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A Guide toResidential Fire DetectionWith Reference to BS 5839: Pt.6: 2004

Ahead on QualityAhead on PerformanceAhead on Features

(68.52) X

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Ei ELECTRONICS - THE MANUFACTURER

Ei Electronics is Europe’s largest and mostexperienced manufacturer of residentialsmoke and heat alarms. The companyhas built up a wealth of experience overmore than 30 years and is now by far theUK’s leading supplier of smoke alarms forresidential use, as well as the first choicesupplier for local authorities and housingassociations throughout the UK.

Ongoing commitment to research anddevelopment has enabled Ei Electronics toachieve many significant industry firsts: it wasfirst to obtain the BSI Kitemark on the entirerange of harmonised 9 Volt and mainspowered smoke alarms; first to offerrechargeable back-up power; and first todevelop a fully compatible mains poweredheat alarm, as well as a range of ancillaryproducts. The company also became thefirst to offer ‘hush’ button technology - asrecommended by BS 5839: Pt.6 - across thefull spectrum of alarm types; the first to offeruniquely simplified installation andmaintenance through its patented ‘Easi-fit’designs; and the first to offer privatelandlords and local authorities a low costalternative to panel systems in some HMOapplications through its innovative ‘Modifire’modular system. Most recently, Ei hasbecome the first company to introducemains powered wireless interconnect basesfor smoke alarms through its innovativeRadioLINK range, offering major savings ontime and installation costs.

Furthermore, Ei Electronics is the onlymanufacturer to have responded positivelyto the need to protect more vulnerablemembers of the community - again, asraised in BS 5839: Pt.6 - by manufacturing arange of harmonised products for the deafand hearing impaired.

Ei Electronics continues to launch newproducts utilising the latest technology andbringing other significant innovations into themarket place and currently offers the largestrange of residential mains powered firedetection products in the UK.

AICO -THE SPECIALIST SUPPLIER

Many years of experience in both itsprofessional management and technicalsales support teams, coupled with a highstandard of service and back-up, haveenabled Aico to firmly establish the EiProfessional range of fire detection productsas the first choice for specifiers, installers,housing associations, local authorities andbuilders throughout the UK.

In-house technical support continues to playa very vital role, together with a dedicatedongoing education process for wholesalers,specifiers and installers. Aico is also fullycommitted to an ongoing programme oftotal product awareness, demonstrating theneed for effective fire detection andproviding guidance on all aspects of systemdesign, installation and maintenance throughseminars, professional videos, CD-ROMs andsupport literature.

High quality products demand a highstandard of service and support. Making it aseasy as possible for customers to buy “whatthey want - when they want” is anotherpriority, and high levels of stock (plus a rapiddelivery service to wholesale distributors) is afurther demonstration of Aico’s totalcommitment to the fire safety industry.

Aico Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary of EiElectronics, Europe's leading manufacturer ofresidential smoke alarms and accessories.

ContentsCompany Profiles 2Introduction 3Fire Safety - Statistics 4The Essential Changes to BS 5839: Pt.6: 2004 5BS 5839: Pt.6 - An Introduction 7The Scope of BS 5839: Pt.6 7System Design - Risk Analysis 8Fire Risk - Where Do Fires Start? 9Who is most at risk? 9Property Protection 10Types of Alarm Technology 10System Planning 11Silencing and Disablement 11Quality and Compatibility 12The Grade System 12Levels of Protection 12Selecting the Right System 13Choosing Which Alarms To Use 14Siting of Smoke Alarms 15Audibility 16Special Needs Provision 16Installation of Grade D & E Systems 16Power Source 16Wiring Smoke Alarms 17Certification 17Testing and Maintenance 17Negligence 17Rapid Reference Guide 18Disposal 21RadioLINK RF Interconnection 22Ancillary Fire Detection Products 23Technical Support 27Trouble Shooting 27

recommendations of BS 5839: Pt.6more clearly understood, and to offeradvice on how to design, install andmaintain a system that meets therequirements, with reference to the2004 amendments.

At the same time, this guide isdesigned to help answer the mostcommonly asked questions about firedetection; for example,‘which typesof detector to use and where not touse them’, and to help dispel the myththat alarms are all the same. They arenot, as the Code itself is all too anxiousto point out.

This latest edition of the Guide hasbeen produced to take on boardnew developments since theintroduction of the Code, both interms of fire statistics and evolvingfire safety technology.

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INTRODUCTION

When first introduced in 1995, the BS5839: Pt.6 Code of Practice became themost important set of recommendationsever made on fire safety in the home.

It had an immediate impact onarchitects, system designers, installers andlandlords in the private or public sector, allof whom were required to familiarisethemselves with these importantrecommendations. Landlords in particularneeded to abide by theserecommendations, as legal liability withregard to ‘duty of care’ wouldundoubtedly become a serious issueshould a fire occur in an inadequatelyprotected property.

In short, BS 5839: Pt.6 became theessential guide to providing adequatefire protection in all dwelling types.

In September 2004, the Code ofPractice was extensively revised andupdated by the publication of BS 5839: Pt.6: 2004 and immediatelysuperseded BS 5839: Pt.6: 1995, whichis now withdrawn. The changestherein are important and need to befully understood and appreciated byall those with responsibility for firesafety in domestic dwellings.

This document is intended as a guideto BS 5839: Pt.6: 2004, highlighting thechanges that have come into effectwith the introduction of the 2004edition while still remaining acomprehensive guide to BS 5839 as a whole.

This guide is not intended as asubstitute for reading the Code ofpractice itself. Instead, it’s designedto help make the implications and

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Further evidence of the vital importance ofsmoke alarms comes from Americanstudies. In American States whereresidential fire protection is mandatory,some 92% of homes have the required firealarm systems. 50% of ALL the fire deathswhich occur happen within the 8% whereno alarms are fitted.

BS 5839: Pt.6: 2004 itself says:“It has been estimated that, in dwellingswithout smoke detectors, a substantialproportion of the fatalities from fire could beavoided if smoke detectors were installed”

SMOKE ALARMPERFORMANCE

In 34,450 fires in 2003, no smoke alarmwas present in the fire area. 261 peopledied in these fires, and a further 6,100were injured.

In the cases where an alarm was present,the alarm operated correctly in 18,821cases (29% of dwelling fires), operated butfailed to raise the alarm in 3,100 cases(5%) and failed to operate altogether in7,445 cases (12%).

SMOKE ALARM RELIABILITY

It is worth quoting the Fire Statistics in detailhere. The report notes that, in thosedwellings subject to a fire in 2003, alarmsfailed to operate in 12% of cases: “However, this overall figure masks a widedifference in performance between batterypowered alarms and mains powered alarms– 40% of all battery powered smoke alarmsfailed in 2003 compared to just 13% of mainspowered alarms.”

The Report goes on to clarify:“The main reason for smoke alarm failureseach year is missing or flat batteries. In 2003they accounted for 63% of failures in batterypowered alarms. The main reason for failureof mains powered alarms was that the fireproducts did not reach the detectors (43% ofcases)”.

The message is still all too clear: it’s vital toselect, properly install and adequatelymaintain the best, most reliable smokealarms possible - and to have bothadequate back-up and measures forpreventing tampering with alarms.

BATTERY POWERED ALARMS

The high failure rate of alarms withreplaceable batteries is truly frightening.Landlords relying on battery powered alarmsto protect tenants cannot be there all thetime to check that batteries are present andworking – but responsibility still lies with them.

Essentially, the time when a smoke alarmwith a replaceable battery was consideredadequate has long passed. BS 5839: Pt.6itself recognises that, while they save lives,they are all too vulnerable to tampering tooffer landlords much of a defence under‘duty of care’. It is no surprise to learn that,when one Council made an inspection of itsproperties fitted with battery units, it foundthat in excess of 50% of them were‘defective’ in some way, due mainly toneglect or from removal of the batteries.

COVERAGE

Inadequately or improperly installed firealarms can have a significant bearing ontheir performance, as borne out by theFire Statistics.

A badly installed alarm may have itsreaction time cut in half - offeringoccupants as little as 90 seconds or twominutes to get out. By this time, routes ofescape may have become impassable,forcing people to jump from high windows.Or flames may have reached them.

An incorrectly installed fire alarm mayagain leave landlords in both the privateand public sector vulnerable tocompensation claims from injuredtenants or from families of victims.

After one such fire tragedy in which atenant died, one local authority found thatthe compensation it had to pay out, plusthe cost of litigation, far exceeded the costof installing quality fire alarms in everysingle council property in their area. To aprivate landlord without the resources of alocal authority, such a compensation payout could have been completely ruinous.

The message of BS 5839: Pt.6 is thereforeto not only install an adequate number ofsmoke alarms, but to ensure that they areinstalled and maintained correctly inevery respect.

FIRE SAFETY - THE STATISTICS

According to the latest UK figures themajority - over three quarters - of all firecasualties occur in the home.

Until the introduction of BS 5839: Pt.6,business and commercial premises werethe subject of far more stringent firesafety regulations than residentialdwellings. BS 5839: Pt.6 was introducedto start redressing the balance.

Every year around 450 people die in firesin this country, and close to 13,000 areinjured. The death toll is reducing andthis is acknowledged to be directlyrelated to increasing and moreprofessional use of smoke alarms. At thetime of the introduction of BS 5839 in1995, we were talking around 600 deathsand 15,000 annual injuries.

A brief look at ‘Fire Statistics UnitedKingdom, 2003’, published by the Officeof the Deputy Prime Minister in March2005, provides an invaluable insight intoincidents of dwelling fires and theeffectiveness of smoke alarms.

• In 2003, dwelling fires fell to 63,800. Thenumber of accidental dwelling fires alsofell to 50,000 – the lowest figures for morethan a decade

• However, around 80% of all fire-relatedcasualties occur in dwellings

• In 2003, 447 people lost their lives infires in the home. (That compares with430 in 2002 and 483 in 2001)

• 12,600 people were injured, areduction of 7% compared with 2002

MORTALITY STATISTICS

• In 2003, 68 people lost their lives in fires inhomes where an alarm was present,operated and raised the alarm

• In comparison, in the same period, 379people died in homes where either analarm was not installed or an alarm waspresent but failed to raise the alarm

The report suggests that 76% of householdsnow have alarms, so the huge difference indeath rates is strongly indicative not only ofthe need for smoke alarms, but also smokealarms which work when they are needed.

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THE ESSENTIAL CHANGES TOBS 5839: Pt.6: 2004 – AT AGLANCE

THE DOCUMENT ITSELF

Each clause of the document is now splitinto 2 parts. Firstly, there is thecommentary – in italics – this sets out thereasoning behind what at first sight mayappear to be arbitrary recommendations.The recommendations are in normal type,so it is quite possible to simply refer tothese alone. The intention is to make thedocument easier to use; whether itsucceeds in this aim is a matter ofpersonal perception.

