g., What do the “Laws of Physics” allow)
•VTOL… Operate nearly anywhere...
• ATS - Food fed “Kalman Filter”... weighs a microgram… 1x10E-13 reliability
• Normalized angular rates and closing velocities... Vastly greater than ATS
• Fully Distributed Architecture... Fail Soft… Zero Collisions?… Near Zero Cost?
•
W016A.9
Background andBackup Slides
Background andBackup Slides
(For Q&A and discussion)(For Q&A and discussion)
W016A.10
Turning Goals into Reality
•Today...
•The Future...
•How do we get there?
W016A.11
Aircraft / International Airspace System (the INAS)Aircraft / International Airspace System (the INAS)
Airborne SystemsAirborne Systems...91.205(d)91.105, Annex 6......91.205(d)91.105, Annex 6...
OperatingRules
OperatingRules
Ground SystemGround System
ATS / AirportsATS / Airports
Navaid/WX Specs & OrdersNavaid/WX Specs & Orders
RadiosFMSAP’sXPDR’s
RadiosFMSAP’sXPDR’s
RTCAAEECITU
Standards...
RTCAAEECITU
Standards...
…Directives(e.g., FAA 7110.65)…Directives(e.g., FAA 7110.65)
CNS/ATMCNS/ATMFAR/JAR 25
TC / STCs
Licenses
W016A.12
RNAV (RNP) Applications (Cat I)Juneau, AK: RNAV Rwy 26
RNP .10 to RNP .30
Lower Minima
Parallel Rwys
Converging/Crossing Rwys
Obstructions
Terrain
Safe Missed Approach
RNP .15 DA(H) 268’ (250’)
RVR 30
RNAV Rwy 26
xLS (e.g., ILS or GLS)Cat I, II, and III
• xLS = ILS, GLS, (or MLS)• xLS/LAAS supports Cat II and Cat III• xLS Minima Credit• xLS Takeoff Guidance• I-RNAV RNP Based Initial & Missed Approach & Takeoff
LS Rwy 16RCat II & Cat III
RVR 12 RVR 3 RVR 7
LS Rwy 16R Cat II & III
161o CH2233 GSZIGLS
W016A.14
~ 2 Types
xLS and RNAV
(phase out of NPA)
Where are we going with IAPs? …(Current IAPs, to long term IAP Goal… the Big Picture)
Where are we going with IAPs? …(Current IAPs, to long term IAP Goal… the Big Picture)
RNAVILSLOCBCRSVOR/DMENDB, ASRCircling
Current IAPs Mid Term IAP Goal (~5 Yrs)
Long Term IAP Goal (~30+ Yrs)
xLS
(ILS,GLS)
RNAV (RNP)
ClassicApproaches
~ 18+ Types
PA and NPA
~ 1Type : RNAV (RNP) (phase out of xLS?)
RNAV (RNP)
3-D path to/from every Rwy end3-D path to/from every Rwy end
xLS?
W016A.15
TechnicalTechnical EconomicEconomic
INASINAS
PoliticalPolitical
Moving Forward……With Major Complex Systems Moving Forward……With Major Complex Systems
20012001Aircraft/OperatorsAircraft/OperatorsInfrastructureInfrastructureATSATS
20202020Aircraft/OperatorsAircraft/OperatorsInfrastructureInfrastructureATSATS
Social/CulturalSocial/Cultural
System Performance
Congress; Law
Funding, Capital, AIR-20
Interest GroupsATA, ALPA, AOPA,...
Unions
ICAO, JAA,...
Technology Opportunities
Accidents
Press/Media
Public Support
Competition
Airline/GA/Military
Authorities/MassPortCost / Service
W016A.16
What Operators/Pilots Do With Aircraft…(Back to the Fundamentals)
What Operators/Pilots Do With Aircraft…(Back to the Fundamentals)
A/C#1 A/C#2
Safe Aircraft to Aircraft Separation
A BMiss Terrain/Obstacles/WX
( )A B AGet from A to B, or back to A
W016A.17
Risk Management SpaceRisk Management Space
Level of Risk to Others
PersonalAssumption
of Risk
Government / PrivateRole or Involvement
Opportunities to make appropriate transitions
W016A.18
Concept of Operations - Year 2020
• Aircraft/Aircraft Separation
• Conflict Probe Based (2D, 3D, and 4D)
• Use of 3D/4D RNAV coordinated paths
• Separation Stds based on each Aircraft’s Capability - RNP/RCP/RMP
• Reqd. System Performance (RSP) (e.g. /E..)
