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12/11/2012
1
Conservation Agriculture Implications for Weed Management
Dan MunkCooperative Extension Fresno CountyUniversity of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources
Jeff MitchellDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of California, Davis
Steve WrightCooperative Extension Tulare CountyUniversity of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources
Anil Shrestha Dino GiacomazziDepartment of Plant Science Hanford, CACalifornia State University, Fresno
Tom TuriniCooperative Extension Fresno CountyUniversity of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources
Scott SchmidtFarming ‘D’Five Points, CA
John DienerRed Rock RanchFive Points, CA
Monte BottensCalAgSolutionsMadera, CA
11th Annual Sustainable Agriculture PEST MANAGEMENT CONFERENCESan Luis Obispo, CA December 7, 2012
CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE
• … has developed to be a technically viable, sustainable, and economic alternative to current crop production practices,
• … is gaining acceptance in many parts of the world as an alternative to both conventional agriculture and organic agriculture
• … is the integration of ecological management with modern, scientific, agricultural production
Dumanski et al., 2006
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CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE
• … is not ‘business as usual,’ based primarily or solely on maximizing yields,
• … rather, it is based on optimizing yields and profits to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits,
• …it advocates that the combined economic and social benefits gained from combining production and protecting the environment, including reduced input and labor costs, are greater than those from production
alone. Dumanski et al., 2006
Intensity of soil disturbance
Crop rotation
Co
nve
nti
on
al a
gri
cult
ure
Conventional MinimumTillage
Direct seeding
Sustainable agriculture
Surface crop retention
Sayre et al., 2012
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CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE
• Minimal soil disturbance
• Preservation of residues that provide permanent soil cover
• Diverse crop rotations
• Reliance on precision, highly efficient irrigation
• Use of cover crops
• Integrated pest management
• Controlled or limited mechanical traffic over agricultural soils
High residue no‐till systems in Pierre, SD$10 herbicide inputs in two years
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Crop Diversity
Residue Management
SoilStructure
NutrientCycling
Plant Diseases
Weed Management
EcologicalProcesses
Spiral
IntegratedSystems
Dwayne Beck and Randy Anderson, 2008
Stubble Over the SoilCrovetto,2006
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”More with Less”
… agriculture in the future will have to sustainably produce more food, feed, fiber and energy on less land
through more efficient use of natural resources and with minimal impact on the environment in order to meet
growing population demands.
This will become a global imperative.
CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE
…links production with sustainability.
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USA 26.5USA 26.5
Canada 13.5Canada 13.5
Australia 17Australia 17
Europe 1Europe 1
Kazakhstan 1Kazakhstan 1
Africa 0.5Africa 0.5
Brazil 26Brazil 26
Conservation Agriculture worldwide 117 Million ha Conservation Agriculture worldwide 117 Million ha
Argentina 26Argentina 26
Paraguay 2.5Paraguay 2.5
China 1China 1
tropical savannahtropical savannah
continental, drycontinental, dry
temperate, moisttemperate, moist
temperate, moisttemperate, moist
continental, dry continental, dry
irrigatedirrigated
smallholdersmallholder
smallholdersmallholder
smallholdersmallholder
aridarid
aridaridlarge scalelarge scale
large scalelarge scale
large scalelarge scale
large scalelarge scale
large scalelarge scale
large scalelarge scale
subtropical, dry
tropical savannahtropical savannah
other LA 2other LA 2
>50%
>25%>25%
>70%>70%
up to 90%up to 90%Friedrich, 2012
Brazil
Harvest
Planting
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CA Adoption in percent by region worldwideCA Adoption in percent by region worldwide
South AmericaSouth America
North America
Australia,New ZealandAustralia,New Zealand
AsiaAsiaEuropeEurope
AfricaAfrica
Friedrich, 2012
It is estimated that in less than a decade > 85% of the cultivated area will be under No-till.It is estimated that in less than a decade > 85% of the cultivated area will be under No-till.