NEW BUILD PROPERTIES

There are now extendedrecommendations with regard to newbuild properties. Essentially these are: • All properties must have mains

powered alarms with a back-upsupply – Grade D system

• Smoke alarms should be positionedin escape routes

• Heat alarms should be fitted inthe kitchen and possibly theprincipal habitable room. Thedefinition of a principal habitableroom is ‘habitable room that isnormally the most frequently usedroom for daytime living purposes’.This would normally be the livingor dining room

CHANGES TO GRADES

There is essentially no change toGrade F, although a five yearminimum battery life isrecommended in tenantedproperties, along with arecommendation that the batterycan only be removable by the useof a special tool. A slot headedscrewdriver is not considered asmeeting this requirement as manyarticles can be used as analternative.

Grade C systems now require a centralcontrol, rather than a level of control aspreviously. This implies that some form of

panel is required and security systems areput forward as a possible means ofmeeting this requirement.

Grades D, E and F now include heatalarms.

FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT

Fire Risk Assessment receives briefcoverage at the start, with much greateremphasis given to the subject in Annex Aat the back of the document.

It is worth noting the Commentary ofSection 4.1: “It is considered that the levelof fire risk in dwellings covered by this partof BS 5839 is unlikely ever to be sufficientlylow to obviate the need for some form offire detection and fire alarm system”.

LEVEL OF COVERAGE

LD1, LD2 and LD3 remain unchanged.

However, the terminology has changed.The Code now refers to ‘Category’ ofsystem instead of ‘Type’ of system.

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SYSTEM VARIATIONS

Where a modification to a system ismade, the standard now refers to it as a‘Variation’ rather than a ‘Deviation’, asthe latter term implied that the systemwas in some way inferior. Note that, incases where a variation from therecommendations is proposed, thesystem certificate has to be signed andagreed by all parties.

RF INTERCONNECTION –WIRELESS SYSTEMS

Although the previous version of thedocument didn’t preclude the use of RFas a form of interconnecting smoke

alarms, it called for a single final circuit. Thispotential confusion has been resolved.

Now, because of the introduction of new‘wireless’ or ‘radio’ interconnect systems,Clause 15.5 paragraph b says: “If smokealarms and heat alarms are of a typethat can be interconnected by wiring, allsmoke and heat alarms should beconnected on a single final circuit”. Thisis clearly intended for hard wiredsystems, as a note added to thisrecommendation states: ‘Thisrecommendation does not apply if theform of interconnection is not capableof conducting current, e.g. if the meansof interconnection comprises radiocommunication rather than wiring.’

OTHER ALARM TYPES

For the first time, BS 5839: Pt.6 now coversCO fire alarms and multi-sensor alarms.

Heat alarms are given far moreimportance, as you will have notedfrom the New Build changes above, forexample. Heat Alarms should alwayscomply with BS 5446: Pt.2.

FALSE ALARM CONTROL

A detailed commentary is given on falsealarm control, which should be studiedas this is probably the major reason thatsmoke alarms are disabled by the user.Among its recommendations are:

• Not using ionisation type alarms inescape routes

• The use of heat alarms where nuisancealarms could be a problem – only inareas other than escape routes

• A high level of maintenance toreduce the incidence of false alarms

• No automatic connection to the FireBrigade, because of the high level offalse alarms generated in the home

ALARMS FOR THE DEAFAND HARD OF HEARING

BS 5839: Pt.6 now has specificrecommendations to make on the use ofspecialist alarms for the deaf or hearingimpaired. Strobes and vibrating pads arediscussed, as are signalling requirementsin daytime rooms. Specific reference ismade to the BS 5446: Pt.3 standard.

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BS 5839: Pt.6 - ANINTRODUCTION

BS 5839: Pt.6 is not intended forhouseholders themselves, but toprovide guidance andrecommendations for architects andother building professionals, enforcingauthorities, contractors and othersresponsible for implementing fireprecautions in buildings.

The Code of Practice should not bequoted as if it was a specification andthe standard itself warns thatparticular care should be taken toensure that claims of compliance arenot misleading.

It is also pointed out that compliancewith a British Standard cannotautomatically confer legal immunity.However, for a landlord or installer,compliance with the latest Code isobviously the best line of defence inany claim made against them.

THE SCOPE OF BS 5839:Pt.6

This Code of practice covers every typeof fire detection ‘system’, from a simpleself-contained battery smoke alarm rightthrough to major hard wired 24V systems.

The new 2004 Code further takes intoconsideration “changes in technology,custom and practice, and changes inguidance that supports national buildingregulations” since 1995.

BS 5839: Pt.6 also covers almost everyconceivable type of premises,including:

BungalowsMulti-storey housesIndividual flatsIndividual maisonettesMobile homesIndividual shelteredaccommodationHouses in multiple occupation (HMOs)NHS housing in the community

Both new and existing dwellings arecovered.

Communal parts of flats, maisonettes,sheltered accommodation andhostels are not included; neither arecaravans.

BS 5839: Pt.6 is primarily concerned withsaving lives and reducing injuries.However, it does contain within itrecommendations for helping to reduceproperty damage too. The 2002/3 BritishCrime Survey, issued by the Office of theDeputy Prime Minister, notes that themean cost of financial damage causedby a domestic fire is now estimated to be£980 – up a very significant £230 from the£750 estimated in 2001/2. Gross losses to

domestic fires have increased by 24% injust one year. This has clear financialimplications for the landlord. Good firesafety practice and adherence to theCode can give the best possible earlywarning of fire and so reduce the financialimpact as well as human suffering.

SYSTEMS

BS 5839: Pt.6 defines a fire detection and

alarm system as "a system that

comprises a means for automatically

detecting one of the characteristic

phenomena of fire and a means for

providing a warning to occupants". This

means that it could simply comprise one

smoke alarm or, at the other extreme, a

full commercial panel system.

Firstly, it is worth quoting therecommendations in Clause 4.2 of theCode:“A fire detection and fire alarm systemcomplying with this part of BS 5839, shouldbe installed in all dwellings.. whether newor existing”.“Final design.. should, where reasonablypracticable, be based on a form of firerisk assessment..”

The effectiveness of a system is nowbased upon the probability of systemoperation (incorporating reliability,monitoring and maintenance issues) andthe ‘success rate’ of the system (thenumber of alarms, their location, audibilityissues and the lifestyle of occupants).

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On the other hand, a low fire risk maynot justify the cost, complexity andextent of such a system.

For example, the single occupant of asmall bungalow might be adequatelyprotected by the installation of onemains powered smoke alarm, whereasthe risk to which families in a six storeyhouse in multiple occupation areexposed would warrant much greaterexpenditure on a more complex andcomprehensive system.

This sort of common sense approachpermeates the Code and this, coupledwith its acknowledgement of economicconstraints, makes the Code particularlysimple to adhere to.

The design of the system - whichincludes considerations such as thenumber of and siting of alarms, and theform of power supply required shouldtake the following factors into account:

1. The probability of fire occurring2. The probability of injury or death of

occupants if fire occurs3. The probability of the system operating

correctly at the time of a fire4. The probability of early detection

and warning to occupants in theevent of fire

Points one and two combined definethe ‘fire risk’, while point three relates tosystem reliability. The fourth point isdefined by the standard as ‘a form ofsuccess rate for the system’.

The Code recommends that fire risk beassessed by taking into account anumber of different factors. These arenow to be found in Annex A of the2004 Code.

Firstly, it recommends that each room in adwelling be assessed for its own particularfire risk, taking into account currentstatistical information. How likely is it thata fire will start in a living room, forexample? Or a bedroom? What are thepossible sources of ignition in that room?Statistically, what are the chances ofinjury or death to an occupant if a firedoes break out in that type of room?

ASSESSING FIRE RISK

The Code discusses the generallyrelevant factors in carrying out a fire riskassessment to determine the mostappropriate design of fire detection andfire alarm system. However, it also notesthat the lifestyle of the occupants mayrequire a change to the assessment.

The Code looks at where fatal firestypically break out and where occupantsmay be at the time.

First and foremost, it notes that thegreatest impediment to escape in theevent of a fire is smoke obscuring theescape route. Any fire which starts in acirculation area - or spreads to acirculation area - needs to be detectedas soon as possible. The Code says that“smoke detectors need to be installed inthe circulation areas of all dwellings”.

SYSTEM DESIGN - FIRE RISKASSESSMENT

How can a system be designed tomeet the latest standards?

The Code recommends that a system isdesigned – where reasonablypracticable - based on a fire riskassessment of the property.

This needs to take into account:

• The probability of fire• Ignition sources• Possible fire prevention methods• The lifestyle of the occupants• The probability and extent of harm• Means of escape• Number of storeys in the dwelling• Flammable materials (e.g. smoking)• The age, physical condition and socio-

economic nature of the occupant

Fire risk then is essentially a combinationof the probability of fire occurring and themagnitude of the consequences of fire.

In this way, the Code is recognising thatyou don’t have to buy the mostexpensive fire detection system available.You must, however, ensure that the systemis adequate for the risks involved.

A high fire risk demands high reliabilityto ensure early detection of fire andwarning to occupants, regardless ofwhere the fire starts, and highreliability on the part of the system tooperate correctly when required.

BALANCE BETWEEN FIRE RISK & SYSTEM RELIABILITY & SUCCESS RATE

Fires caused by electrical appliancesaccount for some 10% of all householdfires, but result in only 6% of deaths. Electric

blankets and bed warmers cause 40% ofall the deaths in fires due to faulty electricalappliances. The Code says that ‘use ofelectric blankets, particularly by high riskgroups such as the elderly, increases thejustification for providing smoke alarms inbedrooms’. As with smoking materials, bythe time an alarm in an adjacent areadetects smoke, it may be too late.

Finally, the new 2004 Code acknowledgesthat there is a very worrying increase in theincidence of arson, just as it did back in1995. Malicious ignition is the second mostcommon source of ignition in all fires indwellings. Arson is particularly worrying inmultiple occupancy dwellings and the Codestresses that the level of fire protection insuch places needs to be very high if there isa significant risk of malicious fire-raising. Iteven goes so far as to suggest installingalarms near the door in case inflammablematerials are pushed through the letterbox.

WHO IS MOST AT RISK?

The occupants of a property are anothersignificant factor which needs to beconsidered.

