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Introduction

Drivers around the world are getting used to the expanding measure of advanced innovation in their vehicles. A Large part of components were being digitized to offer the driverless demanding operation and better data for information. The Latest advancements permit vehicles to have gushing music, continuous activity data about the blocked roads, Traffic information and customized roadside help during the breakdown. All things considered, the vehicle for today is a technological wonder.

Tomorrow's vehicle will represent a stage change in frame and capacity in contrast to what is being offered now.

The advertised endeavours by companies like Google, Apple and universities around the globe is to construct fully-functioning self-driving vehicles. These innovations are subjected to intense study in the whole world. Many manufacturers are showing their keen interest to bring the vehicles with self-assisted driving in near future.

In this white paper, we will outline our discussion on connectivity for commercial vehicles. Even though many type of vehicles is classified under this Commercial Vehicles Industry but this paper mainly focuses on the connectivity for trucks.

First let us know the difference between the connected and autonomous vehicles:

Connected vehicles: According to strategy and pw푐 ''These are the vehicles which have access to the web and an assortment of sensors, and that is in this way ready to send and receive the signals, sense the physical condition around them and even interact with the vehicles or entities.''

Autonomous vehicles (self-driving / robotic vehicles) are those that operate without a human driver.

Connected vehicles will be further developed into automated vehicles. So, both of them are on same path. Many automakers are on a plan to soon present vehicles for some self-sufficient capabilities.

Connected Vehicles

Does it make sense for commercial vehicles?

Mazhar Hussain, VNIT Nagpur

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Connected Vehicles

A Collection of several new features will greatly expand the capabilities of what are being called the 'connected vehicle'.

Wireless communications are required in order to connect the vehicles to other and to the infrastructure. A connected vehicle is based on this communication. The wireless communications technology could include:

5.9 GH푧DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications) 4G and 3G networks to provide data communications Others like Wi-Fi, satellite and HD radio will have huge importance.

Evolution of Automotive Connectivity

Already, very extensive internal networks are provided in the vehicles in order to deliver electronic, diagnostic and monitoring functions.

The Automotive Ethernet uses are growing in leaps and bounds across the globe and this also adds to a hybrid network in vehicles. For the connectivity in vehicles, network bandwidth is a must. Until recently, the communication was one way i.e. from infrastructure to the vehicle; in short, it can be termed as I2V.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and various other positioning signals, in general, provide the advanced telematics and navigation system.

Through joint industry collaboration between OEMs (Original Equipment manufacturers) and mobile operators, it will be conceivable to expel boundaries of the protected conveyance of connected services and applications in vehicles.

Companies are investing a lot of time and money in IoT (Internet of Things) connected vehicles. As according to the BI intelligence report, an annual growth rate of 35% from 21 million cars in 2016. The report also stated that the growth of upcoming trend is not only in the cars but also in the commercial vehicles

In the last several years, connected vehicles have exploded, thanks to the IoT (Internet of Things). Currently, the automakers are connecting their vehicles in three ways:

Embedded vehicles use an antenna and chipset which are built within the vehicles.

Tethered connection uses hardware that helps the drivers to connect to vehicles with their Smartphone.

Integrated vehicles have the availability of integration of vehicle with driver's Smartphone for the connectivity. All the tech will remain on the Smartphone

Figure 2 depicts that most vehicles have embedded connection. Figure 2 (Source: Frost & Sullivan)

Figure 1: Automaker and Operator Interaction (Source: GSMA) Figure1

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Presently, such channels are progressively being supplemented by V2I and V2V, where the vehicles exchange the information and data with the infrastructure and other vehicles respectively.

Services like the Ecall system in Europe, GM's Onstar in North America and ERA-GLONASS system in Russia helps in enabling a vehicle to respond to fatal crashes by remotely sending the airbag and impact sensor data. With the satellite positioning technology, the coordinates of crash location can be known and the emergency services are contacted to take action.

Telematics

In order to control and monitor vehicles, we use integrated telecommunications and the informatics system known as 'Telematics'. Present day connected vehicles use this advanced telematics system.