(Derpsch & Friedrich, 2008)(Derpsch & Friedrich, 2008)
25,0%
75,0%
70,0%
30,0%
No-till
Conventional
69,0%
31,0%
75,0%
25,0%
Argentina Paraguay
USA Brazil
CA Adoption relative to total croplandCA Adoption relative to total cropland
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8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Mil
lion
hec
tare
s
Fonte: EMATER-RS, EPAGRI-SC, EMATER-PR, CATI-SP, FUNDAÇÃO MS, APDC (Cerrado)
Brazil - Area under CA from 1972 to 2006
Área 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.13 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.38 0.50 0.58 0.65 0.73 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.35 2.03 3.00 3.80 5.50 8.85 11.3313.37 14.97 17.4 18.7 20.2 21.9 23.6 25.5
72/ 73
73/ 74
74/ 75
75/ 76
76/ 77
77/ 78
78/ 79
79/ 80
80/ 81
81/ 82
82/ 83
83/ 84
84/ 85
85/ 86
86/ 87
87/ 88
88/ 89
89/ 90
90/ 91
91/ 92
92/ 93
93/ 94
94/ 95
95/ 96
96/ 97
97/ 98
98/ 99
99/ 00
00/ 01
01/.02
02/.03
03/.04
04/.05
05/.06
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
14000000
16000000
18000000
20000000
1977
/78
1978/
86198
6/87
1987
/88
1988
/89
1989
/90
1990
/91
1991/
92199
2/93
1993
/94
1994
/95
1995
/96
1996
/97
1997/
98199
8/99
1999
/00
2000
/01
2001
/02
2002
/03
2003/
04200
4/05
2005
/06
Argentina - CA from 1977 to 2006
Estimated farmer adoption of no-till in WA
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
Ad
op
tio
n (
%)
Friedrich, 2012
No Till RT/ST Mulch Till Subtotal Minimum Tillage
2004 5,265 690 51,150 57,105 64,613
2006 17,181 9,020 42,964 69,165 318,006
2008 27,308 121,055 79,434 227,797 416,035
2010 32,387 157,824 96,267 286,478 701,760
‐
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
Acres
Increases in CT 2004 ‐ 2010
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USDA Agricultural Research Service
National Program 216
Agricultural Systems Competitiveness and Sustainability
‘They did not achieve a successful landing by testing small incremental improvements
in rocket design. They did it by having a specific goal and teams focused on developing
the techniques required to achieve that goal.’
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Tamworth, New South WalesAustralia
2006
An old vineyard taken over by horseweed near Fresno
A.Shrestha2006
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CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS ALLIANCE
Manitoba – North Dakota Zero Tillage Farmers AssociationReduced Tillage Linkages
Delta Conservation Demonstration CenterGeorgia Conservation Tillage Alliance
Pennsylvania No-Till AllianceColonial Soil and Water Conservation DistrictSaskatchewan Soil Conservation Association
Southern Plains Agricultural Resources CoalitionPacific Northwest Direct Seed Association
Ohio No-Till CouncilUSDA ARS National Soil Dynamics Lab
Mississippi State UniversityAuburn University
Pennsylvania State UniversityUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service
California Conservation Tillage Workgroup
No-till cottonRobert and Ron Rayner
Goodyear, AZ2005
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No-tillElfrida, AZ
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Collaborators
Anil Shrestha Andy Zylstra John Beyer (retired)Kurt Hembree Mike Crowell Rob RoyBob Hutmacher John Diener Bob FrySteve Wright Tom Willey Johnnie SiliznoffSteve Temple Ryan Camara Mike McElhineyRandy Southard Scott Schmidt Rita BickelNick Madden Jim Couto Tom GohlkeDan Munk Alan SanoSteve Temple Jesse Sanchez Ron HarbenKaren Klonsky Tom BarcellosJulie Baker Darrell Cordova Alan WilcoxGene Miyao Bob Prys Ralph Cesena, Sr.Howard Ferris Dino Giacomazzi Monte BottensTom Lanini Andy Rollin John BlissLee Jackson Larry BecksteadWes Wallender Bill McCloskeyWilli Horwath Steve Husman Allen DuSaultJaime Solorio Kristen HughesEd Scott Mike Buser Ladi Asgill
Lyle Carter
Cotton and tomato crop residuesPrior to no-till crop establishment
Five Points, CA 2008
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NRI Cotton Yields 2004 - 2007
CTNO
CTNO
CTNO
CTNO
CTCC CTCC
CTCC
CTCC
STNO
STNO
STNO
STNOSTCC