The Code acknowledges that elderlypeople are at ‘significantly greater risk’from fire than other age groups. For thoseover 80, the probability of dying in a fire isseveral times that for those aged from 30to 59. Those aged between 60 and 80are also at increased risk. Children underfive are at greater risk than adults.

For that reason, the Code recommendsgreater levels of fire protection indwellings occupied by the elderly orthose with young children.

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FIRE RISK - WHERE DO FIRES START?

Just over half of all fatalities occur in theroom where the fire breaks out; in HMOs,this rises to 60%. The Code notes that, inthe United Kingdom, some 40% of allfatal fires start in living rooms or diningrooms, whereas 30% of fatal fires start inbedrooms. For this reason, the Coderecommends that if alarms are to beinstalled within rooms, the living roomand the dining room should be the firstpriority. However, this considerationcould be reversed if the bedroompresents a particular fire risk, such as theoccupant smoking in bed or using anelectric blanket.

The Code also specifically warns thatoccupants – especially those asleepand/or with a closed door betweenthem and the alarm - may not hear thealarm in time. It stresses that it is‘therefore essential that fire detectionand fire alarm systems are capable ofoperating correctly when occupantsare asleep and are capable of rousingoccupants from normal sleep.’ This isanother reason why - if there is asignificant fire risk in a particular room -consideration should be given toinstalling alarms in that room - andinterlinking the entire system.

After kitchen fires and electricalappliances and wiring, smokingcontinues to be the next most commoncause of accidental fires in the home.However, it is the number one cause offire deaths. Around 40% of all firedeaths are caused through matches ora discarded cigarette (the figure was

33% in1995 when the Code was firstpublished). In most cases, the itemignited is bedding or furniture. Ifoccupants are known to smoke, there isa greater need to install smoke alarms inthe living room or dining room areas. Ifthe occupants smoke in bed, the Codesuggests considering installing smokealarms in the bedroom itself. Ominously,statistics reveal that - if such a fire beginsin a room where an occupant is asleep -their chances of survival are greatlyreduced. By the time an alarm sounds inan adjacent area, it may very wellalready be too late.

Fires caused by space heatingappliances are also particularly lifethreatening. After fires caused bysmoking and cooking appliances, thesetypes of fires account for more deathsthan any other cause - around 12% ofaccidental fire deaths. These fires oftenoccur when something inflammable isplaced too close to the heater. TheCode suggests that, if portable heatersor solid fuel fires are used at night, theremay be good justification for installingsmoke alarms in the relevant rooms -particularly bedrooms.

MOST COMMON CAUSES OF ACCIDENTAL FIRES

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People with impaired mobility requiremore time to escape. They need theearliest possible warning of a fire andgreater alarm coverage. The hearingimpaired also have very particularneeds, and these are dealt with later inthis document.

It is obvious to any landlord - in thepublic or private sector - that thosejudged to be most at risk and in needof a high level of protection are thosewho form a typical cross section oftheir tenants.

PROPERTY PROTECTION

BS 5839: Pt.6 also adds otherconsiderations for the protection ofproperty. However, it stresses that only inexceptional circumstances, for examplein a house of historical importancewhere no-one sleeps, should theprinciple objective of a fire detectionsystem ever be the preservation ofproperty rather than lives.

If property damage is the decisivefactor, the Code recommendsinstalling a system which results in thefire brigade being called early enoughto limit property damage.

As a fire that starts anywhere will causedamage, consideration should be givento providing detectors in some or allrooms of the building. Coverage incirculation areas alone is unlikely to beadequate. Once again, areas with astatistically greater fire risk, such askitchens and boiler rooms, where likelysources of ignition are present, shouldhave priority for detectors.

Property damage should, of course,never be a deciding factor for alandlord, but it is worth bearing in mindnot only the human cost but also thefinancial cost of a fire breaking out ina property. Insurance premiums mayrise, renovation costs may beexpensive and revenue from theproperty will be lost while it is beingmade habitable, to say nothing of thecost of re-housing tenants. Onceagain, the cost-effectiveness of aquality fire alarm system offering theearliest possible warning is self-evident.

TYPES OF ALARMTECHNOLOGY

The next issue raised by the Code isthe types of alarm available.

BATTERY OPERATEDSMOKE ALARMS - GRADE F

BS 5839: Pt.6 acknowledges theadvantages of the single, batteryoperated smoke alarm. They’resimple to install and offer protectionat very low cost. Battery operatedsmoke alarms conforming to BS5446: Pt.1 are recommended.However, these alarms do haveserious drawbacks. Occupants ona tight budget may not be able toafford to replace the batteries. Asignificant number of tenants havealso been shown to remove thebatteries to prevent false alarms orto use in other battery powereddevices and then forget to replacethem. For this reason, the Coderecommends that these alarmsshould not be used to protecttenants in properties of more thanone storey – and even then thebatteries should be sealed-in andhave a life in excess of 5 years.

As an aside, landlords have nowbeen found liable in cases wheretenants themselves have disabledan alarm. For this reason, it isunlikely that landlords will be ableto trust tenants to adequately lookafter the alarms. The Codehighlights the fact that batterypowered alarms are only suitablefor owner-occupied properties ifthe likelihood is that batteries willbe replaced within five days of alow battery signal.

Interestingly, the Code acknowledgesthat people on a low income aremore at risk than other groups, whichis borne out by statistics from theBritish Crime Survey. They may not beable to afford to replace batteries insmoke alarms and the Codeconsequently points out that ‘a morereliable power supply for the firedetection and alarm system isessential’. This worry, coupled with thefear of alarms being cut off to poorerresidents along with their electricitysupply, permeates the entiredocument and needs to be stressed.

People living in a house in multipleoccupation are between eight andten times more likely to die in a firethan those in single family homes, ithas been estimated. However, theCode distinguishes betweenproperties commonly designated asHMOs. On the one hand, a familyliving with a lodger might not beclassed as an HMO as the fire risk maybe no greater than a normal dwelling.It identifies the greatest risk in housesconverted into bedsits and to elderlypeople in sheltered accommodation.Generally, the risk is also greater if theproperty exceeds two storeys inheight. Here the Code recommends“where the risk in an HMO is relativelyhigh, it is essential that there isprotection by a highly reliable firedetection and fire alarm system. It isalso essential that a warning is givenin the event of a fault that impairs thestandard of protection”.

SYSTEM PLANNING

BS 5839: Pt.6 quite reasonably pointsout that, no matter how good thesystem is, people will only have anadequate chance of escape if thereare enough detectors installed and ifthe alarms can successfully rouse themfrom sleep.

SILENCING & DISABLEMENT

The Code is very aware of the gravedanger posed by tampering withalarms and their wilful disablement. Itacknowledges that false alarms are amajor reason why householders disablealarms, and looks at practical steps tohelp prevent this. Foremost amongthese recommendations is a built-inmethod by which alarms can besilenced without the use of a tool ofany kind, for example a “Hush” or FalseAlarm Control button.

The Code stresses the role ofspecifying “good quality equipment”in reducing false alarms, and makeshelpful distinctions between alarmsensor types in reducing sensitivity toenvironmental factors liable to causefalse alarms, such as cookingvapours.

However, the need to avoid falsealarms should never take priority overthe need for early fire detection.

The 2004 Code says that the high rateof false alarms in dwellings makes it‘generally inappropriate’ to connectdomestic smoke alarms direct to a fireand rescue service. However, itacknowledges that vulnerable peoplesuch as the disabled might benefitfrom such a connection.

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MAINS POWERED SMOKEALARMS - GRADE E

The Code states that mains poweredsmoke alarms are potentially morereliable and are recommended tobe installed in existing dwellingsoccupied by people who are unlikelyto be able to change a smokealarm’s battery.

However, mains powered systemshave their drawbacks; power cuts orthe termination of supply forwhatever reason disables themtotally. They can also be rendereduseless by the tripping of a protectivedevice, or even - in some cases - bythe fire itself. Householders may alsodisable them at the mains all tooeasily if false alarms are a problem.

MAINS POWERED SMOKEALARMS WITH STAND-BYSUPPLY - GRADE D

The problems outlined above canbe overcome by using alarms thatincorporate, within each alarm, astand-by supply such as a primaryor rechargeable battery.

This sort of system should beconsidered, says the Code, if thereliability of the mains supply is nothigh, or if the fire risk is likely to behigh during periods of failure ordisconnection of the mains supplyto the dwelling. In new build andtenanted two storey properties thistype of alarm is now consideredessential.

This begs a simple question oflandlords - can they be sure thattheir tenants are paying their

electricity bills? Given that manytenants may have low incomes (inmany local authorities, 70% ormore of all tenants are onsubsidised incomes), they maywell experience periods ofdisconnection - and yet thelandlord could well be liable if thealarm fails to sound because thetenant has not paid his or her bills!Unfair or not, as the law stands, itobviously makes goodcommercial sense to ensure thata reliable, high quality back-upbattery facility is in place.

The minimum back-up durationrecommended is 72 hours, and theCode acknowledges that therecould well be circumstances wherea longer stand-by period is justifiede.g. tenants’ inability to pay theirelectricity bill.

FIRE DETECTORSSUPPLIED WITH POWER FROM ACOMMON POWERSUPPLY UNIT

Beyond this, more expensive highspecification systems can offerconnection of all fire detectiondevices to a common power supplyvia low voltage transformers, orinterlinked fire and security systems.

Again, a minimum 72 hour back-up isrecommended by the Code.

OTHER SYSTEMS

For larger applications, such asmansions and HMOs, or for areaswith a high risk of fire, higher gradesystems are recommended.

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equipment to BS EN 54-2, and powersupply to BS EN 54-4, installed to BS5839: Pt.1 with some minorexceptions

• Grade B - Fire detection and alarmsystem comprising fire detectors(other than smoke alarms), fire alarmsounders and control and indicatingequipment to either BS EN 54-2 (andpower supply to BS EN 54-4), or toAnnex C of BS 5839: Pt.6

• Grade C - System consisting of smokedetectors and sounders (which maybe smoke alarms) connected to acommon power supply, comprisingnormal mains and stand-by supply,with central control equipment

• Grade D - System incorporating oneor more mains powered smoke alarms(and heat alarms if required) eachwith an integral stand-by supply

• Grade E - System of mains poweredsmoke alarms (and heat alarms ifrequired) with no stand-by supply

• Grade F - System of one or morebattery powered smoke alarms (andheat alarms if required)

The changes from the previous editionare relatively small: Grade A & B nowrefer to the latest European Standardsand there are minor changes inrequirements. Grade C now requirescentral control of the system. Grades E,D & F now have reference to heatalarms in addition to smoke alarms.

Concerned by problems with batterypowered units in Grade F, theprescriptive advice in the Code nowrecommends a minimum five yearbattery life and batteries that aresecured so that a special tool isrequired to remove them for use intenanted single storey properties.

