11
Conor W. Boyd, Peter Koch, Herbert B. McKean, CharlesR. Morschauser, StephenB. Preston, and Frederick F. Wangaard THE Oil EMBARGO OF 1973 and the material shortages experienced in the early 19705 have focused attention on basicresources essential to the well-being of the United States. In consequence, the outlook for fossil fuels and other nonrenewable resources hasbeen studied intensively.Renewableresources,including timber, have receivedlittle attention, however, in spite of their current importanceas industrial raw materials and their potential for the future. Recognizing this, the National Research Council in 1974 appointed a Committee on Renewable Resources for Industrial Materials (CORRIM). The Committee was instructed to assess the inter- changeability of renewable and nonrenewable resources, to define the limits on supply and utilization of renewable resources, and to forecast the possible consequences of increased demand for renewable resources on energy consumption, society, and the environment. To accomplish its mission, COR RIM established six panels, each of which conducted a study providing background data for the CORRIM final report (National Research Council 1976). Panel II was charged with studying wood for structural and architectural purposes as of 1970, and with projecting scenarios for the years1985 and 2000. This paper is a condensedversion of PanelII's 72-pagebackground report (Boyd, et al. 1976). In its report, Panel II focused on comparisonsof wood versus steel, aluminum, concrete, brick, and petrochemical derivatives. Statistics on the timber resource, its growth, its mortality losses, and its current use are fundamentalto a study of this kind. The panel based its resource analysis on The authors are, rea~vely, Manager, Roundwood R & D, We):erhaeuser Co., Tacoma, Wash.; Chief Wood Scien~t, So. I:'°reat Expt. Sta., USDA Forest Ser:v', Pineville, La.~ V~ce PresIdent, R & D, Potlatch Corp., Lewiston, Idaho; Tecnnical Director, National Particleboard Assoc., Silver Spring, Md.j Associate Dean School of Natural Resources, Univ. of Michigan Ann Ar'b;;r, Mich.; and fomler Head, Dept. of Forest and Wood Sciences, Colorado State Univ./. Fort Collins/. Colo. This paper is condensed from the Report 01 Panel II 01 the Committee on Renewable Resources for Industrial Materials (CORRlM), National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (1976). The authors under tl1e chairmanship of S. B. Preston, constituted Panelll of CORRIM. They acknowledge with gratitude the assistance of many individuals whose contributions to tl1e study were invaluable. Financial sup:port for the publication of tl1is p-aper was provided by the So. Forest Expt. Sta., USDA Forest Servo Reproduced with ~ission of tl1e National Academy of Sciences. Theae highljghts from the report were presented at Seasion S-Residential and Commercial Buildings-of the 30th Annual Meeting of tl1e Forest Products Research Socie~,I July 13, 1976, in ~oronto, Ontario, Canada. It was received lor publication in October 1976. Abstrad In 1970 the softwood and hardwood forestsof the United States yielded 193million tons (OD basis) of sawlogs, veneerlogs, pulpwood, miscellaneous industrial wood, and fuel wood. By 1965, demandfor such wood will likely be in the rangefrom 248 to 260 million tons, while supply should be about 260 million tons. By the year 2000, demand will probably be in the range from 296 to 307 million tons, while supply will be about 307 million tons. On an OD basis, structural wood commodities require from 1 to 3-1/2 tons of woody furnish per ton of commodity manufac- tured; reconstituted boards have highest product yield, and lumberthe lowest; veneerproductsare intermediate. Production of lumber, including logging and transport to constructionsite, callsfor net expenditureof about 3 million Btu of oil equivalent per ton of product if mill residuals are credited against energy demand of the milling process. Productionof a ton of softwood plywood requires about 6 million Btu after allowance for energy generated by mill residues. Reconstituted boards, i.e., fiberboards and particleboards, require most net energy per ton produced (range8-1/2 to 21 million Bw). Production of commodities based on nonrenewable resources requires appreciably more energy than does produc- tion of wood-based counterparts. When data are translated into energy required to build 100-square-foot sectionsof housing, including extraction or logging, manufacture, transportto house site,and erection, wood-based designs are least energyintensive. In roofs, a design incorporating steel rafters required ap- proximatelytwice the energy of constructionsin which wood trusses or rafters were used. Exterior walls sided with brick or constructed of concrete block required 7 to 8 timesthe energy of all-wood constructions,and walls framed with metal required approximatelytwice the energy of counterpart wood-framed constructions. In floors, constructions with concreteslabor with steelsupportingmembers required approximately 10 times more energy than wood floor systems. With a few exceptions, manpowerand capital costswere not shown to be appreciably different for wood-based and nonwood-based systems. An immediatesubstantial increase in research effort related to wood structural productscould, by 1985, substantially reduce man-hours needed,and significantly reduce energy required,for their production. It is recommended that research be intensified to improveprocesses for manufacturing structuralmaterials from flakes, strands, veneer,fibers, and pieces of smallsize,aloneor in combination with other materials. Substantial effort should be devotedto inventing a competitivenonpetroleum-based exterior adhesive for wood. Economical green-wood and bark burners should be developed for direct-fired kilns and to heat boilers. Dryers, heatingsystems, and hot presses shouldbe designed with improved thermal efficiency; additionally, logging and transport systems should be developed that minimize energyexpenditure. Finally, research should be devoted to design concepts which are structu~~ more efficient. - FEBRUARY 1977 l{)

Conor W. Boyd, Peter Koch, Herbert B. McKean, Charles R ...Conor W. Boyd, Peter Koch, Herbert B. McKean, Charles R. Morschauser, Stephen B. Preston, and Frederick F. Wangaard THE Oil

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Page 1: Conor W. Boyd, Peter Koch, Herbert B. McKean, Charles R ...Conor W. Boyd, Peter Koch, Herbert B. McKean, Charles R. Morschauser, Stephen B. Preston, and Frederick F. Wangaard THE Oil

Conor W. Boyd, Peter Koch, Herbert B. McKean,Charles R. Morschauser, Stephen B. Preston,

and Frederick F. Wangaard

THE Oil EMBARGO OF 1973 and the materialshortages experienced in the early 19705 have focusedattention on basic resources essential to the well-being ofthe United States. In consequence, the outlook for fossilfuels and other nonrenewable resources has been studiedintensively. Renewable resources, including timber, havereceived little attention, however, in spite of their currentimportance as industrial raw materials and their potentialfor the future. Recognizing this, the National ResearchCouncil in 1974 appointed a Committee on RenewableResources for Industrial Materials (CORRIM).

