Michael S Turner

Connecting Quarks to the CosmosInstitute for Nuclear Theory

29 June to 10 July 2009

Inflationary Cosmology I

Michael S. TurnerKavli Institute for Cosmological Physics

The University of Chicago

Michael S Turner

Quarks and the Cosmos: Quarks and the Cosmos: Convergence of Frontiers of Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics/Cosmology

• What is the dark matter particle? • How did neutrinos shape the Universe and what are they

telling us about the unification of forces? • What is the dark energy that is causing the Universe to

accelerate?• What are Nature’s highest energy particles and how are

they accelerated?• How did the chemical elements originate?• How are quantum mechanics and gravity reconciled?• What happens when black holes collide?• What are space and time and where did they come from?• What was the dynamite behind the big bang?

Michael S Turner

Cosmology Cosmology is a is a

young scienceyoung scienceits story only begins 60 years its story only begins 60 years

after Darwin,after Darwin,300 years after the 300 years after the

invention of the telescopeinvention of the telescope

Michael S Turner

19161916--1918: General Relativity & 1918: General Relativity & ΛΛ

PS: Never mind Λ

Michael S Turner

1929: Just One Number K 1929: Just One Number K (error bars not needed, velocity in km)

Hubble & Hubble & HumansonHumanson: few 100 galaxies, z < 0.1: few 100 galaxies, z < 0.1

K (H0) = 550 km/s/Mpc

Michael S Turner

Cosmology: The Search for Cosmology: The Search for Two Numbers Two Numbers … Sandage 1970

Michael S Turner

Landau on Landau on CosmologistsCosmologists

Often in Error, Often in Error, Never in Doubt!Never in Doubt!

Michael S Turner

and at U Mass

The Redbook, a manual for faculty members that explained what a university was, and

what it wasn't. It cited two courses one wouldn't find in a curriculum of higher education: witchcraft and cosmology.

Michael S Turner

Discovery of Cosmic Microwave Background, 1964

Michael S Turner

Michael S Turner

““The Standard ModelThe Standard Model””Hot Big Bang (circa 1972)Hot Big Bang (circa 1972)

““Reality (physics) BasedReality (physics) Based””•• BBN (nuclear physics)BBN (nuclear physics)•• CMB (atomic physics)CMB (atomic physics)•• Structure Formation (Structure Formation (gravgrav. .

physics)physics)•• Begins at 0.01 secBegins at 0.01 sec•• ΩΩ00 ~ 0.1 (baryons)~ 0.1 (baryons)Big QuestionsBig Questions•• ““The The naughtsnaughts””: H: H00, t, t00, , ΩΩ00•• Large entropy per baryonLarge entropy per baryon•• Hadron WallHadron Wall•• Origin of density Origin of density

perturbationsperturbations

Michael S Turner

1980s: The Go Go Junk Bond Days 1980s: The Go Go Junk Bond Days of Early Universe Cosmologyof Early Universe Cosmology

““Creativity BasedCreativity Based””•• InflationInflation•• Cosmic StringsCosmic Strings•• BaryogenesisBaryogenesis•• Magnetic Magnetic

MonopolesMonopoles•• Phase TransitionsPhase Transitions•• Hot and Cold Dark Hot and Cold Dark

MatterMatter•• Decaying ParticlesDecaying Particles•• KaluzaKaluza--KleinKlein

Michael S Turner

1990s: Beginning of Data1990s: Beginning of Data--driven driven CosmologyCosmology

• COBE! and CMB experiments• Redshift surveys (CfA, IRAS, 2dF, SDSS)• Large-scale velocity field measurements• Gravitational lensing• Big telescopes (Keck, …) with big CCD

cameras• HST, X-ray, gamma-ray, IR, …

Big Glass on the Ground: Big Glass on the Ground: 4 VLT, 2 4 VLT, 2 KecksKecks, 2 , 2 GeminisGeminis and and

2 2 MagellansMagellans

Great Observatories in Space: Great Observatories in Space: Hubble, Spitzer, Chandra, and Hubble, Spitzer, Chandra, and

FermiFermi

Giant CCD Cameras

100 Megapixel

Gigapixel

How far can you see on a clear

day?Back to the birth

of galaxies

How far can you see on a clear day with x-ray eyes?To supermassive black holes at the

edge of the Universe!

Swift GRB 090423 z = 8.2 GROND photo-zBirth of a Black Hole at the Edge of the Universe

Greiner et al.

Michael S Turner

2000s: Era of Precision Cosmology2000s: Era of Precision Cosmology

““Fisher BasedFisher Based””• Cosmological

parameters• Tests of inflation, CDM• Correlating large,

complex data sets• Cosmological

Consistency• Physical parameters

(e.g., neutrino mass)

Michael S Turner

In the midst of a revolutionary period of discovery -- powerful

ideas and instruments

Quarks and the Cosmos

Michael S Turner

Two Really Important IdeasTwo Really Important IdeasThat Changed CosmologyThat Changed Cosmology

with deep connections between quarks and the cosmos

Inflation:Inflation: brief period of rapid (accelerated) expansion accounts for smoothness, flatness; heat of the big bang; and seed inhomogeneities

Particle dark matter:Particle dark matter: bulk of the dark matter that holds the Universe together resides in a sea of elementary particles left over from the big bang

H0 = 70 ± 7 km/s/Mpc

… and Dr. Sandage, H0 is now measured and q0 is negative!