As the overwhelming number ofresidential applications in the UK will fallinto the D to F categories, this is thearea on which this guide will naturallyfocus. If you are particularly interestedin unusual grades of protection, you areinvited to look further at the relevantclauses of the Code.

Of course, installers and specifiers mayinstall a system with greater safetyfeatures than laid down in the letter of

the Code. For example, rather than aGrade E system landlords might think itprudent to install a Grade D systeminstead. This is especially trueconsidering the many restrictions thatapply to the use of Grade E systems.

LEVELS OF PROTECTION

CATEGORIES OF SYSTEM

This was previously referred to as ‘type’of system. It relates to the level ofprotection afforded by the system.

Within the A - F grades defined earlier,the Code identifies three differentcategories of protection:

• LD1 - A system installed throughoutthe dwelling, incorporating detectorsin all circulation spaces that formpart of the escape routes from thedwelling, and in all rooms and areasin which fire might start, other thantoilets, bathrooms and shower rooms

• LD2 - A system incorporatingdetectors in all circulation spacesthat form part of the escape routesfrom the dwelling, and in all rooms orareas that present a high risk of fire

• LD3 - A system incorporatingdetectors in all circulation spacesthat form part of the escape routesfrom the dwelling

Apart from the change of name, thereare no changes to the ‘Categories’from the previous version of the code.

It is noted that an LD3 type system isintended to protect escape routes forthose not directly involved in the fireand may not save the life of anyone inthe immediate vicinity of the fire.

The Code also features two grades ofprotection for property - PD1 and PD2.Briefly, PD1 offers comprehensivecoverage of all areas, while a PD2system includes detectors in only thoseareas where there has been judged afire risk. Only by quoting Grade andCategory can a meaningful andeffective alarm system be specified,e.g. Grade D, Category LD2.

QUALITY & COMPATIBILITY

The quality of equipment installed is afactor that needs to be carefullyconsidered. The Code states that, ingeneral, all components should conformto relevant British Standards and shouldhave undergone type testing to thoseStandards. Suppliers should preferablyhave approval to a recognised qualityapproval scheme such as the relevant BSEN ISO 9000 series standard. If no BritishStandards apply, reasonable care shouldbe taken that components are fit for thepurpose intended.

The Code recommends that allindividual system components shouldbe mutually compatible.

Conformance to the relevant BritishStandard is no guarantee that thecomponents of a system will becompatible. Consequently, this should beconfirmed at the design stage.

THE GRADE SYSTEM

Relates to system engineering not levelof protection.

BS 5839: Pt.6 grades fire detectionsystems from Grade A down to Grade F.Generally speaking, the greater the firerisk and the more demanding theapplication, the more comprehensivethe system needs to be.

• Grade A - Fire detection systemincorporating control and indicating

and principal living room (smokedetectors are an acceptable alternativein the living room).

Existing PropertiesSingle storey - owner occupiedGrade F, Category LD3Grade E should be installed if there isdoubt regarding the ability of theoccupier to replace batteries, or GradeD if the reliability of the mains powersupply is suspect.Single storey - rentedGrade F, Category LD3The battery should have an expectedlife in excess of 5 years and should onlybe accessible by means of a specialtool. Grade E should be installed if thereis doubt regarding the ability of theoccupier to replace batteries, or GradeD if the reliability of the mains powersupply is suspect.2 or 3 storey house or maisonette -owner occupiedGrade F, Category LD3Grade E should be installed if there isdoubt regarding the ability of theoccupier to replace batteries, or GradeD if the reliability of the mains powersupply is also suspect.2 or 3 storey house or maisonette -rented Grade D, Category LD3Category LD2 if a risk assessmentjustifies additional alarms.

Houses in MultipleOccupationUp to 2 storey - New BuildGrade D, Category LD2Smoke alarms should be installed incirculation spaces, heat alarms inkitchen and principal living room (smokealarms are an acceptable alternative inthe living room).Up to 2 storey - Existing propertyGrade D, Category LD3Category LD2 if a risk assessment justifiesadditional alarms.All other typesGrade D, Category LD3 in individualdwelllings. Grade A, Category LD2 incommunal areas.

Where fire precautions are subject tolegislative control, the enforcing authorityshould be consulted before a decision onthe appropriate Grade and Category ofsystem is reached.

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SELECTING THE RIGHTSYSTEM

How do you choose which grade ofsystem to install? The Code states thatthe grade of system that should beinstalled depends “on the nature of thedwelling, the level of the fire risk and thecharacteristics of the occupants.”

It points out that Grade F systems(battery alarms) are the least reliableand the system used in new dwellingsshould be Grade D (mains poweredwith integral back-up supply) or higher.Existing owner occupied dwellings canbe covered by a Grade F systemprovided:• The fire risk is not high• There is a reasonable certainty that

batteries will be replaced within ashort time, that is, no more than fivedays after a low battery signal

If these criteria cannot be met, a GradeE or higher system should be installed.Existing tenanted dwellings of two ormore storeys should have Grade Dsystems installed.

From a landlord’s point of view, the casefor a Grade D system (mains with stand-by) seems to be quite obvious. Canthey be ‘reasonably certain’ that atenant will replace smoke alarmbatteries within five days? Do they have‘absolutely no worries about theirtenants paying their electricity bills’?The Code is asking for that level ofassurance.

Once you have decided what Grade ofsystem to use, you then need to askyourself just how comprehensive thesystem needs to be, and this is whatgoverns the LD ‘Category’ system.

All dwellings should be covered to at leastan LD3 standard, with the decision beingbased primarily on fire risk.

If there is a high risk to occupants fromfire in any part of the building, CategoryLD1 or LD2 protection level should beconsidered. Those who are infirm orelderly might particularly benefit from ahigher level of coverage. If people arelikely to be in a room where a fire maybreak out, this level of coverage is alsorecommended.

The Code acknowledges that insituations where a large number ofproperties are involved i.e. the housingstock of a Local Authority, it is perhapsnot practical to undertake a Fire RiskAssessment on every one of theseproperties. To take account of this atable listing the ‘Minimum Grade andCategory of fire detection and firealarm system for protection of life intypical dwellings’ – often referred to as‘Prescriptive Advice’ - is provided. At firstsight this appears to be an easy methodof deciding on the appropriate systemto use in any specific property type.However, care should be exercised inapplying these recommendations as inmany cases there are notes qualifyingthem; this is particularly relevant tothose given for existing properties. If thenotes are overlooked, there is a risk ofapplying an incorrect assessment to theproperty and as a result specifying whatmay be interpreted as an inadequatesystem. In view of this, it may be worthconsidering applying the ‘New Build’recommendations to existing propertiesto minimise this risk.

PRESCRIPTIVE ADVICESUMMARY

New BuildUp to 3 storey - owner occupied or rentedGrade D, Category LD2Smoke alarms should be installed incirculation spaces, heat alarms in kitchenand principal living room (smoke alarms arean acceptable alternative in the livingroom).Over 3 storey - owner occupied or rentedGrade B, Category LD2Smoke detectors should be installed incirculation spaces, heat detectors in kitchen

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The Code also looks at a third type ofalarm - heat. More emphasis is placedupon the use of heat alarms thanpreviously. The Code recommends thatthey should comply with BS 5446: Pt.2 andsuggests they be used where nuisancealarms from other sensor types are aconcern. In new build properties heatalarms are now recommended both inthe kitchen and possibly the principalhabitable room, such as the living room.

Domestic heat alarms require lessmaintenance than any other type of unitand aren’t prone to false alarms causedby contamination or smoke caused bycooking. For this reason, heat alarms wereoriginally specifically designed for use inkitchens or garages, where other alarmsare less reliable and more likely to go offaccidentally. Fire deaths from firesoriginating in the kitchen are sadlyincreasing and such fires can often causeextensive property damage and,therefore, landlords might consider themgood insurance. Heat alarms aregenerally less sensitive than smoke alarmsand must not be used in circulation areas.

BS 5839: Pt.6 recommends that heatalarms have a role to play in CategoryLD2 systems.

The Code acknowledges that a mix andmatch approach to systems is sensible,installing different detector types in areaswhere they are most effective.

For more information on the differenttypes of detection technologyavailable, please see the productinformation section towards the back ofthis guide.

CO and Multi-sensor fire alarms areintroduced into the 2004 Code. CO firealarms are specifically designed fordetecting carbon monoxide producedin a fire and can respond quicker thanheat detectors, but are almost alwaysslower to respond than a smoke alarm.The type used for detecting CO gasfrom faulty appliances etc aredesigned to respond at much higherlevels of CO. Consequently, CO alarmsconforming to BS 7860 or BS EN 50291should not be used as CO fire alarms. Itis not likely that CO fire alarms have asignificant role to play in domesticdwellings at present.

A Multi-sensor alarm is defined in thestandard as a “fire detector that monitorsmore than one physical and/or chemicalphenomenon associated with fire”. Analarm consisting of an optical sensor anda heat sensor, or one containing anionisation sensor and a CO sensor, wouldfit this definition. The benefit of this type ofdetector is that a broader response todifferent fire types can be achieved with,often, a reduction in false alarmproblems. At present there are nosuitable types available for use withsmoke alarm systems.

CHOOSING WHICHALARMS TO USE

BS 5839: Pt.6 also looks in depth at thedifferent kind of fire alarm sensors on offer.Sensibly, it points out that there is no singletype of alarm that is most suitable in allcases and the final choice of which typeof alarm to use will depend on individualcircumstances.

In general, these circumstances are thedesire to afford the earliest possiblewarning of a fire and the need tominimise false alarms.

This means, in plain English, that themost suitable alarm should always beinstalled - and not just the cheapestoption. This is a point that landlordscannot overlook in meeting their ‘dutyof care’ obligations.

The Code recommends that opticalsmoke alarms should be installed incirculation spaces, such as hallwaysand near kitchens. They should alsobe considered in areas where a likelycause of fire is ignition of furniture orbedding by a cigarette.

Ionisation alarms are recommendedmore for use in living rooms or diningrooms, where a fast burning fire maypresent a greater danger than a slowsmouldering one, though dueconsideration needs to be given to thepotential for false alarms. The new 2004Code does not recommend the use ofionisation types in escape routes.

SINGLE STOREY DWELLING

Optical or Ionisation smoke alarm as best suited for the particular circumstancesOptical smoke alarmSmoke or heat alarm as best suited for the particular circumstancesHeat alarm

Do not install smoke or heat alarms in bathrooms, shower rooms or toilets

Positioning of SmokeAlarms:There are a number of factors onehas to take into considerationwhen positioning and maintaininga smoke alarm. The design andoccupation of the premises willobviously be one of the influencingfactors in deciding where toposition the units as well as thelikely types of fire and also themaintenance required. There are,however, some general guidelinesthat apply to all smoke alarms.

