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CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
Epithelium Connective tissue
Pay attention to the differences b/w Epi & CT
一、 CHARACTERISTICS:
Small number of cell large amount of intercellular matrix Cell: separate and no polarity Intercellular matrix: fibers +
ground substance + tissue fluid Filled with B.V., L.V., & N. Function: support, connect,
nourish, defence, and repair etc.
二、 CLASSIFICATION
Connective tissue proper: Loose C.T. Dense C.T. Adipose tissue Reticular tissue Cartilage and bone Blood and Lymph
三、 LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
I. Characteristics : Small number of cell &
large number of cell category
small number of fibers & great amount of ground substance
Sponge-like structure (areolar tissue)
Distributed b/w cells, tissues and organs.
II. Cells Fixed cells: fibroblasts fat cells undifferentiated mesenchymal cells Wandering cells: macrophages plasma cells mast cells leukocytes
Structure: Nu: Cytoplasm: EM : rich in rER & r., developed G.l.
1 、 FibroblastsF.b.
* Fibrocytes:
Function : Synthesize & secrete collagenous pro.
& elastic pro. ( to form collagenous f., elastic f. & reticular f. ) ; and ground substance (proteoglycan & glycoprotein).
F.b.F.C.
3 、 Plasma cells
Structure:
Nu.:eccentrically, heterochromatin in wheel shape
Cytoplasm: strong basophilic w/ lightly-stained area near Nu.
P.C.
EM : rich in rER & r.,
developed Gl. Source: B lmphocytes Function: synthesize immunoglobulin
& cellular factors participate in humoral
immunity
2 、 Macrophages ( Histocytes )
Structure:
Nu.: Cytoplasm:
Mac.
F.b.
Mac.
EM : a large number of Ly., pinosome& phagosomes, bundles of MT & MF
Function:
Mobility chemotaxis chemotactic factor: complement C5a, bacterial products etc. Phagocytize specific:depend on
identify factors: Ab, C, Fibronectin etc ( the receptors of these factors are on surface of the macrophage ) .
non-specific: independently
L.y
p.s.
Ag
残余体
Capture!
participate in immune regulation
capture process antigen present antigen presenting
molecular:MHCII
Ag-MHCII co. macrophage surface lymphocytes immune reaction
L.y.
p.s.
Ag
secrete bioactive products chemotactic factor ( for
polymorphonuclear leukocytes )
immunosuppressive factor leukotriene interleukin(IL) interferon(INF) tumorous necrosis factor(TNF)
etc.Source : the monocytes in blood
B.V.
M.C.
4 、 Mast cells Location & Structure: Nu.: Cytoplasm: basophilic
granules, metachromatism
Toluiding blue staining
EM : a great number of
granules w/ crystals, containing: heparin, histamine, leukotriene, slow-reacting substance, eosinophil chemotactic
factors (ECF-A)
Function : allergic reactions
Ag1 plasma cell
mast cell Ab(Ig E)
R-AbAg2 degranulation anticoagulation attract eosinophil
Ag1
Ag2Ab-R
R
degranulation mast cell
plasma cell Ab(Ig E)
degranulation
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Mast cell
R-Ab
Ag2
Ag1
Plasma cell
Ab
5、 Fat cells (Adipose cells)
Shape: Nu.: Cytoplasm: Function: synthesize & store lipid
bN
B.V.
Osmic acid staining HE staining
6、 Undifferentiated cells Structure: similar to fibroblasts, smaller Function: differentiate into
various cell-types in C.T. during injury repairing
e.g.:
7、 Leukocytes Including: neutrophils, eosinophils,
lymphocytes & monocytes
Function: defence involve in allergic reaction (see blood chapter)
LN
III. Fibers: Collagenous fibers ( white f. ) Elastic fibers ( yellow f. ) Reticular fibers ( argyrophilic f. )
1 、 Collagenous fibers Structure: LM: EM : fibrils :
have periodic cross-bandings at intervals of 64nm
fibrils
Collagen fibrils
Collagen fibers
Chemicals: collagen type I collagen type III
type I type III
Immunohistochemistry staining
Synthesize:In rER / GL:→ Polypeptide αchains ①→ hydroxylated αchains ②→ Procollagen ③In Extracellular space:→ Tropocollagen ④→ fibrils ⑤→ collagenous f. ⑥
Fibroblast
280x1.4nm
①
②
③
④
⑤
⑥
2 、 Elastic fibers
Structure: LM: EM : elastin + microfibrils
(no bandings)
F.B.
3 、 Reticular fibersSructure: LM: argyrophilia, PAS(+) EM: fibrils w/
periodiccross-bandings atintervals of 64nm, typeIII collagencovered carbohydrate
Reticular fibersin liver
Reticular fibersin lymph node
IV. Ground substance Jelly-like & amorphous substance; Proteoglycan: in molecular sieve hyaluronic acid GAG(glycosaminoglycan) chondroitin sulfate keratin sulfate etc.
protein: core protein & link protein glycoprotein : fibronectin (FN) laminin (LN) chondronectin (ChN) ;
Intercellular material
Ground substance
Collagenous fiber
hyaluronic acid
Side chain subnit
molecular sieve:
hyaluronic acid -- link pr.-- side chain subunit subunit: core protein+ chondroitin sulfate &keratin sulfate tissue fluid: flowing through the sieve pores
Core pr.
side chain subunit
hyaluronicacid
link pr.
core pr.
chondroitin sulfate
keratin sulfate
Link pr.
glycoprotein : fibronectin (FN): produced by epithelial cells and fibroblasts play a role in events of identification, adhesion, migration and proliferation laminin (LN) : located in B.M., produced by epi. cells, function: adhesion the epi.cells and B.M. chondronectin (ChN): in cartilage tissue, fuction: a component of ground substances; adhesion chondrocyteS and colagen
typeII
leminin
Function: Tissue fluid nourishes the cells & tissues ; Molecular sieve acts as a barrier: to
prevent the spread of bacteria & other microorganisms
*haemolytic streptococci produce hyaluronidase & promote the invasion
Glycoproteins (FN/LN/ChN): identification /adherence/migration/proliferation etc.
四、 DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Characteristics: Small amount of cells & ground
substance , large number of fibers Fibers: wide, arranged densely Function: connect & support
Category:
Dense regular C.T. (tendons, cornea, ligment): parallel c.f. & tendon cells Dense irregular C.T. (dermis, sclera):
collagenous fibers network & fibroblasts
Elastic tissue (Lig. Nuchae, Lig. flavum &
Large artery ): elastic fibers mainly
dermis
tendons
Lig. nuchae
Large artery
五、 ADIPOSE TISSUE
Structure: Loose C.T.+ fat cells (in large aggregations) HE: / Osmic acid: Function: energy storage, shock absorber, insulating layer
六、 RETICULAR TISSUE
Structure: Reticular cells +
reticular f. + G.S. Reticular cell: stellate,
pale nucleus, obvious nucleoli, processes (rich in rER)
Function: architectural
frameworkof lymphatic & hemato-poietic tissues
Lymph node
cells
fibers
BYE BYEBYE BYE