The Committee was instructed to assess the inter-changeability of renewable and nonrenewable resources,to define the limits on supply and utilization of renewableresources, and to forecast the possible consequences ofincreased demand for renewable resources on energyconsumption, society, and the environment.

To accomplish its mission, COR RIM established sixpanels, each of which conducted a study providingbackground data for the CORRIM final report (NationalResearch Council 1976). Panel II was charged withstudying wood for structural and architectural purposes asof 1970, and with projecting scenarios for the years 1985and 2000. This paper is a condensed version of Panel II's72-page background report (Boyd, et al. 1976).

In its report, Panel II focused on comparisons ofwood versus steel, aluminum, concrete, brick, andpetrochemical derivatives.

Statistics on the timber resource, its growth, itsmortality losses, and its current use are fundamental to astudy of this kind. The panel based its resource analysis on

The authors are, rea~vely, Manager, RoundwoodR & D, We):erhaeuser Co., Tacoma, Wash.; Chief WoodScien~t, So. I:'°reat Expt. Sta., USDA Forest Ser:v', Pineville,La.~ V~ce PresIdent, R & D, Potlatch Corp., Lewiston, Idaho;Tecnnical Director, National Particleboard Assoc., SilverSpring, Md.j Associate Dean School of Natural Resources,Univ. of Michigan Ann Ar'b;;r, Mich.; and fomler Head,Dept. of Forest and Wood Sciences, Colorado State Univ./.Fort Collins/. Colo. This paper is condensed from the Report 01Panel II 01 the Committee on Renewable Resources forIndustrial Materials (CORRlM), National Academy ofSciences/National Research Council (1976). The authorsunder tl1e chairmanship of S. B. Preston, constituted Panelllof CORRIM. They acknowledge with gratitude the assistanceof many individuals whose contributions to tl1e study wereinvaluable. Financial sup:port for the publication of tl1isp-aper was provided by the So. Forest Expt. Sta., USDAForest Servo Reproduced with ~ission of tl1e NationalAcademy of Sciences. Theae highljghts from the report werepresented at Seasion S-Residential and CommercialBuildings-of the 30th Annual Meeting of tl1e ForestProducts Research Socie~,I July 13, 1976, in ~oronto, Ontario,Canada. It was received lor publication in October 1976.

AbstradIn 1970 the softwood and hardwood forests of the United

States yielded 193 million tons (OD basis) of sawlogs, veneer logs,pulpwood, miscellaneous industrial wood, and fuel wood. By1965, demand for such wood will likely be in the range from 248to 260 million tons, while supply should be about 260 milliontons. By the year 2000, demand will probably be in the rangefrom 296 to 307 million tons, while supply will be about 307million tons.

On an OD basis, structural wood commodities require from 1to 3-1/2 tons of woody furnish per ton of commodity manufac-tured; reconstituted boards have highest product yield, andlumber the lowest; veneer products are intermediate. Productionof lumber, including logging and transport to construction site,calls for net expenditure of about 3 million Btu of oil equivalentper ton of product if mill residuals are credited against energydemand of the milling process. Production of a ton of softwoodplywood requires about 6 million Btu after allowance for energygenerated by mill residues. Reconstituted boards, i.e., fiberboardsand particleboards, require most net energy per ton produced(range 8-1/2 to 21 million Bw).

Production of commodities based on nonrenewableresources requires appreciably more energy than does produc-tion of wood-based counterparts. When data are translated intoenergy required to build 100-square-foot sections of housing,including extraction or logging, manufacture, transport to housesite, and erection, wood-based designs are least energy intensive.In roofs, a design incorporating steel rafters required ap-proximately twice the energy of constructions in which woodtrusses or rafters were used. Exterior walls sided with brick orconstructed of concrete block required 7 to 8 times the energy ofall-wood constructions, and walls framed with metal requiredapproximately twice the energy of counterpart wood-framedconstructions. In floors, constructions with concrete slab or withsteel supporting members required approximately 10 times moreenergy than wood floor systems. With a few exceptions,manpower and capital costs were not shown to be appreciablydifferent for wood-based and nonwood-based systems.

An immediate substantial increase in research effort relatedto wood structural products could, by 1985, substantially reduceman-hours needed, and significantly reduce energy required, fortheir production. It is recommended that research be intensifiedto improve processes for manufacturing structural materials fromflakes, strands, veneer, fibers, and pieces of small size, alone or incombination with other materials. Substantial effort should bedevoted to inventing a competitive nonpetroleum-based exterioradhesive for wood. Economical green-wood and bark burnersshould be developed for direct-fired kilns and to heat boilers.Dryers, heating systems, and hot presses should be designed withimproved thermal efficiency; additionally, logging and transportsystems should be developed that minimize energy expenditure.Finally, research should be devoted to design concepts which arestructu~~ more efficient. -

FEBRUARY 1977l{)

Page 2: Conor W. Boyd, Peter Koch, Herbert B. McKean, Charles R ...Conor W. Boyd, Peter Koch, Herbert B. McKean, Charles R. Morschauser, Stephen B. Preston, and Frederick F. Wangaard THE Oil

SOFTWOOD MATERIALS FLOW TRAJECTORIES (All data in Millions of Ton,. O. D. weiGht

1970 SAWTIMBER

AN_LMORTALITY124.921

DEAD AVAILABLEINVENTORY ~ DEAD -1124.631 13.431

'"DEADSALVABLE12.671 '"

FOREST RESIDUE(0.7S1

NON-INVENTORIEDROUGH ,ROTTEN14.231

SAWLOGS SOFTWOOD- LUMBER

SOFTWOOD-PLYWOOD

6ROSS ANNUALGROWTH(104.191

.NET ANNUAL SAWTI.MBERGROWTH GROWING(79.261 STOCI<

(43361

TOTALr REMOVALS193.761

COMMODITYRtMOVALS --.I' ",VENEER LoeS181.58) 115.De)

DTHER REMDVALS12.81)

LOGGINGRESIDUE19.31)

x.D215 AVAILABLE FOREST RUI~-DEAD -ID.&DI

11.481

'"DEADSALVABLElo.91) ~ PULPWOOO I itlcludin9 bark)

CDMMODITY 141.18)REMOVALS145.B6)

DTHER REMOVALS11.5B)

LOGGING RESIDUE

15.211

PULPWOOD AND POl.E-SIZE TIMBER

ANNUAL X4 fa. DEADr MORTALITY , . INVENTORY.