Michael S TurnerBOOMERanG

DASI

Decoding the Cosmic Decoding the Cosmic Rosetta StoneRosetta Stone

Maxima CBI

ACBARACBAR

CBI

COBE

Michael S Turner

The Universe circa 380,000 yrsThe Universe circa 380,000 yrsWMAP

±0.001% Fluctuations

Michael S Turner

Michael S Turner

Curve = concordance cosmology

Michael S TurnerSloa

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Sur

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sdss

.org

Large-scale structure: Distribution of 106 galaxies

in the Universe today

Michael S Turner

Tracing the history from a slightly lumpy Universe to galaxies ablaze

Michael S Turner

TodayToday’’s s ““Consensus CosmologyConsensus Cosmology””based upon precision measurements

• From quark soup to nuclei and atoms to galaxies and large-scale structure

• Flat, accelerating Universe• Atoms, exotic dark matter & dark energy• Consistent with inflation• Precision cosmo parameters

–Ω0 = 1.005 ± 0.006 (uncurved)–ΩM = 0.280 ± 0.013–ΩB = 0.045 ± 0.0015–ΩDE = 0.72 ± 0.015–H0 = 70 ± 1.3 km/s/Mpc–t0 = 13.73 ± 0.12 Gyr–Nν = 4.4 ± 1.5

Consistent with Consistent with all data, all data,

laboratory and laboratory and cosmological!cosmological!

Michael S Turner

Michael S Turner

The Universe ObservedThe Universe Observed

Michael S Turner

A Universe Full of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies

• 1011 galaxies!• Density of galaxies:

~0.001/Mpc3

• Typical mass 1012 solar mass (2 x 1045 g)

• Range: 106 to 1013 solar masses

Michael S Turner

Michael S Turner

Clusters of Galaxies: Largest Bound and Relaxed Objects

Perseus Cluster

Michael S Turner

Coma Cluster of Galaxies

• Masses from 1013 to 1016 solar masses• X-ray bright (hot gas)• 5% of galaxies are found in rich clusters

Michael S Turner

Isotropy (same in all directions):Galaxy Distribution on Sky

Michael S Turner

Isotropy & Homogeneity: at 400,000 yrs CMB

Intensity Scale: ±0.01%

Michael S Turner

Homogeneity (same everywhere): Galaxy Distribution

2dF

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Michael S Turner

•Expansion = Scaling up•Single “Cosmic Scale Factor”

R(t) Summarizes Expansion

Michael S Turner

Our Universe

Michael S Turner

Cosmological Cosmological RedshiftRedshiftAll physical distances get stretched with

cosmic scale factor, Rtoday = 1.0• Wavelength of a photon (redshift z)

• Momenta of particles too: p ~ 1/R• Distance between galaxiesNB: but not the size of self-bound objects (from atoms to stars to galaxies & clusters)

Michael S Turner

UV light (1216 Å) from the early

Universe redshiftedto near IR.

The Universe was ~7 times smaller!

Michael S Turner

1992: COBE Maps &

Blackbody Spectrum

Michael S TurnerGiant Dipole in the Sky: Milky Way is

moving toward Leo at 600 km/sec

Michael S Turner

COBE Proves Copernicus

Right!

Michael S TurnerSloa

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Michael S Turner

Cosmological ParametersCosmological Parameters

Michael S Turner

CMB (first to second peak)Ωbh2 = 0.0225 ± 0.0006

vs.BBN (Deuterium)

Ωbh2 = 0.0213 ± 0.0013~5% agreement

ΩΩbb = 0.044 = 0.044 ±± 0.0020.002

Precision Cosmology Indeed!

h = H0/100 km/s/Mpc ~ 0.7

Michael S Turner

FriedmannFriedmann EquationsEquationsMatter tells space how to bend

(“flat”, Euclidean Universe)

• H = expansion rate (“Hubble constant”)• Total energy density ρ and total pressure p• Solutions:

Michael S Turner

Evolution of Matter/EnergyEvolution of Matter/Energyspace tells matter how to move

Michael S Turner

Three Epochs Dominated by Three Epochs Dominated by Different Forms of EnergyDifferent Forms of Energy

1. Rad dominatedR ~ t1/2 thermal bathR < 10-4, t < 104 yrs

2. Matter dominatedR ~ t2/3 struc. formst ~ 104 yrs – 1010 yrs

3. Dark EnergyR ~ eHt

acceleratedexpansiont > 1010 yrs

Michael S Turner

Structure FormationStructure FormationGravitational amplification of small (few parts in 105)

density inhomogeneities to the structure seen today during matter dominated

epoch, δρ/ρ α R(t)

Michael S Turner

Thermal Bath Thermal Bath For most of its early

history: thermal equilibrium (departures

are very important –not all Fe today!)

• For kT > mc2

particle/antiparticle pairs as abundant as photons• Energy density:

ρ = g*π2T4/30g* counts dof

Michael S Turner

Michael S Turner

Relativistic Degrees of FreedomRelativistic Degrees of Freedom

Quark/Hadron

All SM Particles

γ/neutrinos

e± pairs

Michael S Turner

RadiationRadiation--dominated Universedominated Universe