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Conservation Education ﺗﻌﻠ ﻧﮕﻬﺪار ﻤﺎت ﻃﺒ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ

Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 1: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

Conservation Education

یعي منابع طبیمات نگهداريتعل

Page 2: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

Summary of soil and water conservation discussion/training

material provided at the Forestry Partners Workshop

February, 2009

Prepared for USAID/Afghanistan,

Office of Agriculture & Rural Development

Prepared by Otto Gonzalez, USDA Foreign Agricultural Service; Mark Kelly, USDA Foreign

Agricultural Service; Jon Fripp, USDA NRCS; Clark D. Fleege, USDA Forest Service; and Linda Norgrove, UNOPS

Under the United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, Office of Capacity Building and Development

Participating Agency Service Agreement with the

United States Agency for International Development/Afghanistan

Page 3: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

Watershed Zones Understanding the characteristics

and behavior of a watershed is important to soil and water

conservation.

Soil and water are important resources. The wrong management of these important resources can impact people’s lives.

The land that drains water to a point is called the watershed of that point. It is connected to the area above it.

A watershed can viewed in three parts. 1. Collection zone: At the top of the

watershed. It has the steepest slope and the thinnest layer of good soil.

2. Transport Zone: In the middle of the watershed. Wet streams and rivers flow throughout the year in this zone.

3. Deposition Zone: At the end of the watershed. Water and sediment stops here. It has the flattest slope and the thickest layer of good soil.

A watershed is like a chain. The parts are connected and dependent on one another.

It is important to use the right management practices and the right rehabilitation techniques in the correct locations.

Collection Zone: The strategy is to keep the soil where it is and encourage infiltration. Manage use carefully to maintain vegetation. Use treatments which re vegetate and slow water.

Transport Zone: The strategy is to let the water and sediment flow through this zone. Strengthen and protect the banks.

Deposition Zone: The land in this zone is zone is usually good for agricultural. The strategy is to keep too much sediment from depositing and to reduce wind erosion.

Page 4: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 5: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 6: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion

There are many techniques which can be readily learned in a class then refined with practice to be most suitable for the area.

Planting trees and bushes helps slow soil erosion.

Proper grazing management can reduce soil erosion and improve livestock health.

A seed drill can be used in some situations to establish grasses.

Terraces and hillside ditches slow water runoff and promote infiltration.

Windbreaks reduce soil loss as well as shield crops and livestock from wind.

Riparian buffers improve water quality and help stabilize streams.

Check Dams stop gullies from forming and getting larger.

Page 7: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 8: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 9: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

Vegetation Establishing and maintaining trees, shrubs, and grasses in the upper

watershed is important for soil and water conservation.

Vegetation slows runoff and reduces erosion.

Vegetation promotes water seepage into the ground. This improves plant growth and groundwater for wells.

Plant grasses in the dormant season. This is usually after the first freeze in the fall.

Good grazing management is important to maintain grasses.

� Do not overgraze ‘Eat half – leave half’.� Consider carrying capacity. � Manage early/late grazing. � Training for herders is important.

Use plant trees and shrubs that are adapted to the site. Consider soil type, climate, slope, and aspect.

Tree seedlings can be started at nurseries. Compost can be used to provide good soil.

Water is important to establish vegetation. Mulch can reduce water loss. Terraces and hillside ditches can direct water to plants.

Terraces and hillside ditches should be constructed on a contour.

Spacing, size, and the installation of ditch plugs are important in the design and construction of terraces and hillside ditches.

Page 10: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 11: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 12: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

Grazing Management Good management of grazing will

improve soil and water conservation and produce healthier livestock.

Grasses and shrubs help prevent soil loss. If an area is overgrazed, erosion may occur.

Grasses are important food for grazing livestock. If an area is overgrazed, the grass will be of poor quality and the livestock may suffer

Grasses and shrubs encourage rain to infiltrate into the ground. If an area is overgrazed, springs may dry up.

Livestock should be allowed to water at defined areas. Overgrazing the riparian area can impact water quality and cause erosion.

Grazing management is a skill that can be taught. It involves some learned techniques and a lot of practice

It is important to allow the range to rest between grazing. Allow a month between grazing so leaves can regrow and energy can be stored in the plants.

Grass will tolerate 50% grazing by weight every year and remain healthy. So graze half and leave half.

A simple technique for determining what is half is to: � Find a sample that has not been grazed � Cut it off at the ground. � Tie the bundle together � Attempt to balance it on your finger. � Cut the bundle at the point of balance � Measure the height of the cut base bundle � This is 50% of the grass plant that must be

left

The herders should be trained to move the herds as they eat and not allow the livestock to eat all the vegetation in an area.

Page 13: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 14: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 15: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

Wind Breaks Conservation practices that can

reduce the harmful effects of high winds

Wind can erode good soil and damage crops.

Wind breaks can protect crops, livestock, and people as well as reduce erosion.

