Conquest and ExpansionI. Consolidation

A. Conquering the WestB. The Power of Trade

II. DebateA. ExpansionistsB. Anti-Imperialists

III. Foreign PolicyA. Projecting ForceB. Spanish-American WarC. The Open Door in ChinaD. The Panama Canal

IV. Accidental Empire?

Conquering the WestNew States• KS (1861)• NV (1864)• NE (1867)• CO (1876)• WA, MN, ND,

SD (1889)• ID, WY

(1890)• UT (1896)• OK (1907)

• Note the locations of reservations

Wounded Knee, 1890

Mass Grave

Chief Bigfoot

Ghost Dance

Expanding

Trade• Reciprocity treaties

with:– Hawaii– Mexico– Cuba– Puerto Rico– West Indies– Santo Domingo– El Salvador– Colombia

American gunboat in JapanHiroshige, 1861

Nationalist

s• Idealism

• Frontier

• Overproduction

• Europe

• Gender

• Race

Theodore Roosevelt, NYC, 1885

Opposition to Empire

• Politicians, businessmen, intellectuals, and pacifists

• Grover Cleveland, Andrew Carnegie, Jane Addams, Mark Twain, Anna Julia Cooper

• Libertarians

• Egalitarians

• Racists

“Another Explosion at Hand.”Joseph Keppler, 1900.

Projecting Force

• Offense

versus

defense

The New Navy of the US, 1892

The Spanish-American War, 1898

Commodore Dewey Emilio Aguinaldo

W.R. Hearst

Battle for Cuba

TR and the Rough Riders

Cuban mass grave

The Philippine Insurrection, 1898-99

• U.S.– 4,234 dead– 2,818 wounded

• Philippines– 20,000

soldiers and 200,000 civilians dead

Opening China, 1900

• Boxer Rebellion

• John Hay• Open Door

The Panama Canal, 1903-13

• Part of Colombia• US foments rebellion• New nation of Panama• 75,000 men, $400

Million

Accidental Empire?

• Ideals– Democracy– Independenc

e

• Reality– US control