• Direct or Optimum Route (M.T.T./Crz Clb)
• Airspace/Airspace Separation
• Flight Phase Seamless /Globally Seamless
W016A.19
• Coordination of 3D RNAV Departure and Arrival Paths (RNP based)
• 3D RNAV (RNP) and xLS Approaches
• Runway Use: Time of Arrival (RTAs) - for Metering Fixes/Landing Runway Threshold
• Runway Occupancy (R.O.T. Managed)
• EDCTs - Except Special Cases (e.g. de-ice)
• NPAs - (Particular special cases - 2D RNAV)
• Collaborative Decisions with Users
Concept of Operations (Cont.)
W016A.20
Aircraft Separation Scenarios (A Key Global Constraint) Aircraft Separation Scenarios (A Key Global Constraint)
ATS
ATS2ATS1
“One Aircraft”, must work with many different ATS’s
(many different systems!)“Many Aircraft” must work with each necessary ATS
W016A.21
Aircraft / Human / INAS InterfacesA Conceptual Model
Aircraft / Human / INAS InterfacesA Conceptual Model
Mental ProcessingMental Processing
Pilot
Mental ProcessingMental Processing
Crew
Aircraft Aircraft Processing (e.g., FMS)
Aircraft (n) Aircraft Processing (e.g., FMS)
Aircraft Stimulus
ATS Processing (e.g., Flt Plns, RdrVctrs, COM)
Desired State Aircraft Response/Actual State
ATS/INAS Stimulus Response to ATS/INAS
Stimulus Response
Stimulus Response
Inter-crew Communication
Pilot Response
Environment(s)(INAS: Aprts; NAVAIDs;Rules;ATS;WX; AOC)
CNS RoutesCNS Routes
Taiwan
33%
1%
Initial Deployment AreaMajor Traffic Flows
Tahiti
ealand
1%
Australia
Nauru
Hong Kong
Guam
Singapore
Phillipines
Indonesia Papua NewGuinea
Malaysia
11%
1%
6%
Hawaii
SolomonIslands
United States
11%
33%
New Z
3%
Fiji
Oceanic ADS Service Areas
Japan
RNAVRNAV(GNSS, Navaid Based) (GNSS, Navaid Based)
xLSxLS(ILS, GLS, MLS)(ILS, GLS, MLS)
RNPRNP
Classic Classic (VOR, NDB, LOC, BCrs)(VOR, NDB, LOC, BCrs)
Instrument Approach Procedure“Classification”
VNAVVNAV
NPA NPA
W002W.25
Major INAS Challenges:Major INAS Challenges:
•Systems Approach Systems Approach (First principles; Tech/Econ/Social) (First principles; Tech/Econ/Social)
•Fundamental Tradeoffs Fundamental Tradeoffs (Role of Acft vs. ATS; Facilities?; (Role of Acft vs. ATS; Facilities?; Central vs. Distrib; Human vs. Auto; 6000 vs. 60K ATS; Acft Perf)Central vs. Distrib; Human vs. Auto; 6000 vs. 60K ATS; Acft Perf)•New Technologies… New Technologies… (Cptrs, GNSS, LCDs, COM, Info Age)(Cptrs, GNSS, LCDs, COM, Info Age)
•Models/Tools… Models/Tools… (CRM; Reich Model; LaPlace xfer Fctns)(CRM; Reich Model; LaPlace xfer Fctns)
•New Criteria/Policies New Criteria/Policies (Incentives; Linear TERPS; Trng...)(Incentives; Linear TERPS; Trng...)
•Stakeholder “Buy-in”; Coordinated EffortsStakeholder “Buy-in”; Coordinated Efforts