A windbreak will protect an area that can be more than 10 times the height of the highest tree at maturity. Plant the rows perpendicular to the normal wind direction

How to find out the normal wind direction? � Ask people who live in the area � Look at the shapes of trees � Since wind often blows down a valley,

place the windbreaks across the valley

Wind breaks can be trees, shrubs, and some grasses

Multi-row windbreaks provide better protection � Use low growing shrubs on the sides � Use larger trees in the middle

Plant trees in a hole that is twice the size of the root ball. A soil amendment such as compost can be used to increase growth. Wash in the soil and tamp to remove air pockets.

Trees and shrubs need water. Irrigation may be necessary for establishment. Mulch can be used to reduce drying.

Fences and dead vegetation can also be used to build wind breaks.

Page 16: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 17: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

8

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Page 18: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

IrrigationThe practice of getting needed water

to growing plants

Irrigation is needed if: • Crops are wilting or dying from lack of water • Crops are of a poor quality. • You want to establish trees in a dry area

There are many different types of irrigation.

When deciding on the type of irrigation system, it is important to understand the soils.

Traditional flood irrigation is effective but wastes a lot of water.

Micro sprinklers are good for greenhouses.

Mirco sprinklers are easy to manage.

Impact sprinklers are good for seedlings and for some crops.

Small electric or gasoline pumps can be used to provide the necessary pressure for sprinklers.

Drip Irrigation can be used for trees.

Drip emitters are easy to install

Drip irrigation systems can be purchased commercially or constructed with a hose and a screw.

Page 19: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 20: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

Bucket Drip Irrigation A simple technique to provide water

for household vegetable gardens

The advantages of drip irrigation are: • Saves water • Low evaporation and runoff loss • Water goes to the plant so fewer weeds will

grow• Works well on all soil types • Can work well on a wide range of slopes • Can be used to apply fertilizer and pesticides

The materials needed for drip bucket irrigation are basic and easily assembled.

A stand is used to hold the bucket. It must be 1 meter above the ground.

A connection and filter is installed on the bottom of the bucket.

Simple connections are used to attach the water supply lines to the drip line.

The drip line is installed along the ground next to the plants.

Water is poured into the bucket.

Water flows from small holes in the drip line to water the plants.

Several drip buckets can be installed on a garden.

This simple and inexpensive irrigation tool can be supplied to many families to produce large amounts of vegetables in small gardens.

Page 21: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 22: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 23: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

CompostA natural soil amendment

Why would we want to compost? � To make garden plants and transplanted

trees healthier � To make good growing medium to start

plants � To handle excess organic waste

How does compost do these good things? • It adds nutrients to the soil • It can loosen clay soil so air can get in • It can help sandy soil hold water • It turns organic waste into good soil

Compost is a mix of green (nitrogen containing) material such as grass, manure, food scraps and brown (carbon containing) material such as straw saw dust, and dead dry plants. A container, moisture and time are also required.

Compost “tea” can be used on fragile seedlings or plants as a fertilizer.

Brick compost container

Two bin wooden compost structure

Agricultural waste can be used to make compost.

Human waste can be made into compost with a specially constructed compost toilet.

Some existing toilets can be managed to create compost.

Page 24: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 26: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

Water Supply A safe and reliable source of water is important for people, livestock, and

plant irrigation

There are many different practices and techniques for obtaining water. When selecting the appropriate technique, it is important to know the purpose: � Human Use: A safe and consistent quantity

is needed. � Animal Use: A large volume is needed in

many locations. � Irrigation: An even larger quantity is

needed. More water is needed in dry times. Filtration may be necessary for drip irrigation.

Hand pumps are a good technique to get groundwater. But care must be taken in the design and operation of a well to avoid contamination of the groundwater

Windmills can be used to pump water from the ground

Water can be pumped into simple storage tanks for later use.

Ponds can be constructed to capture rainfall

Diversions are used to capture water from a stream or river

Cisterns can be used to capture rainfall that runs off the roof of a house

A rain harvester is a way to capture rainfall for livestock. It functions like a cistern.

A spring box can be constructed to collect water from a spring and bring it to the surface

Page 27: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 28: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 29: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

Spring Development Water can be obtained by developing

new or repairing old springs

A spring box can be constructed to capture groundwater and carry it to the surface.

Spring development design is not complicated

The first step in constructing a spring box is to determine a good location. It can be: � Were a old spring had once flowed � Were a spring only flows during wet weather � At a low, wet area (look for plants that need

a lot of water)

Dig into the ground to see if water can be encouraged to flow

If water is present, the hole should be dug larger then lined with rock

A container (spring box) is needed to capture the water. It must have holes in it but can be metal, masonry, concrete, plastic, or clay. A pipe must be installed at the base of the box.

Place the spring box into the hole. Wrap it in fabric and place small stones to fill the hole

A pipe is placed in a trench that extends from the bottom of the hole to an outlet. Water will flow into the spring box and out the pipe

The water can go to a hidden pipe outlet.