STCC
STCC
STCC
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2004 2005 2006 2007
CTNO CTCC STNO STCC
bc
c
a
ab
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Conservation Tillage planting and postharvest stalk management studyBorba Farms, Riverdale, CA 2001 - 2003
Conservation Tillage planting and postharvest stalk management studyBorba Farms, Riverdale, CA 2001 - 2003
Cover crop was sprayed or sprayed and choppedCover crop was sprayed or sprayed and chopped
Ridge-till plantingRidge-till planting
Strip-tilling ahead of planting
Strip-tilling ahead of planting
Pounds of cotton lint / acre for cotton tillage systems evaluation at
Borba Farms, Riverdale, CA, 2001 - 2003
Standard tillage
No-till chopped cover crop
No-till sprayed cover crop
Ridge-till chopped cover crop
Ridge-till sprayed cover crop
Strip-till chopped cover crop
Strip-till sprayed cover crop
1183 abc
1081 bc
1292 ab
1229 abc
993 c
1352 a
1262 ab
1258 a
1215 a
709 b
809 b
1311 a
1278 a
1223 a
1156 ns
1283 ns
1291 ns
1258 ns
1303 ns
1365 ns
1340 ns
2001 2002 2003
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Comparison of cover crop and tillage system tractor operations, estimated fuel use and production costs per acre
Standard tillage
No-till chopped cover crop
No-till sprayed cover crop
Ridge-till chopped cover crop
Ridge-till sprayed cover crop
Strip-till chopped cover crop
Strip-till sprayed cover crop
17
9
8
9
9
10
9
19.5
8.5
7.5
8.5
7.5
10.2
9.2
$237
$199
$195
$199
$195
$204
$200
Times over field
Gallons of fuel
Total operating costsFarming System
Mitchell, Klonsky, Prys, DeMoura, Munk and Wroble, In press
California Waste Discharge Permit RequirementGeneral Order 55-2007-0035 for Milk Cow Dairies
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Dairy forage triple-croppingas a means to increase forage
production and nutrient uptake
Strip-tilling into wheat residue ahead of forage corn planting
Hanford, CA 2006
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Weed populations in strip-till• Weed populations were evaluated in 8
of the 10 sites• Except at one location, weed
populations were similar to or lower in strip till than in the conventional till plots
• Most of the weeds in the strip till plots were volunteer cereals from the previous crop in the rotation
A. Shrestha2007
Locations
Giaca Fulkerth Hart Camara Jerseyland DeJaeger1 DeJaeger2 Mapes
No.
of
wee
ds/m
2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Conventional Till Strip Till
Weed densities in July, 2007
A. Shrestha2007
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1%
10%
7%
4%
23%
55%
Vol. Wheat
Pigweed
Purslane
Nutsedge
Barnyardgrass
Other
Distribution of weed species
A. Shrestha2007
Weeds in Conventional Till Weeds in Strip Till
A. Shrestha2007
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Volunteer wheat in strip till planted corn
A. Shrestha2007
Waiting for custom applicatorsA. Shrestha
2007
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Zylstra DairyTurlock, CA
Barcellos Farms, Tipton, CA
• CT emissions reduced 93%
• CT emissions reduced 88%
Operations
AVG. EF
(mg/m2)
CARB EF
(mg/m2)Test
GradesAvg
GWCDisk (0ff-Set) 252 135 A,C,B 0.062nd Disk (0ff-Set) 917 135 A,A,A 0.06Listing 615 90 B,A,A 0.07Disk-Bedder (Go-Devil) 25 135 B,B 0.15Bed Mulcher 89 135 A,A 0.11Ring Roller 566 90 A,A 0.10Planter 96 90 A,G 0.14Ring Roller 186 90 C,B 0.08
CT Drill 198 90 B,E 0.26
CT Corn
SPRING 2004ST Corn
Operations
AVG. EF
(mg/m2)
CARB EF
(mg/m2)Test
GradesAvg
GWC
Disk (0ff-Set) 51 135 A,A,A 0.212nd Disk (0ff-Set) 123 135 A,A,A 0.19Circle Harrow w/ Roller 264 1403 B,C,D 0.18Listing 466 90 B,B,B 0.19Disk-Bedder (Go-Devil) 109 135 A,B,B 0.17Bed Mulcher 384 135 B,A,A 0.15Planter 481 90 B,A,A 0.17
CT Drill 224 90 C,B 0.19CT Corn
SPRING 2005ST Corn
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An average of 2 sprays every 2 years$12/acre
An Ecological Approach to Weed Management:
Crop Competitiveness
“… In these systems, the best weed control is a good crop canopy. - Last year’s canopy is left in place till this year’s canopy develops.”
