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Chapter 56Chapter 56
Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for
BiologyEighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Fig. 56-1
Fig. 56-2
• Conservation biology
• Restoration ecology
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• Biodiversity
– Genetic diversity
– Species diversity
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
– Ecosystem diversity
Fig. 56-3
Genetic diversity in a vole population
Species diversity in a coastal redwood ecosystem
Community and ecosystem diversityacross the landscape of an entire region
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• Endangered species
• Threatened species
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• Globally, 12% of birds, 20% of mammals, and 32% of amphibians are threatened with extinction
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 56-4a
(a) Philippine eagle
Fig. 56-4b
(b) Yangtze River dolphin
Fig. 56-4c
(c) Javan rhinoceros
Fig. 56-5
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Fig. 56-6 Fig. 56-7
Fig. 56-8a
Introduced species
(a) Brown tree snake
Fig. 56-8b
(b) Kudzu
Fig. 56-9 Fig. 56-10
Inbreeding
Smallpopulation
Geneticdrift
Lowerreproduction
Extinction vortex(滅絕漩渦)
Highermortality
Smallerpopulation
Reduction inindividual
fitness andpopulationadaptability
Loss ofgenetic
variability
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Fig. 56-11
Translocation
Num
ber o
f mal
e bi
rds
200
150
100
50
01970 1975 1985 1990 19951980
RESULTS
Year(a) Population dynamics
100
Eggs
hat
ched
(%) 90
807060504030
Years(b) Hatching rate
1970–’74 ’75–’79 ’80–’84 ’85–’89 ’90 ’93–’97
• Minimum viable population (MVP)
• Effective population size
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 56-12 Fig. 56-13
Red-cockadedwoodpecker
(a) Forests with low undergrowth (b) Forests with high, dense undergrowth
Fig. 56-14a
(a) Natural edges
Fig. 56-14b
(b) Edges created by human activity
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Fig. 56-15 Fig. 56-16
Fig. 56-17
Terrestrial biodiversityhot spots
Marine biodiversityhot spots
Biodiversity hot spot
Equator
Endemic (特有) species
Fig. 56-18
Kilometers
0 50 100
MONTANA
IDAHO
MONTANA
WYOMINGYellowstoneNational
ParkIDAHO
Grand TetonNational Park
IDA
HO
WYO
MIN
G
Biotic boundary forshort-term survival;MVP is 50 individuals.
Biotic boundary forlong-term survival;MVP is 500 individuals.
Fig. 56-19a
Nicaragua
CostaRica
CARIBBEAN SEA
PACIFIC OCEAN
National park landBuffer zone
(a) Zoned reserves in Costa Rica
Fig. 56-19b
(b) Schoolchildren in one of Costa Rica’s reserves
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Fig. 56-20
FLORIDAGULF OF MEXICO
50 km
Florida Keys NationalMarine Sanctuary
Fig. 56-21a
(a) In 1991, before restoration
Fig. 56-21b
(b) In 2000, near the completion of restoration
Bioremediation
• Bioremediation (生物矯正) is the use of living organisms to detoxify ecosystems
• The organisms most often used are prokaryotes, fungi, or plants
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 56-22a
(a) Unlined pits filled with wastes containing uranium (鈾)
• Biological augmentation (增長)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Fig. 56-23b
Truckee River, Nevada
Fig. 56-23c
Kissimmee River, Florida
Fig. 56-23d
Tropical dry forest, Costa Rica
Fig. 56-23e
Rhine River (萊茵河), Europe
Fig. 56-23f
Succulent Karoo, South Africa
Fig. 56-23g
Coastal Japan
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Fig. 56-23h
Maungatautari, New Zealand
Fig. 56-25b
A 30,000-year-old ivory carving of a water bird, found in Germany(b)
Fig. 56-25a
Detail of animals in a 36,000-year-old cave painting, Lascaux, France
(a)
Fig. 56-25c
Biologist Carlos Rivera Gonzales examining a tiny tree frog in Peru(c)