(13.461 153.861

GROSS ANNUALGROWTH195.021

TOTAL-REIM>VALS

(52.121

NET ANNUALGROWTH(laoS6) 'MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL

AND fUfLWOOO('.Gel

HARDWOOD MATERIALS FLOW TRAJECTORIES (All data in M.llianl at Tanl, O. D. ..ioht)

FOREST RESIDUE11.261

ItDN -INVENTORIED.ROUGH,ROTTEN12.061

SAWLOGS124.SII. -" VENEER LOGS12.281 .

Figure 1. - Softwood (top) and hardwood(bottom) materials-now trajectori.. for 1970.Data ara princIpally from the "Outlook forTimber In the United States" (USDA ForestService 1974); conversIon of cubic fMtto ODtons has been through multiplicatIon bytactors of 0.0137 for softwoods and 0.0164 forhardwoods. Data on growth and removalreflect current Inventory standards. Tonnagesshown In the "boxes" for growing stock shouldbe Increased by 10 percent to allow for(Include) bark.

HARDWOODLUMBER

HARDWOODPLYWOOD

~AWTIMBERGROWING

I STOCK

11404)

TOTALREMOVALS(38.911

PULPWOOD AND POt.E-SIZE TIMBER

ANNUAL X4 DEADr MORTAllTY ~4," , INVENTORY'

(17.321 (69.261

GROSS ANNUALGROWTH(109.05J

FOREST RESIDUE'(1.56)

NON-INVENTORIEDROUGH. ROTTEN(4.94)

PVLPWOOO

ANDPOLE-SIZEGftOWING

I STOCK

(21551

COMMODITYREMOVALS124.411

OTHER REMOVALS18.531

LOGGINGRESIDUE15.811

X 03 A~LA8LE-:-- . DEAD .

12.081

'" DEADSALVA8LE

10.511"'"" / PULPWOODllnCIOdlftQ ~I

COMMODITY, 119.101

.REMOYALS~,125.801 ""MISCELLAt4EW5 It4DUSTRIAI

_OTHER REMOIaLS At4D ~LWOOO19.011 111.561

-.-LOGGING RESIDUE16.151

NET ANNUAl..GROWTH1".731

TOTAL-REMOVALS

(40.97)

the 1970 statistical data contained in "The Outlook forTimber in the United States" (USDA Forest Service 1974).In presenting the analysis, it was useful to constructmaterial flow trajectories; that is, graphical represen-tations of material flow that account for (balance) all ofthe tonnage inputs and outputs. These charts, termedmaterials flow trajectories (synonymous with materialsbalances), are based on ovendry (00) tons of material;unless otherwise specified, bark weight is included. Cubicfoot conversion to dry weight was made consistent withthe Reference Materials System concept (Bethel andSchreuder 1976) used throughout the CORRIM reports.

Timber Supply and Use in 1970The Outlook Study (USDA Forest Service 1974)

provides most of the data necessary to chart a nationalmaterials flow trajectory (Fig. 1) illustrating the flow fromgrowing stock of standing timber to commodity removalsin the form of sawlogs, veneer logs, pulpwood, mis-cellaneous industrial wood, and fuel wood. Also, it ispossible to chart noncommodity removals-principallylogging residues-and natural mortality leading to deadtrees in the inventory, some of which are salvable. Thesedata on growth and removals reflect current inventorystandards; tonnages do not, therefore, add up to total

11FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL Vol. 27, No.2

1970 SAWTIMBERAN_L DEAD AVAILABLE

. ~5':~" T !~--TALITY ~f~ INVENTORY -!.2!- DEAD -

(10.59) ~ (52.81 (1.58)

"'

Page 3: Conor W. Boyd, Peter Koch, Herbert B. McKean, Charles R ...Conor W. Boyd, Peter Koch, Herbert B. McKean, Charles R. Morschauser, Stephen B. Preston, and Frederick F. Wangaard THE Oil

During conversion of these 193 million tons ofroundwood, substantial tonnages of byproducts-e.g.,chips, shavings, and trim-ends-were produced andincorporated into commodities as follows:

Commodity incorporating Byproduct weightsthe byproduct (million tons, aD)

2.62.4

StructuralSoftwood lumberParticleboardMedium-density

fiberboardInsulation boardWet-formed hardboard

Paper and paperboard

0.21.21.1

24.5

Primary Wood-Based Materialsused in House Construction

To assess the probable situation in 1985 and 2(XX), thePanel found it useful to first analyze material, energy,labor, and capital requirements to manufacture 10 primarywood-based structural materials used in house construc-tion, and to compare these needs with those ofcompetitive materials made from nonrenewable

resources.

biomass. Complete-tree utilization would permit about 35percent greater commodity recovery, principally as pu-lp

chips and fuel (Keays 1971).In 1970, total annual removals of softwoods (146

million tons) were less than net annual growth (160 milliontons). The 146 million tons removed plus 6 million tons ofdead salvable timber and noninventoried rough or rottentimber yielded 135 million tons of sawlogs, veneer logs,pulpwood, miscellaneous industrial wood, and fuel wood

(Fig. 1, top).Hardwood growth also substantially exceeded

removals. In 1970, net annual hardwood growth totaled143 million tons, while removals totaled only 60 milliontons. The 60 million tons removed plus 6 million tons ofdead salvable timber and noninventoried rough or rottentimber yielded 56 million tons of sawlogs, veneer logs,pulpwood, miscellaneous industrial wood, and fuelwood

(Fig. 1, bottom).In 1970, therefore, the total harvest of softwood and

hardwood sawlogs, veneer logs, pulpwood, miscellaneousindustrial wood, and fuel was 193 million tons (OD basis).Diversion of these tonnages of roundwood into productswas as follows in 1970:

Materials Flow AnalysisIllustrative of materials balances constructed for the

10 wood-based structural materials is that for softwoodlumber (Fig. 2). As a national average in 1970, each ton(aD basis) of softwood sawlogs with bark in place yieldedabout 0.35 ton of planed lumber, 0.29 ton of chips forpulp, 0.15 ton of shavings and dry board trimmingssuitable for particleboard, and 0.21 ton of sawdust andbark available for fuel. Application of this conversionfactor for lumber (0.35) indicates that the 73.4 million tonsof softwood logs harvested in 1970 yielded about 25.7

73.4115.0024.512.28

0.1861.30

16.62

Figure 2. - Materials balance for softwoodlumber manufacture In 1970. 1985, and 2000(on 1 basis of OD _Ight). Sawlog weightIncludes barIc.