The water can also outlet at a spring house

Page 30: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 31: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 32: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

Water Treatment The practice of removing

contaminants from water before it is used for drinking or for agriculture

Many sources of water contain dangerous pollutants and should be treated before drinking.

Water used for agriculture may have contaminants that can damage some types of irrigation equipment.

There are many different treatment technologies. The type selected depends on the type of pollutant that should be removed.

Adding chlorine, boiling, or using sunlight can kill many pathogens. This sort of treatment can be used for household drinking water.

Distillation using large stills, stovetop stills or solar stills can be effective in removing many contaminants.

Simple cloth filters can remove some sediment that may clog simple drip irrigation.

Fast sand filters are often used for removing particles that can damage irrigation equipment

Simple, in line, sand filters can be purchased or constructed.

Slow sand filters can be used to remove dangerous pathogens as well as sediments.

Page 33: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

6

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Page 34: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 35: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

Slow Sand Water Treatment

This is a simple technique for filtering dangerous pathogens out of

drinking water.

This practice is also called the biologic sand treatment. It has been used worldwide in many rural communities to provide clean drinking water.

It is a sand filter that is designed to keep water pooled. The sand is kept permanently wet. A biologic layer of good microbes forms on the top of the sand. As water flows through the sand, the good microbes eat the bad microbes. Also, sediments catch between the sand particles and in the layer of good microbes.

The materials needed to construct a slow sand filter are a container to hold the sand, something to diffuse the water, clean sand and gravel, and a hose.

The sand and gravel should be sieved into different sizes than washed

The hose goes from the bottom of the filter to outlet near the top of the container. The sand and gravel is placed in layers. First the larger gravel then the smaller sands.

The water to be treated must be added slowly so that the sand is not disturbed. Holes in the lid of a plastic bucket or a small pot on top of the larger with holes in it will work.

The filter does not function immediately. The good microbes need time to grow. In 2 to 3 weeks, they will colonize the upper few centimetres of the sand and begin to eat the pathogens. New water must be added daily. This feeds the good microbes, brings them air, and makes sure they do not dry out and die.

Many variations in the design and containers used are possible.

Page 36: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 37: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 38: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

Streams and Rivers There are several management

practices and treatment techniques that are applicable to this important

part of the watershed.

People use the land beside streams and rivers. Erosion in streams and rivers can damage agriculture, houses, roads, and the environment.

Problems in streams or rivers might be caused by the upper watershed. When the watershed loses vegetation, more water can flow into streams and rivers during storms. This can cause flooding and erosion.

Erosion of the stream bed may occur with high flows. As a channel gets deeper, the land on the land on the side can become drier.

High flows may cause the channels to widen. Houses, roads and valuable agricultural land may be lost.

It is important to stabilize the channel bottom before trying to stabilize the bank. Grade control can be used to keep channels from getting deeper. These are large check dams.

Maintaining vegetation along the banks of streams and rivers can reduce bank erosion and protect water quality. This vegetation is called a riparian buffer. A riparian buffer should be at least twice the width of the channel.

Plants that are accustomed to a lot of water should be used close to the stream. Larger trees can be used further up the bank.

Controlling the access of livestock to a stream and hardening areas where the stream must be crossed will limit erosion and reduce water pollution.

Streambank soil bioengineering techniques use vegetation to stabilize the banks of streams and rivers.

There are many techniques that can be easily learned that use vegetation to slow or stop stream bank erosion.

Where bank erosion is more severe, harder bank protection may be necessary. This could be large rocks or gabions.

Page 39: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 41: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

GabionsA good way to turn many small rocks

into a large structure

� They are heavy wire baskets filled with rocks � Used in many different of soil conservation

practices � Have been used worldwide

Can be used for river bank protection and to build retaining walls.

Can be used to construct check dams.

The baskets can be purchased from commercial manufacturers or can be constructed by hand.

Hand woven gabion baskets.

A variety of different size baskets can be used

The baskets are laced together with wire.

Can also use simple tools (the clute) to assemble the baskets with rings.

Proper design and construction is required for any structure built with a gabion.

Good supervision is needed as the baskets are filled.

Page 42: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 44: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

Basic Surveying Many soil conservation practices

require measurements of the ground. Many of these measurements can be made with a minimum of equipment.

Some basic tools include a string level, a compass, and sight level. Along with a measuring tape or rod, the ability to pace a distance, and the ability to estimate a 90 degree angle, many measurements for the design and construction of soil conservation practices can be accomplished.

Design and construction requires the skills to take good measurements.

A sight level can be used to measure slopes and determine a contour.

Proper technique is important when using a sight level.

A string level can be used to measure the section of a gully or lay out a structure.

The use of a string level is easily learned.

‘Clapping a 90’ is a simple technique to estimate a perpendicular line.

A compass can be used to determine a position on a map.

Assessments of the performance of structures can be made using these tools.

Page 45: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There

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Page 48: Conservation Education - Afghan Agriculture · Soil Conservation There are many practices that can be used to prevent the loss of valuable soil due to wind and water erosion There