Telematics comes under the domain of IoT (Internet of Things) as it involves the exchange of information to the internet. Today, telematics-equipped gadgets contain Bluetooth or cell network to communicate with the web.

With this new technology, the fleet operators can get a clear view of the entire fleet. All information about the vehicles and drivers can be traced. In case of vehicles fuel consumption, vehicle location, current speed and vehicle condition and more can be viewed. Driving behaviors can also be traced and the inefficient drivers are sent to additional training.

The vehicle telematics is constantly taking a new shape and the progress is quite high due to rapid advancements in Smartphone's, The Internet, Expanding bandwidth and GPS technology.

Commercial vehicles getting connected

A commercial vehicle is a type of motor vehicle used for the transporting of the goods or passengers.

Trucks, Buses, Vans, Trailers etc all these come under the commercial vehicles. The commercial vehicles industry causes the acceleration of economy to 7%-8% GDP growth per annum. This states the importance of this segment for the benefit of people and the country's economy.

Fun fact about these CV is if one connects all the loads only trucks that delivered in 2013, the chain would stretch from the earth to moon more than 11 times!

Figure 3 : Shows the telematics market of connected vehicles in billion$.(Source www.allied market research.com)

Figure 4: Contribution of connected trucks with adv. telematics technology in world in terms of percentage. (Source: Frost & Sullivan )

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But today's transportation system is inefficient and costly. Every year on a global basis:

There are about eight million mishaps which cost 1.3 million lives and harm more than seven million people.

About 220 million metric tons of harmful carbon equivalents is released into the atmosphere as we waste 90 billion hours in congested roads and traffic jams.

About 2% of Global GDP (Gross Domestic Product) i.e. at least $1 trillion is wasted due to the traffic caused on roads.

Many companies like Cisco, Qualcomm bringing the internet to the road to keep roads cleaner, safer, less jammed by building a common communications network platform for all the vehicles on road.

The 'Internet of things' will also create new business models: from building and servicing vehicles, providing cloud-based infotainment and local-based services to crash prevention and service management.

Connected Vehicles Of Today: Major vehicle manufacturers have already launched the connected services such as weather reports, traffic data, road works and accident warnings in vehicles. To get the precise location embedded GNSS technology is also provided in new vehicles. Some additional applications in today's Connected Vehicles are:

Mobile connectivity: Enables vehicles to connect to Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and 4G networks.

Travel Safety: With the help of features like automatic emergency assistance, geo-fencing, safety alerts and notifications, breakdown assistance etc. better safety for vehicle and driver are assured.

Navigation and tracking: Global Positioning System (GPS) is utilized to provide the navigation information and also used to track vehicle's location.

Benefit for fleet operators: With this Fleet managers can get a clear view of the entire fleet. All information about the vehicles and drivers can be traced. In the case of vehicles, aspects such as fuel consumption, vehicle location, current speed, vehicle condition etc. can be monitored.

According to IHS automotive Ltd, ''55% of annual global new vehicle sales in 2020 will be connected and by that year, about half of the vehicles on the road will be connected.''

When consumers shop for new vehicles in coming years their preferences will be the new advanced technologies and connectivity features in vehicles. For cars, top notch priority will be Vehicle tracking, infotainment and navigation.

Considering that the commercial vehicle industry seems to be following the similar path but with another batch of connected features as fleet management, User Based Insurance (UBI) etc will be considered first.

Figure5 depicts the top priorities of applications for commercial and passenger vehicles.

Figure 5: (Source: Frost & Sullivan)

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Keyless entry and ignition: Drivers can unlock and start their vehicles remotely with the help of wireless signals.

Engine diagnostics: Regular monitoring of the vehicle is done. In case of further inspection, alerts and notifications are sent to the driver.

Voice control: Some of the vehicle functions like phone calls, navigation etc are managed by the voice recognition software.

Companion apps: Enables the driver to control the vehicle with the aid of their smart phones.

Connected Vehicles of The Future

Today's vehicles either cars or commercial vehicles may seem pretty smart, but the connected vehicles is nowhere near its full potential. Within the next few years the connected vehicles will provide:

Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII):

VII will enable communication between vehicles as well as with roadway infrastructure. VII uses software, sensors, DSRC (Dedicated Short-range Communications) links, radar, and GPS to communicate with transportation infrastructure and other vehicles.