FEBRUARY 1977

Page 4: Conor W. Boyd, Peter Koch, Herbert B. McKean, Charles R ...Conor W. Boyd, Peter Koch, Herbert B. McKean, Charles R. Morschauser, Stephen B. Preston, and Frederick F. Wangaard THE Oil

Table 1. - WOODY FURNISH NEEDED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF 1 TON (OD BASIS) OF EACH OFSEVERAL PRODU~.

5(}.5() mix of bark.free and barky chips of mixed speciesPlaner ehavinp. eawdust, and plywood trim5O.6Q mix of bark.free and barky chipe of mixed species5(}.5() mix of bark.free chips and barky roundw~ of

mixed epecies

Mixed-epeciee barky loge

BarkylogeBarky logeBarky logeBarky logeBarky loge

0.-1.021.15

1.16

1.24

2.132.222.863.333.57

Insulation boardUnderlayment particleboardWet-formed hardboardMedium-density fibel'board

Structural flakeboard andpallet lumber

Lumber laminated fromveneer

Softwood sheathing plywoodSoftwood lumberHardwood plywood panelingOak flooring

explained in the source documents (Boyd et al. 1976;Koch 1976), will not be illustrated in this condensation; itseems useful, however, to explain how expenditures formanufacturing were apportioned. Allocation of man-power (man-hours), mechanical energy (horsepower-hours), heat energy (pounds of steam), and depreciationof capital (dollars) is illustrated for softwood lumber inTable 2. In most instances, but not all, allocation was madeby weight proportions of materials; e.g., lumber, pulpchips, particleboard furnish, and fuel. Input data to makethese allocations were collected from a wide variety ofindustrial sources.

Additionally, requirements for additives such as waxand resins were computed and appropriately allocated tocomposite commodities such as plywood, particleboard,or tlakeboard. Finally, data on manpower, energy, andcapital required to transport the commodities to retailyard, and beyond that to the building site, were collectedfrom manufacturing and transportation associations andfrom retail distributors of building products. These dataare all summarized in Tables 3, 4, and 5.

million tons of planed softwood lumber (00 basis). It isanticipated that the conversion factor will increase to 0.40by 1985 and to 0.45 by the year 2000 (Fig. 2).

Charts showing materials balances for the other ninewood-based commodities were similarly constructed.From them, the input of woody furnish to yield a ton (00basis) of the 10 products is about as shown in Table 1.

The input for structural flakeboard listed in Table 1 isbased on use of a shaping-lathe head rig to manufacturecants and flakes from presently unmerchantable round-wood. In this process pallet lumber, as well as flakeboard,is a primary product (Fig. 3).

Analysis of Manpower, Energy,And Capital Required

In the production of wood-based commodities,considerable quantities of manpower, energy, and capitalare expended in forest activities such as logging and roadconstruction; the major expenditures are made, however,in the manufacturing, or mill, phase of the conversionprocess. Derivation of data for forest activities, while

1.0 TONBARKY ROUNOWOOD(00. WT)

SIZED PANELS

.3~4

LUMBER(Pollet 5-

.45Figure 3. - A me.riels belance for structure!exterior nekeboerd bend on use of e shep!ng-lethe heedrlg to meke flak.. es e residue frompellet cent menufecture. All weights ere on enOD betls.

FUlL

.22

1.024

Not 1ft productioft in 1970. Inlormotlon lfOtII USDAF- S8fYice,5011111- FMeaI Experiment Stalion

13FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL V... 27, Ho. 2

Page 5: Conor W. Boyd, Peter Koch, Herbert B. McKean, Charles R ...Conor W. Boyd, Peter Koch, Herbert B. McKean, Charles R. Morschauser, Stephen B. Preston, and Frederick F. Wangaard THE Oil

Table 2. - MANPOWER, ENERGY. AND CAPITAL DE-PRECIATION NEEDED TO MANUFAcruRE SOFI'WOOD

LUMBER FROM 1.0 OD TON OF BARKY SAWLOGS.

T.~ .. - CAPITAL DEPRECIA'nON AS8OCIATED WmiEXTRAcnNG, MANUFAcruRING, AND TRANSPORTING TO

BUILDING SITE OF SELECTED PRIMARY COMMODmES.- ~ Emac- Manufu- ~

- gon tari~ ~ ToW$/OD Ton

3.093.13

2.42

2.44

6.723.418.843.61

3.2l...

M.M148.64

Dryplanedlumber

Pulpdri~

Partid.boardfurnilh

Fuel

21.~ In0.- 0.67 O.M

0.. OM 18.J1 0.'100

418

0

18

o.a0.61

WocMi-b88ed eommoditi.

Softwood lumberStnM:tural 6akeboardLamber lamiDated from

ve.-Softwood abeetbiug

plywoodU nderlaymeni

particleboardHardwood plywoodlD8ulation boardOak~Medi\lm-denaiy

fiberboardWet-formed hardboard

TotalPel'ceDtoftotalMean

$/Ton

1.171.171.471.111.671.471.671.672.882.732.731-1M2.732.971.64

~.8061.98

.19

.19

.19

.19

.77

.371.16.82

4.784.784.78.~.~

2.148.116.~

..-82.24

1 2.16

2.462.607.248.078.639.79

24.~24.1124.1135.82~"53.47

114.88125.33

480.43

00.00

Table 3. - MAN-HOURS NEEDED TO EXTRAcf,MANUFAcrURE, AND TRANSPORT TO BUILDING SrrE-

SELEcrED PRIMARY COMMODITIES.