Ceiling Mounting:Hot smoke rises and spreads out soa central ceiling position is thepreferred location. The air incorners is “dead” and does notmove, therefore smoke alarms mustbe mounted away from cornersand walls. Place the alarm at least300mm from any light fitting ordecorative object that mightobstruct smoke entering the smokealarm.

On a Sloping Ceiling:In areas with sloping or peakedceilings install the smoke alarm900mm from the highest pointmeasured horizontally, because“dead” air at the apex mayprevent smoke reaching the unit.

Positioning Heat Alarms:A heat alarm must be placed onthe ceiling, preferably in thecentre, or close to the likely sourceof fire. Air within the corners isdead and so heat alarms shouldbe placed away from any corners.The alarms should be placed atleast 300mm from any light fittingor decorative object that mightobstruct the heat travelling to thesensor. Interconnection with smokealarms is essential.

Spacing recommendations saythat, under flat horizontal typeceilings, the horizontal distancefrom any point in the protectedarea to the detector nearest tothat point should not exceed 5.3metres for heat detectors and 7.5metres for smoke detectors.

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SITING OF SMOKE ALARMSHow you position smoke alarms can beas important as choosing the right typeof alarm to use.

As a minimum, a typical bungalowwould need at least one alarm, a twostorey dwelling two alarms and soforth.

In all Category LD systems, at least onesmoke alarm should be locatedbetween the sleeping areas and themost likely source of fire - the livingroom and kitchen.

In a single storey dwelling with onealarm, the alarm should be placed asclose as possible to the livingaccommodation, but considerationmust be given to audibility in thebedroom. To achieve audibility of85dB(A) at the bedroom doorway,alarms should be sited within 3m ofbedroom doors.

In a multi-storey house, at least onesmoke alarm should be located on theground floor between the staircase andany room in which a fire is liable tostart. A smoke alarm should also beinstalled on each main landing. In LD2and LD1 systems, additional alarmsneed to be provided.

Loft Conversion

Bedroom Bedroom

Living Room KitchenGarage Hallway

Landing

AVERAGE TWO STOREY HOUSE

Optical or ionisation smoke alarm as best suited for the particular circumstancesOptical smoke alarmSmoke or heat alarm as best suited for the particular circumstancesHeat alarm

Do not install smoke or heat alarms in bathrooms, shower rooms or toilets

xx

x

xx

x

P

P

Siting alarms in hallways and landings

Correct ceiling siting position for alarmsPDo not install alarms herex

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In the event of a fire being detected, asmall vibrating pad located beneath thesleeper’s pillow gently alerts them. At thesame time a powerful strobe light flashesto provide a further visual warning.

Devices such as these are nowincreasingly cited as importantconsiderations and should be consideredas a matter of course in applicationswhere the residents are likely to beelderly, as in a nursing home for example,or in sheltered accommodation.

The 2004 Code notes that the final systemapplied should take into account theassessed needs of the person beingprotected. However, it should alwaysconform to BS 5446: Pt.3 (Grade A and Bsystems aside, where other standardsquoted may be more appropriate).

INSTALLATION OF GRADED AND E SYSTEMS

Once these considerations have allbeen taken into account and thesystem adequately planned, it can thenbe installed, tested and commissioned.

Systems should be installed inaccordance with BS 7671 (IEERegulations 16th Edition) by a qualifiedinstaller. All alarms should be fitted intoplace securely and permanently, andattention given to protecting all wiringfrom impact or rodent damage byrecessing or trunking.

If you intend to install the alarms in a newbuilding, however, it is usually necessary towait until all other work on site has beencompleted and the building has beenfully cleaned before installing any smokealarms. This is because excess dust anddebris from building work cancontaminate the alarms and render themprone to false alarms. However, new ‘Easi-fit’ style alarms are a useful exception,with the wiring able to be completedduring ‘first fix’ and the detector headsimply slotted into place when allcleaning work has been completed.

If, for any reason, other types of alarmshave to be installed before all work iscomplete, ensure that they arecompletely covered, particularly around

the edges, with the dust cover that shouldbe supplied with each alarm. Only whenall cleaning is finished should these dustcovers be removed.

POWER SOURCE

The normal supply for Grade D and Esystems is the public mains supply. A GradeD system should be connected either to anindependent circuit at the dwelling’s maindistribution board (with no other electricalequipment attached except for adedicated monitoring device) or aseparate, electrically protected, regularlyused local lighting circuit. A Grade Esystem may only use the former option.

Hard wired interconnected smoke alarmsshould be on one final circuit. However, the2004 version of the code now acceptsthat smoke and heat alarms using a radiosignal for the interconnect can beseparately wired from the nearest lightingcircuit with a permanent mains supply.

RADIO LINKED SYSTEMS

Pages 41-44 of the 2004 Code now set outthe criteria for radio-linked systems. It isacknowledged now that Grades D-F systemsmay use radio interconnection. However, itwarns about the potential drawbacks ofbattery powered units being interconnectedin such a way if there is a need to replacethe batteries at regular intervals (byimplication mains powered radio-linkedalarms do not have these drawbacks).

As is typical with the Code, it stresses theneed to ensure that such a system meetsthe needs of the application.

The new publication also goes out of itsway to recognise that the old Code

AUDIBILITY

Audibility is another factor to beconsidered. The Code comments thatideally, an alarm system should becapable of producing a sound level of75dB(A) at the bedhead, but that thisis unlikely to be achieved unless thereis a sounder/smoke alarm in thebedroom itself. As there is no evidenceof life being lost in single familydwellings due to the lower sound levelachieved by siting an alarm within 3metres of the bedroom doors, in manydwellings this would be acceptable. InHMOs, where higher levels of ambientnoise is likely, additionalalarms/sounders may be necessary.

A practical way to check audibility is withthe alarm sounding in its intendedlocation, check that the occupant is ableto hear it in each bedroom with the doorclosed above the sound of a radio set toa reasonably loud conversation level. Inthis case, interconnected alarms providean ideal solution, a remote alarm pickingup the fire and a sounder being triggeredto wake the occupier.

SPECIAL NEEDSPROVISION

Back in 1995, the original Codeacknowledged the special needs ofpeople who are deaf or hearingimpaired and recommended the use ofalternative fire alarm systems to meettheir needs. More attention is paid to theissue in the new 2004 update.

A special alarm can be incorporatedinto domestic mains fire alarm systemsto protect people with impairedhearing. It’s a simple, yet ingenious idea.

operation, testing, maintenance, falsealarms, escape plans and siting.

TESTING AND MAINTENANCE

Regular routine testing and maintenanceis very important and should beconsidered at the design stage.

The Code states that the user has aresponsibility for routinely testing thesystem and should be supplied withsimple instructions on how to do this.

All smoke alarm systems should be testedat least weekly using the integral testbutton. Remote test and false alarmcontrol switches can be used to avoidthe need for the user to reach up to thealarms. Systems should also be checkedif the occupier has been away or thepower has failed.

In Grade D to F applications, smokealarms should be cleaned periodically inaccordance with manufacturers’recommendations. Where experienceshows that excessive levels of dust arecompromising the effectiveness of thesystem, more frequent cleaning andservicing may be required.

NEGLIGENCE

The exact question of negligence andliability falls outside the scope of thestandard. It is up to the courts to judgethese issues.

From some considered opinion coveringthe area of legal liability we quotebelow extracts from an article written onbehalf of the National Housing andTown Planning Council (NHTPC) byMartin Daley, to whom we are gratefulfor granting us permission to quote fromhis work.

According to Daley, the NHTPC hasbeen fortunate in having sight ofindependent research on smoke alarmliability by Dr Anne Everton. Thefollowing ten situations, based on DrEverton’s research, should, says Daley,‘be avoided at all costs’:

1 Where the smoke alarm is defectivein design

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provisions might have previouslytechnically precluded the use of wirelesssystems and overcomes this by pointingout that issues relating to power supplies,fault monitoring and integrity andperformance may not be the same forhard wired and radio linked systems.

Special recommendations are alsogiven to their use in HMOs.

WIRING OF MAINSPOWERED SMOKE ANDHEAT ALARMS

When installing, any cable may beused which is suitable for domesticmains wiring, provided it is inaccordance with the relevant parts ofBS 7671.

• There is no requirement for fireresistant cable and the use of red-sheathed cable is not requiredwhen installing Grade D, E and Fsystems

• 6243Y mains cable is recommendedusing the third core for theinterconnect circuit. The earth wiremust not be used for theinterconnect circuit. The maximumrecommended cable run is 250metres, with 1mm2 or 1.5mm2 cable

Amendment No 2 to BS 7671: 2001allows 'harmonised' cable colours tobe used for installations after 31stMarch 2004 (they must be used forinstallations commencing after 31stMarch 2006). The NICEICrecommends that 6243Y cable withthe following colours should be usedfor smoke alarm systems.

Live - BrownNeutral - Grey (oversleeve

blue at terminations)Interconnect - Black

Great care should be exercised inensuring correct identification of thewiring connections as aninterconnected smoke/heat alarmsystem will suffer irreparable damage ifthe live and neutral connections arereversed, or if a 240V phase conductoris connected to the interconnectterminal.

• Connect to an independent circuitat the distribution board if the alarmdoes not have a standby supply -Grade E

• RCD Protection is generally notrequired, but if used it should bededicated only to the smoke alarmcircuit or be independent of circuitssupplying sockets or portableequipment

• Smoke alarms should not beinstalled in new or renovatedbuildings until all work is completed(including floor coverings) and thebuilding has been fully cleaned,unless using an Easi-fit style alarm.Excessive dust and debris frombuilding work can contaminate thesmoke chambers and cause falsealarms. It will also invalidate theguarantee. If alarms must beinstalled before work is finished,either use an ‘Easi-fit’ alarm orensure that the alarm is completelycovered, particularly around theedges, with the dust cover that issupplied with each of our smokealarms

Where appropriate, cable penetrationsshould be fire-stopped. If there is anydanger of impact damage, abrasionor rodent attack, appropriateprotection should be fitted.

A convenient and reliable alternativeto hard wired interconnection is nowreadily available in the form ofRadioLINK from Aico (see page 22).

CERTIFICATION ANDPAPERWORK

The installer should certify that theinstallation conforms to BS 5839: Pt.6 forthe correct Category and Grade ofsystem. If any variations have beenagreed to, these should be duly noted.The Code provides a model certificatefor installers to complete.

