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Considerations for Adolescent and Adult Milestones
Ronna Linroth, OT, PhD, CCP30th Annual Conference for Professionals in Brain Injury
Thursday, April 9, 2015
Learning ObjectivesO Participants will identify the four
primary areas of emerging adult milestones
O Participants will have a working definition of Transition as a process.
O Participants will assess their program for needed next steps for professional and patient support during transition.
Brain developmentO There is now no doubt that adolescence
should be treated as a special period.O Striking changes in the white and gray matter
take place between 11 and 25 years of age.O May lead to abrupt behavioral change &
attendant risk.O Brain becomes flexible and able to respond
quickly and imaginatively.O Healthcare providers need to approach health
management within the context of transition to adulthood.
Pediatric Head Injury“Severe head injury in childhood may appear to be followed by striking recovery to the developmental stage the child had reached before injury. However, after a number of settled years significant behavioral, attentional and psychological problems may then appear in the teenage years due to underlying damage to the grey matter and the white matter tracts being masked until the maturation phases of adolescent brain development begin.”
O Colver & Longwell, (2013), pg 904
Transition Early stage 12-14Middle stage 15-17 Late stage 18+
Healthcare TransitionO Transition is the planned process
[preparation] and purposeful movement into adult oriented care (Patterson, 1999).
O Transfer of care is an event or events- the switch from pediatric oriented medical care providers to adult oriented medical care providers.
Components of Successful Transition
OSelf-DeterminationOPerson Centered PlanningOPreparation for adult health
careOWork /Independence OInclusion in community life
Introducing the theory of Emerging Adulthood
Emerging Adult MilestonesJeffrey Arnett in 2000, American Psychology
O A phase of the lifespan between late adolescence and full-fledged adulthood
O (age 18-29)O Applies to young adults in
developed countries whoO Do not have childrenO Do not live in their own homeO Do not have sufficient income to
become fully independent
Cognitive Development during this phase:
O Connections within the brain are still being strengthened and unused are pruned
O Brain structures develop for O greater processing of emotions and social
informationO greater planning and assessment of risk/rewards
O “Emerging adulthood is a critical stage for the emergence of complex forms of thinking required in complex societies.”
(Gisela Labouvie-Vief, 2006)
5 features of emerging adults
O Age of identity exploration. O Age of instability. O Age of self-focus. O Age of feeling in between. O Age of possibilities.
Emerging adults want a lot out of life!
OSome struggle and some prosper
O How well an adolescent makes the transition through young adulthood into adulthood and becomes a fully independent person depends in large part on the right balance of the adolescent pushing for independence and parents and society giving the correct amount of support--not pushing too hard or holding back too much. (Tanner, 2004)
Two processes occurring in Emerging Adults
O Re-centering: Shifting from dependence on parents to system commitments (careers, intimate partners, children)
O Ego Development: agency, self-regulation, impulse control, learning to stand alone, constructing life plans
Arnett’s 4 areas of focus
OEmploymentOEducationOIndependent livingOMaturing relationships
Gillette’s Transition Clinic
O Designed to assist patients and families in their transition from a pediatric care model to an adult care model.
O Help is provided to assist in identifying skills and knowledge needed to navigate the adult specialty healthcare environment.
O Visit includes review of medical history, readiness self-assessment, interview, goal-setting, referrals to services needed to assure continuity of care.
Most frequently identified needs through screening tool:• Assistance with
transportation• Future living
situation, i.e., group home, remain with family, independent living• Future vocation
Lessons Learned Patients and families present as unprepared for
transition. Parent needs for transition support are often as great as those of patient. Discussion needs to start early
Creation and distribution of educational tools to providers, staff, and families is essential.
Most transition patients do not carry any identification
Attachments between patient/family and pediatric providers/staff is very strong
Lessons, continued Pediatric primary care providers have told
many patients to find an adult primary care provider. This is proving difficult for many patients and families
Difficult and often emotional when parent is asked to leave the patient alone with provider
Care coordination is essential for successful transition.
Assessing for Transition Support
Six Core Elements for Health Care Transition
Transition supports are needed during adolescence and early adulthood
“It is sort of unfair to expect [teens] to have adult levels of organizational skills or decision-making before their brains are finished being built.”
Resourcesgottransition.org is the website for the Center for Health Care Transition
ReferencesO "Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road
From the Late Teens Though the Twenties“, 2nd Ed. (Oxford University Press, 2014).
O “Pediatric to Adult Transition: A Quality Improvement Model for Primary Care”(2014) Journal of Adolescent Health, 56, 73-78.
O Credit for images: Bing.comhttp://www.bing.com/images/search?q=images+of+brain+development&qpvt=images+of+brain+devleopment&qpvt=images+of+brain+devleopment&FORM=IGRE
Answers are not guaranteed but we can have a great discussion!
Thank you!