3.43

6.048.823.97

3.082.28

8.104.83~2.72

..33003.8

2.~

1.883.~2.14

~2.18

3.312.872.872.~

Z.19212.5

Man-br.IToa

.00

.80

.80

.804.906.23&.807.40

16.8016.8016.8033.0034.6048.80

103.80117.40

Nonwood-bued commoditie8

GravelConcrete alabCooaete ~~kCiaymickLiquid MphaltGypeum boerdTar paperAaphalt lhin8i-Stftl nai1aStftl 8tud8Stftl joi8t8Glue fiberVermiculiteAluminum limO&'Carpet and padPIMtic vapor hamS"

TotalP~nt of totalMean

~

2.643.063.99

4.6380M

4.668.m8m

14.'12

~495.9

8.87

9.1710.0410.10

10.8710~

10.-15.0815~19.62

12).61

~

Wood-bued ~tiee

Medium-denlity fiberboardUnderlayment

particleboardSoftwood lumberStructural tlakeOOardLumbmo laminated from

veneerlnaulation boardSoftwood .bathing

plywoodHardwood plywoodOaktloorm.Wet-formed hardboard

TotalP~nt of totalMean

1.081.081.241.241'-1.331.331.331.712.182.2&2.251.712.252.981.48

..7081.7

Nonwood~sed Commodities UsedIn House Construction

Comparable data on manpower, energy, and capitalrequirements to make selected nonwood-based materialswere obtained from Census repons and from theBrookhaven National laboratory data bank. These data arealso summarized in Tables 3 (man-hours), 4 (capitaldepreciation), and 5 (energy).

It is notable that production of commodities based onnonrenewable resources requires appreciably moreenergy per ton than does production of wood-basedcounterpans (Table 5). This is partly because processing ofmost wood commodities generates a substantial amountof fuel in the form of residues.

Comp~risons of Wood. andNonwood-Based M~terials

In House ConstructionEarly on, Panel II made the decision to focus on house

construction in its comparison of wood- and nonwood-based structural materials. To make the comparison, anumber of alternative designs for floors, walls, and roofswere examined for weights of commodities per 100 squarefeet of construction. With knowledge of the weight of

.00

.'79

1.751.742.934.304.404.00

10.7010.1010.1010.1017.6060.1093.7096.70

318.919019.9

1.111.913~3.32..3'76.736.916.9"1

12..913.1713.u13.24m.aa62.97.....00

~.13

~1

'Man-hour reqairemmC8 for erection 01 8tn1ctUft are not. included.

FEBRUARYl9T114

IO.zIS.-17.66

17.~

22.-24.9230.1932.72

~54.86

.1.34

-.13

Page 6: Conor W. Boyd, Peter Koch, Herbert B. McKean, Charles R ...Conor W. Boyd, Peter Koch, Herbert B. McKean, Charles R. Morschauser, Stephen B. Preston, and Frederick F. Wangaard THE Oil

Table 5. - ENERGY NEEDED TO EXTRAcf, MANUFAcruRE, AND TRANSPORT TOBUILDING SITE - S~D PRIMARY COMMODmES.

Total~ing Tranaport. Million BTU (oil equivalent) per ton

.00 0.402.73 .653.20 .735.00 .735.70 .737.60 .407.60 .657.73 .76

14.m .92~.70 .9225.10 .7528.69 1.9046.m 1.4846.m 1.6746.m 1.67

172.00 1.67

Extraction.

0.05.14.00.3).03.52.52.57.04.62

4.496.602.452.452.45

~.8047.93

9.42.-

0.453.523.935.936.468.528.779.06

15.16~.2400.3437.1950.1350.3250.32

~..47

~1

31.80

-444.85

87.427.80

16,003.2

1.00

Nonwood-baeed commodities

GravelGypsum boardLiquid uphaltTar paper"Asphalt shinglesConcrete alabConcrete blockClay brickVermiculiteGlass fiberPlastic vapor barrierCarpet and padSteel nailsSteel stud.Steel joistsAluminum aiding

TotalPercent of total~~

. Assumes residue energy can be offset only against groea manufacturing energy (but not against logging or transport

energy).~nclude8 logging plus preparation of bark.free chips input.'Includes logging plus preparation of chips."Includes energy input in logging plus preparation of particleboard furnish in form of planer shavings. plywood trim, andsawdust.

each commodity in each 100-square-ioot section, it waspossible to compute (primarily through use of the data inTables 3, 4, and 5) the manpower, energy, and capitaldepreciation requirements of each design erected in placeon the house site. Data on man-hours to erect theconstructions at the house site, while not indicated inTable 3, were obtained from the homebuilding industryand incorporated in the manpower column of Table 6 (fordetails, see Boyd et al. 1976).

Thus, Table 6 compares manpower, energy, andcapital depreciation required to build 100-square-footsections of houses incorporating wood- and nonwood-based materials, including extraction or logging, manufac-ture, transport to house site, and erection. Table 6 doesnot include data on maintenance, nor does it include dataon heating. All constructions were provided with ac-ceptable (and comparable) levels of insulation, however.

Substantial differences in energy requirementsbetween alternative constructions are evident. In roofs, adesign incorporating steel rafters required approximatelytwice the energy of constructions in which wood trusses

or rafters were used. Exterior walls sided with brick orconstructed of concrete block required seven to eighttimes the energy of all-wood constructions, and wallsframed with metal required approximately twice theenergy of counterpart wood-framed constructions. Infloors, constructions with concrete slab or with steelsupporting members required approximately 10 timesmore energy than wood floor systems. With a fewexceptions, manpower and capital costs were not ap-preciably different for wood-based and nonwood-based

systems.Direct comparison of energy requirements for wood-

and nonwood-based components performing the samefunction is even more striking (Fig. 4). Steel floor joistsrequire approximately 50 times more energy than theirwood counterparts; aluminum framing for exterior wallsrequires nearly 20, and steel about 13 times as muchenergy as wood. Steel rafters require 7 times the energyneeded for wood rafters. Aluminum siding requires 4times the energy of wood siding, and brick siding calls for2S times the energy needed for wood siding. Where

16FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL Vol. 27, No.2

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Table 6. - MANPOWER, ENERGY, AND CAPITAL COSTS OF HOME BUIWING, INCWDING LOGGING(OR EXTRAal'ION), MANUFAcruRE, TRANSPORT TO HOUSE SrrE, AND EREal'ION

(PER loo-SQUARE-FOOT SEal'ION).