Dwayne BeckJanuary 23, 2008
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An Ecological Approach to Crop Management
Cultural Tactics Center On:
- rotation design- crop sequence- no-tillage- crop residue management- competitive crop canopies
- taking the “E” out of “ET”
Randy [email protected] including following data slides
Dwayne BeckDakota Lakes Research FarmSouth Dakota State University
94
40
7
0
25
50
75
100
W-CP W-C-CP Pea-W-C-SB
Weeds (plts/m2)
Rotation Design - Weeds
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Cool –Warm Cool-Cool-Warm-Warm
2 vs 4 Contrast
Tilled Site 225 44 5
No-Till Site
94 7 13
Rotation – Tillage Interaction
(No Herbicides – Weeds / m2)
75
93
100
60
70
80
90
100
C-M W-C-F W-C-M-F
Yield (%)
Crop Frequency - Corn
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28
60
25
5
0
20
40
60
W-CP W-C-CP W-C-SB-Pea
Weeds (plts/m2)
Rotation Design - > Weeds
Gra
in y
ield
(kg
/ha)
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
Weed-free Weed-infested
Conventional system
N banding
a aa
b
c
d
a
cd
N + highercrop density
N + density+ narrow rows
Cultural practice combinations
Corn grain yield in weed-free and weed-infested conditions as affected by production practice combinations. Standard system was 37,000 plants/ha at a row spacing of 76 cm, with N fertilizer broadcast at planting. Enhanced-competition practices were banding N near the seed, increasing crop density to 47,000 plants/ha, and reducing row spacing to 38 cm. Weed-free plots with acetamide + atrazine pre-plant, plus hand-weeding on a weekly basis. Data averaged across three years; bars with the same letter are not significantly different based on Fisher’s LSD (0.05). (Adapted from Anderson, 2000.)
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Se
ed
yie
ld (
kg
/ha
)
1200
1500
1800
2100
Weed-FreeWeed-Infested
Conv. Cultural
Early planting Late planting
Conv. Cultural
a
a
a
b
b
b
a a
Grain yield of sunflower grown in two production systems; the competition-enhancing system eliminated yield loss due to weed interference. The standard system was comprised of 76 cm row spacing, crop population of 39,000 plants/ha, and N fertilizer applied broadcast. The competition-enhancing system included row spacing of 50 cm, crop population of 47,000 plants/ha, and N fertilizer applied in a band near the seed at planting. Planting dates differed by two weeks. No in-crop herbicides. Data averaged across 2 years; bars with the same letter are not significantly different based on Fisher’s LSD (0.05). (Adapted from Anderson, 1999b; Tanaka & Anderson, 2000.)
Wheat under overhead irrigationFive Points, CA 2008
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Average weeds/m2 2011
Study Hypotheses
Drip irrigation can control weeds by precise spatial delivery of water to
plant.
Management of soil water height during drip irrigations can limit weed seed germination in the top 8cm of soil.
Restricted wetting zones under normal drip irrigation will limit weed growth, especially in the furrows.
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Drip System July 14th (~1 mo. >transplant)
Furrow system July 14th (~I mo. > transplant
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Weed Results
• Drip showed significant control over weed germination and growth.
• Most furrow irrigation weeds were located in the furrow, where the wettest zones are.
• The only weeds in the drip were established perennials i.e.. field bindweed.
Weed Populations Under Different Irrigation
0.50 0.58
17.92
44.67
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
Bed Furrow
Row Location
we
ed
s/m
2
Drip Irrigation
Furrow Irrigation
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Weed shifts and
Weed resistance to glyphosate have been observed…
Changes In the Production System
Palmer Amaranth
• 1.67 million acres infested with glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in CT cotton
• Reduction in yield and harvest efficiency
• No over-the-top solution for glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in RR cotton
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RR Corn in RR Cotton in Sacramento Valley Tulare County
Rdup Res. Weeds have spread throughout California after relying on one approach
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Rdup resistant weeds encroaching into RR cotton
Herbicides for Corn in CAPre-Plant
Atrazine, Aatrex, Eradicane, Roundup, Dual Magnum, Outlook, Gramoxone Inteon, Micro-Tech
At Planting• Micro-Tech, Aatrex, Atrazine, Dual Magnum, Prowl H2O, Prowl, Roundup, Gramoxone Inteon, Eradicane
After Planting• Accent, Prowl, glyphosate, 2,4-D, Banvel, Clarity, Distinct, Buctril, Gramoxone Inteon, Sencor, Aatrex, Atrazine, Sandea, Shark, Yukon, Option, Outlook
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Palmer Ameranth in Tulare Co. Cotton
Summary
• Residual herbicides are a must• Residual herbicides break at different times• Herbicide resistance & weed shifts are spreading• Use every tool to control weeds• Never let weeds escapes go to seed
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“…No-till systems have changed cropping practices in the Central Great Plains because of beneficial impacts on water relations and soil health. Some scientists have suggested that no-till systems have initiated a spiral of soil regeneration in this region, where interactions among more favorable water relations, residue production, and crop yield are continually improving soil health and, consequently, future
crop performance.”
Randy AndersonAdvances in Agronomy Volume 80
Crop Diversity
Residue Management
SoilStructure
NutrientCycling
Plant Diseases
Weed Management
EcologicalProcesses
Spiral
IntegratedSystems
Dwayne Beck and Randy Anderson, 2008
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Thank you very much.