Suppliers of the equipment shouldprovide the occupier of the dwellingwith clear and readily understoodinformation on the system and its use.All alarms should come complete withuser instructions, designed to be easilyunderstood, covering such topics as

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It is clear that installing a batterypowered smoke alarm unit and thinkingthat it is sufficient to protect the tenant isan outdated notion. Moreover, evenmains powered systems without areliable long term stand-by cannot berelied upon to provide adequateprotection, as landlords cannotguarantee that tenants will never havetheir power cut off. The implication isclear that some form of stand-by supply(Grade D) is therefore required intenanted properties.

With BS 5839: Pt.6 now reaching its tenthbirthday, it is well established andrecognised. There is now every reasonto assume that it has significantly moreweight behind it than when it was firstintroduced.

RAPIDREFERENCE GUIDE

Ionisation Smoke Alarms• Respond quickly to fast flaming fires,

less sensitive to larger smoke particles• Can be prone to false alarms from

cooking vapours so should not belocated near to kitchens

• Suitable for general use, appropriatefor dining and living rooms and areaswhere flaming fires could rapidlyblock an escape route

Optical Smoke Alarms• Sensitive to larger smoke particles,

more responsive to smouldering firesfrom foam filled furniture, bedding orburning PVC wiring

• Less vulnerable to false alarms fromcooking vapours but more prone tofalse alarm from dust or insect ingress

• Suitable for general use but mostappropriate for circulation areas suchas hallways and near kitchens

Heat Alarms• Fixed temperature type, temperature

range 54° - 62°C. Not prone to falsealarms from dust or vapours, butgenerally less sensitive than smokealarms

• For use in areas where aconventional smoke alarm is notsuitable e.g. kitchens, garages andperhaps living and dining rooms, but

not circulation areas• Must be interconnected with smoke

alarms to provide adequate early firewarning

LOCATION

• Smoke alarms - within 7.5m of anydoor to rooms where a fire is likely tostart, and within 3m of bedroomdoors

• Heat alarms - max 5.3m from anypotential source of fire

LOCATIONS TO AVOID

Do not place a Smoke Alarm in anyof the following areas: bathrooms,kitchens, shower rooms, garages orother rooms where the smoke alarmmay be triggered by steam,condensation, normal smoke, fumesor excessive dust. Keep the smokealarm at least 6m away from sourcesof smoke or vapours that may causenuisance alarms.

Do not place Heat Alarms in any ofthe following areas: bathrooms,shower rooms or other rooms wherethe unit may be triggered by steamor condensation.

Do not place Smoke or Heat Alarmsin any of the following areas:• Places where the normal

temperature can exceed 40°C orfall below 4°C e.g. attics, furnacerooms etc. Directly above ovensor kettles as the heat/steam couldcause nuisance alarms

• Near a decorative object, door,light fitting, window moulding etc.,that may prevent smoke fromentering the smoke alarm

• Surfaces that are normally warmeror colder than the rest of the room(for example attic hatches,uninsulated exterior walls etc.).Temperature differences mightstop smoke from reaching the unit

• Next to or directly above heatersor air conditioning vents, windowwall vents etc., that can changethe direction of the airflow

• In very high or awkward areaswhere it may be difficult to reachthe alarm for testing

2 Where the smoke alarm is defective inmanufacture

3 Where the smoke alarm is locatedwhere it cannot operate

4 When there are not enough smokealarms

5 Where the source of power fails6 Where the source of power for the

smoke alarm is removed7 When the smoke alarm has been

incorrectly installed8 Where the smoke alarm has been

damaged during installation9 Where the smoke alarm has been

damaged as a result of malice10 Where the smoke alarm has been

removed from the property

No matter how circumspect the landlordis, however, there is no cast iron guaranteethat they can fully protect themselvesagainst all possible liability claims.

However, with regards to fire safety, themost fundamental step they can takenow is to install at least a Grade D mainspowered system. Failure to do so, forwhatever reason, would simply beindefensible if and when a case cameto court.

‘Duty of care’ falls squarely upon thelandlord. Dr Ann Everton says that,increasingly, landlords are underpressure to install smoke alarms to avoidthe accusation that they are ‘failing tofulfil their duty of care towards theirtenants’. This is particularly the case forlocal authorities who, in enforcingchecks on private landlords, will have toask themselves if they too meet therequired standards!

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• Do not locate unit within 1m ofdimmer controlled lights and wiring- some dimmers can causeinterference

• Do not wire into the same circuit asa dimmer

• Do not locate unit within 1.5m, orroute wiring within 1m of fluorescentlight fittings as electrical “noise”and/or flickering may affect the unit.Do not wire into the same circuit as afluorescent light

• Do not locate ceiling mounted unitswithin 30cm of walls or corners

• Do not locate near very dusty or dirtyareas, as dust build-up in thechamber can make the unit toosensitive and prone to false alarm

• Do not locate in insect infested areas.Small insects getting into the chambercan cause intermittent alarms

TESTING & MAINTENANCE

Minimum monthly, recommended weekly

(i) Check that the green mains indicatorlight is on (if it is off check circuitbreakers, fuses and wiring)

(ii) Press the test button for at least tenseconds to ensure that the smokechamber, electronics and sounder areworking and that all the alarms thatare interconnected are sounding. Ared light behind the test button, or onthe cover will flash rapidly while thehorn is sounding. The alarm will stopsoon after the button is released. Donot test with a flame or smoke

(iii) Check for any sign of contaminationsuch as cobwebs or dust. Smokealarms must be cleaned regularly. Thisis particularly true of optical alarms,and alarms placed in dusty areas.Use the narrow nozzle attachment ofa vacuum cleaner to remove dust,

insects or cobwebs from the sidesand cover slots where the smokeenters. Turn off the mains and wipethe cover with a damp cloth. Drycover thoroughly with a lint freecloth. Other than the cleaningdescribed, no other customerservicing of the product is required.Repairs, when needed, must becarried out by the manufacturer

(iv) Check the battery annually. Referto the specific user instructions

(v) Protect the alarm with the dustcover supplied when any renovationwork or redecoration is beingcarried out. Remove the coverimmediately when all work iscompleted as the alarm will notfunction correctly with the cover inplace. Alternatively, with ‘Easi-fit’style alarms, simply remove thedetector head in the advisedmanner

(vi) Do not paint an alarm or allow paintto contaminate it when decorating

FALSE ALARMS

These can best be minimised by thecareful selection, siting andmaintenance of alarms. It is a goodidea to specify alarms with a ‘hush’(false alarm control) button totemporarily silence false alarms fromcooking vapours, steam or excessivetobacco smoke, for example. Thisfacility will also help to reduce the risk ofusers attempting to disable the alarmby, for example, removing the battery ortampering with the mains.

LIMITATIONS OF SMOKEALARMS

• Smoke alarms will not detect afire if sufficient smoke does not

reach the alarm. Smoke may beprevented from reaching the alarmif the fire is too far away or if the fireis behind a closed door, in achimney or wall cavity for example,or if prevailing draughts carry thesmoke away

• Installing smoke alarms in everyroom, or a heat alarm in areaswhere a smoke alarm is not suited,will very significantly improve theprobability of early fire detection

• The alarm may not be heard. Onceinstalled in its intended location youshould check that you can hear thealarm even with the door closed;this is particularly important to test inthe bedroom. If it cannot be heard,install more alarms. Remembermains powered alarms must beinterconnected

• Smoke alarms may not detect everytype of fire early enough. As statedearlier, ionisation alarms and opticalalarms respond differently to thedifferent types of fire. Fire caused byescaping gas, violent explosions orpoor storage of flammable liquidscan spread too quickly for a smokealarm to give an early warning

• A heat alarm will not sense smokeand will only trigger when theambient temperature reaches therange 54°C to 62°C

• Smoke and heat alarms do not lastindefinitely. For example, a build upof contamination can cause falsealarms, more so in the case ofoptical smoke alarms. Over aperiod, depending upon theconditions, the electroniccomponents will degrade. For thesereasons, all manufacturersrecommend regular testing andreplacement after no more than ten years

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• Hush button for false alarm control• Interconnects with other Ei Professional

mains powered smoke and heat alarms• Separate mains and warning LEDs• Time and money saving Easi-fit design• 5 year guarantee• Kitemarked to BS 5446: Pt.1: 2000

Ei144 Heat With Hush• Ideal for protecting kitchens and areas

where smoke alarms are notconsidered suitable

• Fixed temperature fast responsethermistor sensor, range 54° - 62°C

• Alkaline battery supplied alreadyconnected to reduce installation errors(does not draw power until alarm isfitted to mounting plate)

• Hush button for false alarm control• Interconnects with other Ei Professional

mains powered smoke and heat alarms• Separate mains and warning LEDs• Time and money saving Easi-fit design• 5 year guarantee• Kitemarked to BS 5446: Pt.2: 2003

Ei146 Optical With Hush• More responsive to slow smouldering

fires• Advanced optical chamber with

proven extended life capability. Fittedwith insect resistant screen

• Alkaline battery supplied alreadyconnected to reduce installation errors(does not draw power until alarm isfitted to the mounting plate)

• Hush button for false alarm control• Interconnects with other Ei Professional

mains powered smoke and heatalarms

• Separate mains and warning LEDs• Time and money saving Easi-fit design• 5 year guarantee• Kitemarked to BS 5446: Pt.1: 2000

MAINS POWERED ALARMSWITH BUILT -INRECHARGEABLE LITHIUMCELLS - DESIGNED TO LASTTHE LIFE OF THE ALARM

Why 10 year+ Technology -Rechargeable Lithium Cells

Highest Capacity• Over 6 months initial stand-by capacity

without mains power• After 10 years on charge the stand-by

capacity is sufficient to power thealarm for over 3 months without mainspower

Very Low Self DischargeOff charge the cells lose onlyapproximately 2% of their totalcapacity per year - so even after longperiods in storage, the cells could stillpower a smoke alarm for aconsiderable length of time prior torecharging (for up to three months afterten years). Cells can be dischargedand recharged many times.

Built-in Tamper ResistantConstruction• Cells are soldered for reliable long term

connection• Terminals are laser welded for high

reliability• No cell maintenance required - cells

designed to outlast the life of the alarm

SafetyThe cells have been tested andapproved by the British StandardsInstitute and Underwriters Labs Inc (USA)for use in this application. They havealso been comprehensively safety testedboth by the manufacturer (Panasonic)and by Ei Electronics.

Easi-fit 160 SERIES MAINSPOWERED ALARMS WITH 10YEAR+ RECHARGEABLELITHIUM CELLS

The 160 series offers all the advanceddetection capabilities and qualitylithium cell back-up afforded by theproven and best-selling 150 series, butcombines it with the benefits of Easi-fitdesign technology and offers a newslimline, rounded shape.

Easi-fit DESIGNTECHNOLOGY

One of the most significant developmentsin the design of smoke alarms since theintroduction of BS 5839: Pt.6 has been theintroduction of new ‘Easi-fit’ designtechnology. Easi-fit alarms areexceptionally quick and simple to install,helping to reduce installation costs.Further cost-savings are also madepossible because Easi-fit alarms do notrequire the separate purchase of anadditional wiring enclosure or mountingkit. Easi-fit technology is now available onboth the 160 series and 140 seriesdetailed below.

INNOVATIVE DESIGN ANDQUALITY FEATURESTHROUGHOUT

Whether you chose 160 series alarms withhigh performance 10 year+ rechargeablelithium back-up power cells, or opt for the140 series with conventional battery back-up system, the detection technology andbuild quality remain constant across everyunit built by Ei. Because we understandthat lives can depend on theperformance and reliability of an alarm,even budget units are made to anuncompromising specification.

Easi-fit 140 SERIES MAINSPOWERED ALARMS WITH 9VALKALINE BATTERY BACK-UP

Designed for applications where thebudget is a key consideration and thereis no requirement for lithium power cellback-up. The 140 Series provides analkaline battery back-up instead ofrechargeable cells and comprisescompetitively priced units built to thesame high standard as all Ei alarmproducts. Further cost savings areoffered through the use of Ei’s innovativeand totally unique Easi-fit technology.

Ei141 Ionisation With Hush• Responds quickly to fast flaming fires• Unique and proven long life ionisation

smoke chamber• Alkaline battery supplied already

connected to reduce installation errors(does not draw power until alarm isfitted to the mounting plate)

insect resistant screen• Separate mains and warning LEDs• Hush button for false alarm control• Low power cell warning in the event

of a mains or cell failure• Precision charging circuit ensures

peak cell performance• Proven 10 year+ rechargeable lithium

cell back-up• Kitemarked to BS 5446: Pt.1: 2000

DISPOSAL

All ionisation smoke alarms contain asmall amount of radioactive material(Americium 241). The radiation from thissource is over 10,000 times less thannatural background radiation from theground, buildings and outer space.

Experts have stated that the risk isminuscule - the equivalent of movingto the floor above and being thatmuch closer to the sun! The NationalRadiological Protection Board carriesout extensive tests on ionisation smokealarms and have concluded that theyare radiologically safe. They alsoconsider that it is safe to dispose of oldsmoke alarms in normal householdrubbish, at the rate of one per bin ofhousehold refuse.

Please note that there are no specialdisposal requirements for the lithium cellsused as back-up in Ei mains poweredalarms as they do not contain anyregulated materials.

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Ei161 Ionisation With Hush • Responds quickly to fast flaming

fires• Advanced suppression and

calibration technology• Unique and proven long life

ionisation smoke chamber• Hush button for false alarm control• Separate mains and warning LEDs• 10 year+ rechargeable lithium cells

back-up designed to outlast thealarm - life expectancy of cellsendorsed by Panasonic

• Kitemarked to BS 5446: Pt.1: 2000

Ei164 Heat With Hush• Ideal for protecting kitchens and

areas where smoke alarms are notconsidered suitable

• Advanced suppression andcalibration technology

• Fixed temperature fast responsethermistor sensor, range 54° - 62°C

• Hush button for false alarm control• Separate mains and warning LEDs• 10 year+ rechargeable lithium cells

back-up designed to outlast thealarm - life expectancy of cellsendorsed by Panasonic

• Kitemarked to BS 5446: Pt.2: 2003

Ei166 Optical With Hush• More responsive to slow smouldering

fires• Advanced suppression and

calibration technology• Large volume high performance

optical chamber with provenextended life capability. Fitted withinsect resistant screen

• Hush button for false alarm control• Separate mains and warning LEDs• Auto self-test feature continually

monitors the sensor every 40 secondsfor additional safety

• 10 year+ rechargeable lithium cells

back-up designed to outlast thealarm - life expectancy of cellsendorsed by Panasonic

• Kitemarked to BS 5446: Pt.1: 2000

THE 150 SERIES MAINSPOWERED ALARMS WITH10 YEAR+ RECHARGEABLELITHIUM CELLS

Advanced detection technologycoupled with superior 10 year+rechargeable lithium cell back-up hasmade the 150 Series the market leaderand the first choice for specifiersnationwide.

The 150 Series popularity and reliabilityis proven by the fact that several millionunits have now been installed and arecurrently protecting householdsthroughout the UK.

Ei151TL Ionisation With Hush• Responds quickly to fast flaming fires• Unique and proven long life Ei

ionisation smoke chamber• Easy to use Test and Hush buttons• Separate mains and warning LEDs• Low power cell warning in the event

of a mains or cell failure• Precision charging circuit ensures

peak cell performance• Proven 10 year+ rechargeable lithium

cell back-up• Kitemarked to BS 5446: Pt.1: 2000

Ei154TL Heat• Ideal for protecting kitchens and

areas where smoke alarms are notconsidered suitable

• Fixed temperature fast responsethermistor sensor, range 54° - 62°C

• Separate mains and warning LEDs• Low power cell warning in the event

of a mains or cell failure• Precision charging circuit ensures

peak cell performance• Proven 10 year+ rechargeable lithium

cell back-up• Kitemarked to BS 5446: Pt.2: 2003

Ei156TLH Optical With Hush• More responsive to slow smouldering

fires• Features the large, advanced Ei

optical chamber with provenextended life capability, fitted with

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• Fitted with rechargeable lithium cellsto last in excess of 10 yrs

• Up to twelve alarms on one system• Programmable repeater function for

more difficult applications• Wide range of compatible accessories

RADIOLINK ANCILLARYPRODUCTS

Ei428 Remote Relay Module

• Mains powered• Easy to install• For use with 140 and 160 series

alarms on an Ei168 RadioLINK base• Unique coding to prevent

interference• Rechargeable 10 yr+ cell back-up

enables the relay to be operationaleven in a mains failure – ideal forWarden Call Systems and Alarmsystems for the deaf and hard ofhearing

• 5 amp relay with volt free contacts• Switchable to constant or pulse

operation

Ei411 Wireless RemoteControl - Wall MountedSwitch

• Allows testing of the system at

ground level• Allows easy identification of the site

of a fire, or the location of a falsealarm

• No wiring required• Neat appearance – same size as a 2

gang light switch• Fitted with long life 10 yr+ lithium cells• No battery replacement required• Unique coding to prevent

interference• For use with 140 and 160 series

alarms on an Ei168 RadioLINK base

Ei410 Wireless RemoteControl – Hand Held

• Same features as the Ei411 but is a keyfob size designed for personal use.

Ei407 Wireless Manual Call Point

• Allows manual testing of the system• Allows manual alarm to warn other

occupants• Same size as a standard Manual Call

Point• No wiring required• Fitted with long life 10 yr+ lithium cells• No battery replacement required• Unique coding to prevent

interference• For use with 140 and 160 series alarms

on an Ei168 RadioLINK base

FOUNDATION OF THECOMPLETE SOLUTION TORESIDENTIAL FIREDETECTION

The use of radio interconnection in Grade Dalarm systems means that it is much easierto comply with the extended alarmcoverage recommended in BS 5839: Pt.6:2004. With no interconnect wiring required,the contractor and specifier can agreefixed costs, allowing a quicker, simpler andmore cost effective solution to smoke andheat alarm installation programmes.

Based on proven wireless technology,RadioLINK from Ei provides a quality mainspowered wireless interconnect solution.The Ei168 RadioLINK base can be usedwith either Ei140 or Ei160 Easi-fit alarms,plus ancillary products thereby combiningproven quality detection capability andperformance with proven wirelesstechnology.

Ei168 RadioLINK Base

• Mains powered• Easy to install - simply fits underneath

each alarm• Unique coding to prevent

interference

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ANCILLARY FIREDETECTION PRODUCTS

ALARM SYSTEMS FORTHE HEARINGIMPAIRED

Residents with hearing difficultiesrequire a different approach tofire protection. The Ei ProfessionalAlarm for the hearing impaired iscurrently the only unit on themarket made by an experiencedsmoke alarm manufacturer.Comprising a powerful strobe lightand vibrating disc, the unit isavailable with a mains poweredcontrol panel and either 230V or9V smoke alarm options with fullbattery back-up.

• High intensity integral strobe• Can be interconnected with up to

twelve alarms• Plug in or wire in options• Easily installed• Test buttons• Auxiliary socket• Self-diagnostics for extra safety• Remote trigger facility

• Alarm clock input• Can be used with RadioLINK

Ei169 - Control box with integralstrobe, vibrating pad and cable forconnections, for use with the 150series alarms (not supplied).

EI169/160 - As above for use with 160Series alarms (not supplied).

Ei169RF - Comprises control box with aRadioLINK transceiver, integral strobe,vibrating pad and cable forconnections. Only suitable for use withsmoke and heat alarms using an Ei168RadioLINK base. Other RadioLINKcontrol devices can be used with thismodel. RadioLINK base andsmoke/heat alarm not supplied.

Ei175 - Supplied with low voltageIonisation Smoke Alarm.

Ei176 - Supplied with low voltageOptical Smoke Alarm.

Ei176RF - Comprises control box with aRadioLINK transceiver, integral strobe,vibrating pad and cable for connections.Supplied with RadioLINK Ei3105RF opticalsmoke alarm. Other RadioLINK controldevices can be used with this model.

MCP400 Manual Call Point

• For use with Ei151TLR, Ei156TLR, Ei161R,Ei164R or Ei166R alarms

• Supplied complete with surfacemount box

• Testing key supplied• Supplied with non-breakable

operating element• Suitable for use with Modifire• LPC approved, conforms to

BS EN 54-11

Ei159 Smoke Alarm Locator Switch

This convenient unit allows the user tolocate the precise source of analarm in installations comprising threeor more units. Pressing the locatorbutton stops all the alarms soundingexcept for the one that was thesource of the alarm.• The ideal way to quickly and easily

find the source of any alarm• Easy to install• Ideal for larger premises and HMOs• Auto reset within ten minutes• Minimises disturbance to other

residents• Suitable for use with any of the

140, 150 and 160 series alarms

Ei128R Relay Base - mainspowered only

• For use with 140 and 160 series• Surface Mount Kit or pattress• 5 amp relay with volt free contacts• Switchable for constant or pulse

operation• Allows signalling to door closers,

sounders, strobes etc• Suitable for use with Modifire

Ei128RBU Relay Base - mains with rechargeableback-up• For use with 140 and 160 series • 5 Amp relay with volt free contacts• Switchable for constant or pulse

operation• Features rechargeable lithium back-

up cells with 10 yr+ life• Ideal for signalling to devices not

affected by a mains failure, such asWarden Call Systems

MODIFIRE

A Modifire system is exceptionally simpleto design and install, thanks to its modulardesign and unique Easi-fit technology.Just tailor the system to meet the needsof the premises. The Ei161R ionisation orEi166R optical alarm with rechargeableback-up provides the starting point. Thenyou can add extra alarms, call points andlocator switches as required, allinterconnected with PVC mains wiringcable. Only one ‘R’ unit - Ei161R or Ei166R- is necessary for each system.

BASIC SYSTEM (GUIDE ONLY)• System to cover escape routes only• Choose from Ei161R ionisation or Ei166R

optical alarms• Connect Manual Call points MCP400

into the circuit

INTERMEDIATE SYSTEM(GUIDE ONLY)• System to cover escape routes AND

high risk areas• Install Ei161R or Ei166R alarm and add

further ionisation (Ei161), optical (Ei166)and heat alarms (Ei164) as required toa maximum of 20 alarms. The Ei128Rrelay base counts as one alarm

• Connect into the circuit Manual CallPoints MCP400 as required

• Connect into the circuit Alarm LocatorSwitches Ei159 as required

• Mount an Ei128R or Ei128RBU relay basebehind the ‘R’ unit to signal warden calldevices, strobes, sounders etc

BASIC SYSTEM (GUIDE ONLY)

INTERMEDIATE SYSTEMS (GUIDE ONLY)

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Ei152 Remote Test & HushSwitch

The Remote Test and Hush Switch isspecifically designed for use with theEi151TLR, Ei156TLR, Ei161R, Ei164R orEi166R alarms.• Tests alarms or silences false alarms

(only on ‘R’ models in the system)without the need to reach thealarm itself

• Ideal for the infirm or elderly• Wall mounted• Easy to use - large clear red

buttons• Suitable for use with Modifire

Ei167 Remote Sounder

The Remote Sounder can be used forinterconnection with any Ei mainspowered alarm. It contains no smokesensor itself, but is triggered by a signalfrom the interconnect circuit. It isideal for use where an alarm - but nodetection - is required.• Wall or ceiling mounted• Integral rechargeable lithium cell

back-up• Interconnects with all mains

operated smoke and heat alarms• Manual test button• AC mains indicator light• 85dB(A) alarm at 3m• Suitable for use with Modifire

SAB300 Remote StrobeXenon Beacon

• Mains powered• For internal or external use• Flash energy of 3 watts and flash

frequency of .9Hz• Clear or red lens options• For operation via an Ei158R or Ei128R

relay• Suitable for use with Modifire

SABV4 High Intensity StrobeXenon Beacon

• Mains powered • Ideal for use where standard strobes

may not be sufficiently visible• 5 joule high intensity flash• Low current consumption• Red or opal lens option• For operation via an Ei158R or Ei128R

relay• Suitable for use with Modifire

YO3 Remote SounderA powerful mains operated sounderideal for use in areas where awarning is required - but a detectorisn’t.• Mains powered• For internal or external use IP54• Offers a range of switchable sound

frequencies from 500Hz to 2900Hz• Switchable sound outputs from 97-

100dB(A)

• For operation via an Ei158R or Ei128Rrelay

• Suitable for use with Modifire

MDH230 Magnetic DoorHolder

• Mains powered• Automatically releases a fire door in

the event of a fire• Test/Override button feature• Holding capacity of 11.3kg• Low current consumption • For operation via an Ei158R or Ei128R

relay• Suitable for use with Modifire

Ei127 Surface Mount Kit

• For 140 and 160 series alarms• For use on uneven ceilings• Useful for applications involving

complex wiring

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9 Volt Alarms With 10year+ Life Lithium BatteryCells

Both of these alarms are supplied withtamper-resistant, non-replaceable 10year life lithium battery cells to meet therequirements for a BS 5839: Pt.6, GradeF system for single storey tenantedproperties.

Ei100TYC- Ionisation with 10 year+ lifeLithium battery, false alarm'silencer' button andinterconnect.

Ei3105TYCH- Optical with 10 year+ lifelithium battery, false alarm'silencer' button andinterconnect.

Up to twelve Ei100TYC and Ei3105TYCHmay be interconnected.

Carbon MonoxideProtection

Ei Electronics is an acknowledgedleader in the field of mains and batterypowered Carbon Monoxide alarms.Please contact us for more information.

SAT332 Smoke Alarm Tester

This useful device - used in conjunctionwith an SAA300 aerosol of syntheticsmoke - is the only reliable method oftesting the smoke chamber on ionisationand optical alarms.• Safe and easy to use• Synthetic smoke is non-flammable

and environmentally friendly

Ei115 Anti-Vandal Cage

• Fits all Ei alarms• Screws on to the ceiling• Test and Hush buttons can be easily

accessed• Measures 170 x 170 x 95mm

LOW VOLTAGE 180 SERIES ALARMS

Ionisation - Model Ei181Optical - Model Ei186Heat - Model Ei184• Supply voltage 10.5 to 30 volts• Power on indicator• Interconnect up to twelve alarms• Alkaline battery back-up• Hush feature on all models• Relay contacts selectable for

continuous or pulse operation

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Ei SMOKE ALARMS - THEFIRST CHOICE FOR LOCALAUTHORITIES ANDHOUSING ASSOCIATIONSNATIONWIDE

Ei Professional smoke alarms andancillary products have beenspecified by literally hundreds of LocalAuthorities and Housing Associationsin England, Scotland, Wales andNorthern Ireland as the products ofchoice for their retrofit programmes.Many of these would be pleased todiscuss their experiences of productreliability and after sales support withinterested parties. Please contact ourCustomer Services Department forfurther information.

In addition, many builders, architectsand installers recognise the benefits offitting smoke and heat alarms thathave proven to be extremely reliablein many thousands of ‘New Build’installations throughout the UK.

TECHNICAL SUPPORT

Our highly trained and experiencedstaff in the Customer ServicesDepartment will be pleased to assistyou with any queries that you mayhave regarding installation,maintenance, or product specification.Telephone 0870 758 4000 and ask forCustomer Services.

Sections of BS 5839: Pt.6: 2004 arereproduced with the permission of BSI.A complete edition of the standardscan be obtained by post from: BSICustomer Services, 389 Chiswick HighRoad, London W4 4AL.

For more detailed information on ourrange of smoke, heat and CarbonMonoxide alarms, please ask for acopy of our latest product brochure.

AICO ON THE WEB

If you haven’t already looked us up,you’ll find that the Aico web site atwww.aico.co.uk is well worth a visit,with detailed technical informationon our unrivalled range of productsand guidance on the installation of

key products. It’s a valuable resourcefor specifiers, contractors andwholesalers alike, and it’s beingcontinually updated to bring you thevery latest additions to our range asthey arrive.

TROUBLE SHOOTING

Please Note: many alarms that arereturned to Aico as “faulty” are foundto have circuit damage. This is largelydue to incorrect wiring on installation.Although all mains powered smokealarms are double insulated, mixing liveand neutral will damageinterconnected alarms. This damagecan also occur if the connector plugmomentarily short circuits across thepower pins when installation takesplace with the power on. It is essentialthat live and neutral wires are correctlyidentified and that all connections aremade before the mains power isswitched on!

Problem Solution

Alarm soundsfor no apparentreason

Identify the alarm source. The red LED under the test button or onthe cover will flash rapidly only on the unit which is the source ofthe alarm. Press hush button if fitted. Check for fumes, steam etc.from the kitchen or bathroom (paint and other fumes can causenuisance alarms). Fan the alarm vigorously with a newspaper todisperse fumes. If alarm does not stop, switch off mains andremove the unit with the rapidly flashing red LED.

Alarm beepscontinuously(approx onceper minute)

Alarm may be in ‘hush mode’ (Ei150, 151TL & 151TLR only). Cells (150& 160 series) or batteries (140 series) may be depleted. Check thegreen mains light is on. If not, check fuse, circuit breakers and wiringconnections. 140 series - the battery may require replacement.Switch off the mains supply, remove the alarm and replace battery.150 & 160 series - the cells may require recharging. This will occurautomatically if the mains power is connected. The cells are notreplaceable. If all the above actions have not silenced the beeping,there may be a fault. Switch off the mains and replace the unit.

Interconnectedalarms do notall sound

Hold test button for ten seconds to ensure that the signal istransmitted to all alarms on the system. Switch off the mains powerand check that the live, neutral and interconnect wires are tightand have been correctly connected on all alarms in the system.Incorrect wiring will damage alarms.

Frequentnuisancealarms occur

Ensure the kitchen and bathroom doors are closed when in use.Ensure that the alarm is sited at least 6m away from sources offumes. Contamination from insects, dust, paint etc. may haveoccurred; clean the alarm. If the problem persists, resiting of thealarm should be considered. Alternatively, changing to a model witha different sensor type may resolve the problem.

All smoke alarms, but more particularly theoptical type, are prone to dust and insectingress which can cause false alarms. Thelatest design, materials and manufacturingtechniques have been used in the constructionof our alarms to minimise the effects ofcontamination. However, it is impossible tocompletely eliminate the effect of dust andinsect contamination. Therefore, to prolong thelife of the smoke alarm it must be kept clean sothat excess dust does not build up. Any insectsor cobwebs in the vicinity of the smoke alarmshould be promptly removed. In certaincircumstances, even with regular cleaning,contamination can build up in the smokesensing chamber causing the alarm to sound.If this happens, the alarm must be returned forservicing or replacement. Contamination isbeyond the manufacturer’s control, and isconsidered normal wear and tear.

This list is not comprehensive. You shouldrefer to the specific user instructions thataccompany each product for furtherguidance.

Aico Ltd, Mile End Business Park, Maesbury Road, Oswestry, Shropshire SY10 8NN

Tel: 0870 758 4000 Fax: 0870 758 4010 • Sales - Tel: 0870 758 4001 Fax: 0870 758 4011e-mail: enquiries@aico.co.uk • www.aico.co.uk

E & OE As our policy is one of continuous development,we reserve the right to amend designs and specifications without prior notice. Everycare has been taken to ensure that the contents of this document are correct at the time of publication and we shall be under no liabilitywhatsoever in respect of such contents.

A Guide toResidential Fire DetectionWith Reference to BS 5839: Pt. 6: 2004

GRFD0905 ISSUE 2

Aico Ltd is a wholly ownedsubsidiary of Ei Electronics