CapitalDepreciation

<$>

NetEnergy'

(million BTU)Manpower(~~.hr.)

Roofa6.1.6.726.386.59

2.443.225.112.45

8.969.049.179.36

1. W-type wood truaa with wood ehinglea2. Same but with uphalt ahinglea3. Steel rafterB (flat roof)4. Flat roof with LVL"rafter8 and flakeboardc

Exterior wau.4.15

6.41

6.715M4.617.206.918.37

1.99

2.54

2.~

16.53

4.96

4.79

5.53

17.89

7.99

9.86

9.~18.459.839.89

1l.~22.00

1. Plywood Biding (no Iheathing), 2x4 frame2. Medium-denlity fiberboard Biding, plywood

Iheathing, 2x4 frame3. Medium-density fiberboard siding, 1/2-inch

ineulation board, and plywood comer bracing4. Concrete building block, no inlulation5. Aluminum Biding over Iheathing6. MDF Biding, Iheathing, eteel etude7. MDF Biding, Iheathing, aluminum framing8. Brick veneer

Interior walll1.171.18"..

1. Wood framing O.~2. Aluminum framing 2.Z3. Steel framing 1.88

Flool'8 (all with carpet and pad, except No.2)1. W~ joist, plywood subtloor, and particleboard

underlayment 9.15 2.852. Wood joist, plywood subtloor, oak finish floor 8.51 1.193. Wood joist, "single-layer tloor" 7.77 2.094. Concrete slab 11.62 22.065. Steel joist, 24-1 plywood 11.97 23.266. LVL joist and tlakeboard 7.76 ~.05 . .-

'Energy from wood residues credited only against gross energy requirements of manufacturing phase, not against logging'or transport of wood components."Laminated veneer lumber.'Erection costs unavailable. Approximations based on similar construction were used.

3.873.993.53

7.M6.406.32

11.8116.347.23

On the basis of these comparisons, and assuming thatenergy conservation will continue to be critical over thenext 3 decades, CORRIM Panel II predicted an increasingdemand for wood in structural uses provided that anadequate supply of timber at a relatively reasonable costcan be assured.

conservation of energy is of prime importance, theadvantages of wood for residential and light frameconstruction are apparent. Comparisons based on man-power and capital depreciation are less striking, but ingeneral wood-based components compare favorably withnonwood-based components (Fig. 4).

Figure 4. - Manpower, energy, and capitaldepreciation expended for floor 101818, aub-floor, exterior wall fremk\g, roof tru...a 01'rattera, and aiding In altematlve dealgna ot100-aquare-foot aectiona of floors, roota, andwalla. Expendlturea k\clude thoae for r-materl8l extraction (or logging), materialmanufacture, and tranaport to hOUH alte. LVLIs an abbreviation for laminated-veneer lumber.

FEBRUARY 197716

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Effect of Increased ResearchImportant forces affecting future manpower, energy,

and capital requirements for wood-based structuralmaterials can be categorized according to forest harvestconditions (tree size, natural stands vs. plantations, speciesmix, location of forest relative to mill, and specifications offorest utilization standard), fuel constraints (availabilityand cost of fossil fuel), societal changes (type of productdemanded, environmental awareness, and house size),and legislative constraints (forest practices, manufacturingand processing-e.g., OSHA-and building codes). It isthe judgment of CORRIM Panel II that an increased levelof research and development related to wood structuralproducts will influence the impact of these forces onrequirements for manpower, energy, and capital, and thatmost of the changes will occur by 1985. The effects can besummarized as follows:

level of research and developmentSubstantial

increaseCurrent

levelRequirementEffect little change Substantial decrease

Small decrease Possible substantialdecrease

Substantial increase Small increase

Man-hoursEnergy

Capital

Timber Supply and UseIn 1985 and 2000

In assessing trends, CORRIM Panel II recognized thattrees available for harvest will, on the average, be smallerin the future and that there are both economic andesthetic pressures for more complete utilization of allstems. Improved precision sawing is anticipated, whichwhen combined with improved planing techniques willlikely raise recovery of softwood lumber to about 45percent of log volume in spite of smaller log diameters(Fig.2). Also, it was Panel II's judgment that wood in avariety of composite and reconstituted forms will be

increasingly used for structural products, thereby substan-tially improving the degree of utilization.

Based on these considerations, and on future demandprojections given in "The Outlook for Timber in theUnited States" (USDA Forest Service 1974)-which wasonly slightly revised in the 1975 Assessment (USDA ForestService 1976)-several scenarios were deleveloped to spana range of demands for products derived from domestictimber resources. Two of these are presented herein.

Scenario I (Fig. 5) is based largely on the medium-level projection of growth in population and economicactivity given in "The Outlook for Timber in the UnitedStates" (USDA Forest Service 1974), and on constantrelative prices for wood-based commodities. Panel IIdeparted from the assumptions of the 1974 study,however, in assuming that average dwelling units wouldremain at 1970 size (1,475 square feet) rather thanincreasing as they have in the past. On this basis, Panel IIestimates that about 307 million tons of roundwood willbe needed to meet anticipated demands in the year 2000(Fig. 5). The 65 million tons of byproducts produced in theprocessing of this roundwood can contribute materially tomanufacture of a variety of products (Fig. 5).

Scenario II (Fig. 6) is based on all the low-levelprojections of the Outlook Study (USDA Forest Service1974), including a slower rate of population growth in theUnited States-266 million people by 2(xx) instead of the281 million anticipated in the medium-level projection.Many demographers now consider the lower estimate tobe the better one. Scenario II, like Scenario I, is based onthe assumption that relative prices will remain unchangedthrough the projection period. According to this scenario,roundwood demand in 2000 will be 296 million tons, and73 million tons of byproducts from this roundwood will beconverted to useful products.

The projections embodied in these scenarios antic-ipate that demands on domestic timber supplies in theyear 2000 will be between 53 (Scenario II) and 59 (Scenario

Figure 5. - Scenerlo l-enllcipeted round-wood UN from domestic sources of herdwoodend eoftwood In 1985 end 2000. Byproducftonnegee from conftrllon of the roundwoodere shown elloceted to epproprl8te products.

