1. TERMINOLOGIES USED IN CONSERVATIONImportance of developing an understanding for standardterminology includes; Developing a co-relation on an international level Meaning and understanding the same thingsAble to interpret international documents correctlyThe terms used to describe cultural values worth preservinghave expanded to include a wide variety and scale ofproperties. In the beginning only to monumental buildings wereconsidered within the scope. By passage of time it was realizedthat more moderate buildings are also part of cultural heritage.cultural heritage , culturalThus the termsproperty and architectural heritagebecame popular. (75 onward after the Amsterdam conference) TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

2. Monuments:Architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting,elements or structures of an archeological nature, inscriptions, cavedwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstandinguniversal value from the point of view of history, art or science;Courtesy:Rahat Saboor,Courtesy:Heritage Cell, DAP-NEDArjumand Alvi (Batch 2001-2002 Courtesy:Heritage Cell, DAP-NEDMerewether MarketAnitkabir, Tower Anitkabir, FortLahore Keemari Jetty FlyoverEmpressAnkaraKarachiFlour Koza Old Tree, BursaHangingyr HunzaBridge, HunzaSuspensionAnkara800WaterMahalMill, Han, Bursa Mosque, HunzaTaj Trough,TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 3. Groups of Buildings:Groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of theirarchitecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are ofoutstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art orscience;AltitAltit Fort, Hunza AltitFort Cluster, HunzaAltitFort Cluster, HunzaFort Cluster, HunzaTERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 4. Sites:Works of man or the combined works of nature and man, and areasincluding archaeological sites which are of outstanding universal valuefrom the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point ofview.Rock Hewn Tombs, TurkeyCappadokia, TurkeyCappadokia, Turkey TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 5. Conservation:Refers to the systematic measures taken to keep monuments in good condition.Conservation often depends on careful everyday use and efficient maintenanceof any monument. Any monument which has survived to date, must have beensubjected to conservation operations. Conservation operations must always becarried out under the guidance of specialists who are well conversant with thestructure and its materials. State Bank on Pakistan, Karachi Karachi HouseFrere Hall, Karachiof M.A.Jinnah Road,TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 6. Maintenance:Taking care of a monument on a permanent basis.Heritage Cell, NED-DAP State Bank of Pakistan,KarachiFrere Hall, KarachiTERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 7. Restoration:Restoration means restoring a monument to its normal static and functionalcondition in order to re-equip it to fulfill its original function or to fit it for a newpurpose. Restoration operations do not allow any rigid classification intocategories; each case must be considered on its own merits. It is impossible todecide beforehand, on purely theoretical basis as to what form of restoration isto be applied on a monument; consolidation, isolation, completion, etc. American Terms: Renovation Remodeling Hindu Gymkhana, KarachiMohatta Palace, KarachiBaltit Fort, Hunza TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 8. Preservation:When one deals with an entire site or area the term preservation is applied.American terms equivalent to these are renewal or urban renewal. Quebec,UK Chester,CanadaBath, UK Bath, UKTERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 9. Protection:This term can be applied in two different contexts;Legal protection various national and international legislations,charters, declarations, acts, etc.Physical protection - protecting the monument from harmfuleffects of climate by providing some temporary sheds, covering, etc. Sagalassos, Turkey Terracotta Warriors, Xian-China Polonarowa, Srilanka Polonarowa, SrilankaTERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 10. Patina:Cleaning:Layer on mostly of cultural property. It of exterior facades, especially thoseThis termsurface applies to the cleaning is considered as a trace reflecting on thelife time of the monument.cleaning of facades various methods can layer is aconstructed in stone. For The decision to clean/ clear that surface be employed,difficult one and it should be done only if it is harming the cultural property. If theeither mechanical or chemical.layer of patina is cleaned you open or expose a second layer of material to theaction of atmospheric factors. It means cleaning the traces of time dimension,from the face of the monument. Reasons for Patina: `Oxidation,Action of humidity,Formation of salts from metals,Changes in mineralcomposition of stone,Weathering of wood,Growth of organisms frombacteria through lichens,molds, mosses and the leafyplants all help to change colors.All this produces thecharacteristic patina of ancientHeritage Cell, DAP-NEDHeritage Cell, DAP-NEDbuildings.ANaeem, 2005ANaeem, 2005 Heritage Cell, DAP-NED Standard VeniceVenice KarachiChartered Bank,Worksite at VeniceVenice Jaffar Faddo Dispensary, Karachi Karachi Port Trust, Karachi Polonarowa, SrilankaPolonarowa, Srilanka TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 11. Anastylosis:It is a term applied to the process of reconstructing an edifice that collapsedeither due to accidental causes or continued neglect and abandonment If the monument had collapsed due to neglect, parts of it get scattered and gradually deteriorate, and reconstruction is impossible unless their original form is ascertained If destruction is accidental, sudden and violent (earthquake, impact of blast or bombardment) then most component elements may nevertheless survive intactTemple ofof Apollo, Turkey Temple Apollo, TurkeyEphesus, Turkey Ephesus, Turkey Ephesus, TurkeyEphesus, Turkey and their original positions can be known to execute anastylosis process.TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 12. Consolidation:Used for strengthening a monument to ensure its survival. It is an