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V):

Vehicles will be able to ''talk'' to each other with the other vehicles on road by wireless communication which will enable significant improvements in vehicle safety. Research from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration shows that ''Connected vehicle technology has possibly caused less number of crashes in light vehicles and heavy truck crashes by choosing well trained drivers.''

In order to reduce the number of deaths due to accidents U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) has initiated the ''Integrated Truck Safety Program to incorporate wireless DSRC technology into a commercial vehicle platform to refine crash avoidance safety applications on commercial vehicles.''

Many further applications that use vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications including:

Forward Collision warning: Drivers are warned if there is a risk of collision due to the vehicle ahead is suddenly stopped or travelling relatively slower.

Blind Spot Warning/Lane Change Warning: Drivers are warned if there is a vehicle in their blind spot while changing lanes.

Intersection Movement Assist: Drivers are warned when it is not safe to enter an intersection due to probability. Above three applications comes under ADAS (Advance Driving Assistance System).

Electronic Emergency Brake Light: Drivers are warned when there is a sudden-braking condition ahead.

Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC): This system helps the vehicle to adjust its speed automatically in order to maintain the fuel-economy and safety. This further extends when the speed of the vehicle will be altered by using the information from the speed limit boards on the roads or from reflectors from other vehicles.

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Truck Platooning: The Highway Pilot Connect System of Daimler permits electronic docking by vehicles on highways known as 'platooning'. As shown in fig, Connected vehicles in a platoon require a distance of only 15m instead of 50m.(general) `

Figure 6 : Three linked Truck Platooning ( Source : Daimler Benz )

Advantages of truck platooning are:

Reduction in aerodynamic drag as the small distance is maintained between both trucks. About 7% of the fuel saving can be achieved in a platoon of three trucks.

Reduction in C푂 emissions. Efficient use of road space as a platoon of three trucks has a length of 80 meters

instead of 150m. The reaction time of the Highway Pilot Connect system is just 0.1 sec. So this helps in

reduction of rear-end collisions and makes the roads much safer. Results of Research: A Research has been done by Safe Road Trains for the Environment (SARTRE) on fuel consumption benefits of platooning by considering a lead truck, following truck and three car푠 . Figure 8 shows all of the results by gap distance and vehicle location. The eco-driving benefits in Figure 7 vary from providing training to drivers or fleet companies for providing real-time driving feedback to the driver while in the vehicle.

Figure 7 : Range of benefits for connected Eco-driving, Intelligent Speed Control, Adaptive Cruise Control & Platooning (Source: ITS Resources)

Figure 8: Percentage of fuel savings of each vehicle in the platoon at varying gaps (Source: SARTRE Final Report)

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Vehicle to pedestrian (V2P)

Pedestrians walking on the road will receive the alerts through connected wearable devices or via applications in Smartphone during chance of collision.

Vehicle to Cloud (V2C)

All the information of location, vehicle performance etc will be uploaded to the cloud. With this driving in vehicle will be more efficient and enjoyable but proper cloud- based security should be maintained.

With this, we are changing the pattern of driving in order to reduce the emissions and fuel consumption i.e. ''Eco-driving''. These vehicle technologies are the advanced features of eco-driving.

The Argument Against

Even though the rise and advancement connected vehicles are welcomed globally. But still there are some counter-arguments exist, including:

A Potential for distraction: The main concern about the advancing technology is the potential of distraction is quite high. So the manufacturers should take more care to limit distraction effects which further to severe problems.

Infringement upon civil liberties: Some are worried that the ability to track the area of a vehicle whenever and conceivably even to remotely debilitate or weaken certain functions is an encroachment upon common freedom of the driver.

Preference for simplicity: These vehicles are claimed to be too complicated, and that this there would be an overload from infotainment systems - reduces the inherent pleasure of driving.

Security concerns: Industry should work particularly quite hard to demonstrate that their vehicle's security is water-tight both from the perspective of system technologies and also in protecting the system's data from hacking.