'More than on. type of .tructur.1 fl.keboard I..ntlclp.ted, but In tot.1 fl.kebo.rd will beequlv.lent to ven.-r from 5.9 million ton. ofveneer 1098 In 1985, .nd 9.7 million ton. In2000. The.e equlv.lent. have been .ubtrectedfrom proJected roundwood d.m.nd foraoftwood plywood.21.5 million Ion. converted to aoftwood lumber.nd 0.8 million ton. converted 10 hardwoodlumber.32.8 million toM converted to aoftwood lumber.nd 1.6 million ton. converted to h.rdwoodlumber.

FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL Vol. 27. No.2

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Figure 6. - ~n8r10 lI_ntlclpated round-wood Ule from domestic eource. of h.rdwood.nd eottwood In 1985 .nd 2000. Byproducttonnage. from converaion of roundwood 8fe.hown .!located to .ppropri8te product..

'Structural f18kebo8rd will be the equlv81ent toveneer from 5.9 million tons of veneer logs In1985 and 10 million tons In 2000. Th.s.equivalents have been subtracted from pro-Jected roundwood demand for softwoodplywood.21.5 million tons converted to IOftwood lumberand 0.7 million tons converted to h8rClW'OOdlumber.33.4 million tons converted to IOftwood lumberand 1.2 million tons converted to h8rdwoodlumber.

from 193.3 million tons in 1970 to 306.8 million tons in2000. In addition to these tonnages, by the year 2000, 28.2million tons of logging residues and 7.8 tons of available(but not salvaged) dead timber will be potentially availablefor manufacture into commodities. It therefore seemslikely that roundwood requirements under eitherScenario I or II can be met in both 1985 and 2000, asfollows:

SupplyDemand

Scenario I Scenario IIYear- - - - - - - - - - Million tons - - - - - - -

1985 259.9 247.8 259.8200) 306.8 296.2 306.8

While the potential of forests in the United States tomeet likely demands through the next quarter century isevident, the realization of this potential presents achallenge to makers of forest policy, to resourcemanagers, and to the forest-based industry. Basic to ouranalysis is an assumption that imports of wood will remainconstant at about 12 percent. We have also assumed thatrelative timber prices will remain at 1970 levels. We hopethat both of these assumptions will be borne out, but theywill not be unless the industry maintains the near-termtimber production projected here.

If the cost of energy continues to climb, as it isexpected to do, maintaining the supply of forest productsto the building industry will become even more impor-tant. This is so because the cost of energy-intensivepetrochemical-based plastics, metals, or even commonconcrete or brick will rise rapidly. Keeping timbersupplied in adequate tonnages can likely be accomplishedthrough increased research aimed at the more completeuse of logging and milling residues.

Equally important is expanded research on improvingthe efficiency with which structural wood products areused. Examples of such research include recent work onthe capability of subfloors to accommodate load sharingamong joists (Goodman, Vanderbilt, Criswell, and Bodig1974) and field application of elastorneric adhesives to

I) percent greater than the demands in 1970. Theseprojections are similar to others that have recently beenreviewed, and which range mostly between 50 and 70percent (Zivnllska and Vaux 1975). The medium projectionin the most recent assessment by the USDA Forest Service(1976) predicts an increase by 2000 in total U.S. demandfor timber products of 73 percent over 1970.

Other CORRIM scenarios project decreasing relativeprices for wood in the future as a consequence of thehigher energy intensiveness and the depletion of com-peting nonrenewable resources, and would call forsubstantial increases (above Scenarios I and II) in thetimber harvest. Scenarios I and II, however, appeared toPanel II as the most realistic.

Are forests of the United States capable of supplying300 million tons of roundwood by the year 2(MXJ? To findout, we went back to the 1974 Outlook Study projectionsof supply for 1985 and 2000. In developing our materialsflow trajectories (materials balances), timber in allcommercial sizes was pooled because distinctionsbetween sawtimber and pulpwood and poletimber nolonger have much practical significance.

Figure 7 presents roundwood materials flow trajec-tories for both softwoods and hardwoods for the year2000. The projection shows total removals slightly ex-ceeding net growth in that year, but the growing-stockinventory of 6,673 million tons of softwoods will haveincreased from 6,510 million tons (4,770 plus 1,740) in 1970.In the year 2000, 174 million tons of softwood will beharvested as sawlogs, veneer logs, roundwood for pulpand structural flakeboard, and miscellaneous industrialwood and fuelwood. Harvest of hardwood sawlogs,veneer logs, roundwood for pulp and flakeboard, andmiscellaneous industrial wood and fuel wood will total 133million tons, again from an enlarged base of growingstock. Harvest of softwoods and hardwoods in theroundwood forms enumerated wi.!l, therefore, total 307million tons.

A summary (Table 7) of harvestable tonnages of theroundwood forms just enumerated shows an increase

FEBRUARY 197718

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SOFTWOOD MATERIALS FLOW TRAJECTORIES ( All data in Millions of Tons, O. D. weioht)

2000 TIMBER - All COMMERCIAL SIZES

DEAD AVAILABLEINVENTORY X.O35 ~ DEAD _FOREST RESIDUE(224.42) (7.B3) (3.15)

""DEADSALVABLE( 4. 6 8 )

""'--- SAWLOGS(64.56) -

VENEER LOGS(17.48) -

NON-INVENTORIED,ROUGH,ROTTEN(4.39)

SOFTWOODLUMBER

SOFTWOODPLYWOOD(14.62)

SOFTWOODLVL(2.86 )

STRUCTURALFLAKE BOARD(9.07)PULPWOOD(77,36)

GROSS ANNUALGROWTH(219.74)

+NET ANNUALGROWTH( 174.86)

TOTALREMOVALS(182.40)

COMMODITYREMOVALS(164.35)

OTHER REMOVALS(6.02 )

LOGGING-RESIDUE

(12.03) ROUNDWOOD(86.43)

MISCELLANEOUSINDUSTRIALAND FUELWOOD(4.97 )

HARDWOOD MATERIALS FLOW TRAJECTORIES (All data in Millions of Tons, O. D. weiQht

2000 TIMBER- ALL COMMERCIAL SIZES

AVAILABLEDEAD .-(6.93)

""DEADSALVABLE( 2.34)

ANNUALMORTALITY(39.73)

DEADINVENTORY( 198.65)

X.O35 .~~~~.