importanttool, but maintenance should always follow. Colosseum in Rome is one of thebiggest examples of consolidation of a monument.Victoria Furniture MarketVerona Karachi Column of OldDemre Karachi ColumnYerebatan Arch at Apollos Temple, TurkeyAmphitheatre, (Old Illaco House), KarachiColloseum, Romeat Building,Stupa at MohenjodaroDuarte Mansion,TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 13. Liberation:Term used mostly for environmental operation. It means liberating a buildingfrom later additions in order to achieve stylistic unity. It does not implyreturning to the initial stage. Heritage Cell, DAP-NED Heritage Cell, DAP-NED Merewether Tower,Karachi NED-DAP, Karachi Turkey NED-DAP,Hisar, Turkey Denso Hall, KarachiRumeli Hisar,Rumeli TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 14. Reproduction:The architectural edifice is existing at hand and its replica is produced.The purpose may be to save the original from hazards of climatic factors. Bronze Horse of St. Aurellius, RomeBronze Horse David,Marks,Venice Statue of Marcus Marks, VeniceStatue of of St. Florence Statue of David, Florence TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 15. Reconstruction:Three dimensional construction of a monument based on its restitution. In thiscase the original architectural edifice is not existing. It cannot be regarded asrestoration in a broader sense.When the structure consists of highlyperishable materials (e.g. Thatch, mud,rubble) which retain neither solidity norshape, they may be replaced by newbuildings of the same or similar materials.This would constitute a more or lessaccurate copy of the original, but a sensewould not be authentic.For such cases rebuilding is the term used,and the edifice produced is more or lessfaithful copy of the original. Termreconstruction cannot be used whenvirtually nothing of the original hasremained intact.A copy is a reminder; and since the imprintof the creator borne by the original work ofart gives it its unique quality, and if the New BridgeCampanile,Bosnia HerzegovinaOldCampanile, PolandWarsaw, Polandin Mostar, VeniceWarsaw, Poland Warsaw, Veniceoriginal has been totally destroyed, the copymust inevitably possess different valuesfrom its predecessor. TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 16. Refunctioning:If a cultural property losses its validity of function, a new function can beintroduced to it in order to ensure its protection and regular maintenance. Heritage Cell, DAP-NEDSupreme Court (Victoria TurkeyFrescosFortHagia Sophia, Museum), Karachi Baltit of HagiaTurkey Cappadoccia, SophiaTERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 17. Transportation:Taking a monument from its original position to another place in order to protectit from danger. Transfer of whole or parts of a monument is justified only if that isthe last resort by which the monument can be saved from destruction. To carryout such an operation the edifice should be of exceptional importance.There are two procedures bywhich a monument can betransported.By straightforward removal ofthe entire structure, and placingit on a pre-prepared newfoundation. In this process firstthe structure is consolidated toprotect it against damageduring transfer and then carriedto its new site.The second method is bydismantling all the architectural Nusserwanjee Building (Indus Valley), Karachi Nusserwanjee Building (Original), KarachiAbu Simbel, Aswan-Egyptelements of the monument andreassembling it on the new site.TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 18. Authenticity:The authenticity of the work of art is a measure of truthfulness of the internalunity of the creative process and the physical realization of the work and theeffects of its passage through historic times. In the light of of Nara on Authenticity, 1994, endorsed by internationalThe Document internationally accepted principles and guidelines of conservation, etc. also identifies aspectsorganizations like UNESCO, ICCROM and ICOMOS, any monument is judged for its worth inof authenticity as terms of authenticity on basis of following four things (Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites, ICCROM form and design, material and substance, use and function, 1993); traditions and techniques, location and setting, spirit and feeling and internal and external aspects of information Authenticity of Material sources. Authenticity of Workmanship Authenticity of Design Authenticity in Setting Authenticity is not reproducible.TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 19. Authenticity:The authenticity of the work of art is a measure of truthfulness of the internalunity of the creative process and the physical realization of the work and theeffects of its passage through historic times. In the light of of Nara on Authenticity, 1994, endorsed by internationalThe Document internationally accepted principles and guidelines of conservation, etc. also identifies aspectsorganizations like UNESCO, ICCROM and ICOMOS, any monument is judged for its worth inof authenticity as terms of authenticity on basis of following four things (Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites, ICCROM form and design, material and substance, use and function, 1993); traditions and techniques, location and setting, spirit and feeling and internal and external aspects of information Authenticity of Material sources. Authenticity of Workmanship Authenticity of Design Authenticity in Setting Authenticity is not reproducible.TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 20. Continuation:When a cultural property manages to retain its original function from the timeof its construction to date then it is termed as continuation of use or justcontinuation. Tomb of Shahrukn-e-Alam, MultanKozahan, BursaTERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION 21. Traces/ Evidence:These give clues to the buildings history and its original state. They leadyou to understand the various changes or alterations that the buildingundergoes during its lifetime.Inside the buildingOutside the buildingOn / around the site Clifton Promenade,Karachi Clifton Promenade,Karachi Ruby Jewelers, Karachi Rohtas Fort, Jhelum Ruby Jewelers,KarachiTERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION