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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues
C.T. are found in all parts of the body & diverse in structure & function.
C.T. Functions:
-connect structures
-provide support
-protect vital organs
-fill space b/w structures
-stores fat
-defends body from infection
-repairs tissue damage
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues
Cells of C.T. are not packed tightly as epithelial tissue, but are separated by the matrix.
The matrix consists of:
- ground substance that varies from liquid to
solid
- 3 types of fibers:
- Collagen, elastic, reticular
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues
Figure 4–8 The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues
There are 4 types of C.T.:
- Embryonic
- C.T. proper
- Solid C.T.
- Fluid C.T.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues
Embryonic C.T.
- One type of tissue, Mesenchyme(embryonic stem cells) are star shaped
- Ground substance is gel-like w/fine protein
fibers and immature cells; gives rise to all
other C.T.
- Location: Embryo/Fetus (not found in adults)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues
Figure 4–9 Connective Tissues in Embryos.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues
6 types of C.T. Proper:
1. Areolar C.T.
- Gel-like ground substance w/collagen &
elastic fibers
- Cell types include fibroblasts (blast =
forming), macrophages, mast cells, & white
blood cells
Located b/w skin & m.; b/w m., beneath epithelial layers, between adjacent organs
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues
Gently pinch
your skin &
notice the
lifted skin
moves
independently
of the
underlying m.
b/c of areolar
C.T.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues
2. Adipose tissue
- Specialized cells for fat storage
Located b/w deep skin layers; walls of organs; around joints; bone cavities
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues
3. Reticular C.T.
- Gel-like ground substance; has network of
reticular fibers with intervening reticular cells
Location: wall of lymphatic organs (lymph nodes & spleen)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues
4. Dense regular C.T.
- Fibroblasts arranged in parallel rows b/w
densely packed bundles of collagen fibers
Location: tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses (away of sinew) are layers of flat tendons
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues
5. Dense irregular C.T.
- Irregularly arranged collagen & elastic fibers
with intervening fibroblasts
Location: Dermis of skin; capsules around organs; coverings around brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues
6. Elastic Tissue
- Parallel bundles of elastic fibers w/fibroblasts
interspersed b/w them
Location: Elastic ligaments b/w vertebrae (areas that need flexibility)
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues
Two types of solid C.T.: Cartilage and bone
1. Cartilage
- Chrondrocytes within cavities, called lacunae;
lacunae separated by a solid matrix w/varying
amounts of collagen & elastic fibers
- No blood vessels: Chondrocytes produce
antiangiogenesis factor
- 3 types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic, &
fibrocartilage
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Supportive Connective Tissues
Hyaline cartilage (hyalos = means glass)
Stiff, flexible support
Reduces friction between bones
Found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Supportive Connective Tissues
Elastic cartilage
Supportive but bends easily
Found in external ear and epiglottis
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Supportive Connective Tissues
Fibrous cartilage (fibrocartilage)
Limits movement
Prevents bone-to-bone contact
Pads knee joints
Found between pubic bones and intervertebral discs
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Growth of Cartilage
Lacuna derived from lacus meaning hollow or lake
Lacuna is a space in which a cell is located
Figure 4–13 The Growth of Cartilage.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues
Bone C.T.:
- Osteocytes w/in lacunae; lacunae separated by a
solid matrix containing collagen fibers & calcium salts
- Lamella is lamina meaning plate. Bone lamella is a
layer of bone tissue
Location: bones of the skeleton
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Connective Tissues
Blood is a Fluid C.T.
- Blood cells (red & white blood cells) in a
fluid matrix (blood plasma)
- red blood cells have no nuclei when mature,
more space available to store hemoglobin
- white blood cells do have nuclei