FOREST RESIDUE(4.59)

NON-INVENTORIED,ROUGH,ROTTEN(4.87)

HARDWOODLUMBER

HARDWOODPLYWOOD( 3.09)HARDWOODLVL( 1.59)

SAWLOGSJ~ (42.16) -COMMODITY ~REMOVALS I VENEER LOGS(126.21) (4.68)-

GROSS ANNUALGROWTH(184.03).

NET ANNUALGROWTH(144.30)

TOTALREMOVALS(147.86)

OTHER REMOVALS( 5.43)

LOGGING- RESIDUE

(16.2 I )

STRUCTURALFLAKEBOARD( 1.22)PULPWOOD(78.14 )

ROUNDWOOD

MISCELLANEOUSINDUSTRIALAND FUELWOOD( 7.2\ )

Figure 7. - Softwood (top) and hardwood (bottom) materials-flow trajectories tor the year 2000. Da" ere pmcip8l1y trom the"Outlook for Timber In the United S..tes" (USDA Forest Service 1974); conversion of cubic teet to OD tons hes been throughmultiplication by tactors of 0.0137 tor softwoods and 0.0164 for hardwoods. Da" on growth end removal reflect currentInventory s"ndards.

19FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL Vol. 2'1, No.2

Page 11: Conor W. Boyd, Peter Koch, Herbert B. McKean, Charles R ...Conor W. Boyd, Peter Koch, Herbert B. McKean, Charles R. Morschauser, Stephen B. Preston, and Frederick F. Wangaard THE Oil

Table 7. - SUMMARY OF MATERlAlS FlOW FROM GROSS ANNUAL GROWTH

Softwoods Hardwoods Total Softwooda Hardwood. Softwooda Hard~ooda19'10 135.3 68.0 193.3 14.6 12.0 1.2 2.8

1- 156.1 103.7 269.8 12.7 15.3 2.6 3.6

2(XX) c- 133.4 12.0 ~ 3.2 4.~

increase transfer of stress from joist to subfloor (Hoyle1976). Widespread adoption of structural designs involvingthe more efficient use of wood can effectively stretch ourwood supply.

wood and bark burners for direct-fired dryers andto heat boilers.

. Additionally, research and development must bedirected toward developing dryers, heating systems,and hot presses of high thermaJ. efficiency andtoward the reduction of power consumption in allphases of logging, manufacture, and transport.

. Inasmuch as manpower, energy, capital deprecia-tion, and material required for structures are allpositively correlated with weight, research shouldbe devoted to design concepts which are structural-ly more efficient. Research should also be devotedto decreasing weight through increasing thestrength and stiffness of components from whichwood structures are built.

Recommen~tionsCORRIM Panel II concluded its report with the

following recommendations, which also appear in thereport of the parent committee (National ResearchCouncil 1976):

. In view of the anticipated reduced sizes of rawmaterial available for the manufacture of dimensionlumber, studies should be initiated to developimproved processes for manufacturing structuralmaterials from hardwood and softwood flakes,strands, veneer, fibers, and pieces of small size,alone or in combination with other materials. To beeffective commercially, these studies must befollowed by pilot plant evaluation.

. The changing raw material base for veneerdemands that additional research efforts be focusedon the further development of structuralreconstituted products for both exterior andinterior applications from a wide spectrum ofsoftwood and hardwood species.

. A substantial research effort should be devoted toinventing a nonpetroleum-based exterior adhesivecompetitive in function and current price with thedurable phenol-formaldehyde adhesives which areso central to the manufacture of exterior, structuralreconstituted wood products. Lignin from woodcould be a potential source for the development ofsuch an adhesive.

. Inasmuch as a major portion of the energy requiredfor the manufacture of wood structural materialscan be provided from residue, research should bedirected to the development of economical green-

Literature CitedBETHEL, J. S., and G. F. ScHKEUDBL 1976. Forest lftOurcee: an

overview. Scien~ 191:747-752.BoYD, C. W., P. KocH, H. B. MCKEAN, C. R MORSCHAUSER, S. B.

PRESTON, and F. F. WANGAABD. 1976. Wood for ewctural andardritectural purpo_. Wood and ~b8r 8(1):1-72.

GooDMAN, J. R., M. D. VANDERBILT. M. E. CB18WELL, and J. BoDIG.1974. A rational analysis and desip procedure for wood joist floorsystems. Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

HoYLE, R. J.I976. Designing wood structurs bonded with elaswmericadhesives. Forest Prod. J. 26(3):28-34.

KEAyS, J. L. 1971. Complete tree utilization-an annotated analysis ofthe literature. Canadian Forest Servi~ Information Report VP-X-69.Western Prod. lab., Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

KOCH, P. 1976. Material balances and energy required for manufac-ture of ten wood commodities. Proc. of FPRS Conference on Energyand the Wood Products Industry, November 15-17, 1976, Atlanta,Georgia.

NATIONAL RESEARCH CoUNCIL. 1976. Renewable Resources forIndustrial Materials. National Academy of Sciences, Washington,D.C. 267 pp. (Available from the Printing and Publishing Offi~,National Academy of Sciences at a price of $8.25.)

USDA FoBE8T SERVICE. 1974. The Outlook for Timber in the UnitedStates. Forest Re8Ouree Report No. 00. Washington, D. C.

USDA FOREST SERVICE. 1976. The Nation's Renewable R.ources~A_sment, 1975. Wuhingion, D. C.

ZIVNUSKA, J. A., and H. J. VAUx. 1975. Future needs for land wproduce timber. In perspectives on Prime Lands, pp. 69-90. USDA,Washington, D.C.

Proceedings of the 1976 FPRS Critical Matters Conference, Energy and the Wood ProductsIndustry, November 15-17, Atlanta, Georgia, are available. Cost will be $9 per copy for FPRSmembers, $11 for nonmembers. Specify P-76-14.

Also available is the 1976 Directory of Suppliers, Manufacturers, Technical Consultants,and Professional Engineers. Cost is $2.50 per copy for FPRS members; $5 for nonmembers.

Remittance must accompany order. Mail and make checks payable to Forest ProductsResearch Society, 2801 Marshall Court, Madison, WI 53705.

FEBRUARY 197720