Cost: The cost of the connected vehicles is more than normal vehicle; this factor will affect the sales of vehicles. But the costs for these systems change rapidly as the technology is changing & improving.

Even Connected Car specialist IMS (Intelligent Mechatronic Systems Inc.) admits: “We have mixed feelings about our vehicle giving information about our driving practices to third parties. Especially when our vehicle is Internet connected and boiling over with recorded data on our driving habits, we want to know exactly where this information is going and exactly what it’s being used for.''

Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I)

It Allows the vehicle to communicate with the roadway infrastructure. It could be used to inform drivers about work zones, potholes, traffic, weather etc. Vehicle automatically responds to the road sign boards which reduces the traffic jams and accidents.

Figure 9: Truck to infrastructure connection (Source: Daimler Benz)

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Potential Vulnerabilities

Some potential needs are to be met in order to bring the connected vehicle technology effectively on roads. The automotive industry would be especially well advised to consider these while launching their connected vehicles in various countries across the globe.

Network Availability:

Embedded solutions should have the capacity to get to systems with a specific range of bandwidth and coverage characteristics are important to support the connectivity services. The wireless communications such as DSRC or 4G, older 3G cellular network provides the high range of bandwidth.

From the Figure 10, we can estimate that 3G WCDMA/HSPA networks will provide coverage to about 85% of the population in coming years, whereas 2G GSM/EDGE expects to cover more than 90% of total population. But the problem is the 2G connections will be holding on to only 20% of connections in world by 2020 (Figure 11). So, the other connections 3G, LTE should be expanded widely mainly in rural areas of the world.

Regarding this issue, Dr. Wolfgang Bernhard, Daimler AG claimed that ''There is one thing we need for connected trucks, a seamless mobile network along the Autobahn. For most applications, 3G is sufficient, for the rest LTE works fine. But the problem is not the technology, but availability.''

Smart cities:

To utilize the connectivity, we have to improve the infrastructure. The Government should involve to improve infrastructure and to also install technologies needed for VII communications by developing ‘Smart Cities'.

As cities will incorporate the transportation data and also provides the availability to use all connectivity services in order to improve mobility, safety and Eco-friendly environment. These cities develop more sustainable and supportable connection between the transport and the city. The rate of developing such cities should be faster in countries like China, India etc. Recently, Government of India has launched Smart cities Mission (SCM) to improve the infrastructure of the cities

Figure 10: Ericsson's coverage estimates (Source: Ericsson's mobility report 2012)

Figure 11: 2G connections as a % of regional connections (Source: Wireless Intelligence)

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Condition in INDIA

Today, India is the fifth largest market for both commercial and passenger vehicles and the second largest market for two-wheelers in the world. ''The industry has witnesses a Compound Annual Growth Rate of 8.7%, where the commercial vehicles segment grew by 6.9%.The industry adds to more than 49% of the manufacturing GDP and about 7.1% of the overall Gross Domestic Product .''With research emphasis on advanced telematics, connected vehicles and electronic controls, the Industry will also contribute to the ''Digital India'' initiative. The expanding industry will also play a crucial role in schemes like 'Make In India' and 'Skill India' program by providing the employment to people.

VECV:

In case of developing modernization in commercial transportation in country, Volvo-Eicher Commercial Vehicles (VECV) is leading the front. The Telematics that company has introduced in trucks is advanced telematics technology in India. The Eicher Pro Series brings in the frugal engineering of Eicher along with propelled innovation of Volvo Group. Company recently introduced telematics solution ''Eicher Live'' in Pro 6000 and Pro 8000 trucks.

''Eicher Live'' provides ongoing dashboard data analytics of the fleet, helps in tracking down most vital factors including management of fuel, vehicle tracking and vehicle condition thus permitting the customers to plan their vehicle maintenance. Eicher Live's Dynamic intelligence helps maximize profitability and productivity.

Views on future transportation in India

Conclusion

The availability of faster communication networks, simple interface, advanced telematics solutions, and growing infrastructure should drive connected vehicles market globally. With the passing of Ecall regulations by the European Parliament the connected vehicle market will be bloomed. In near future, Asian countries like India, China should be prominent automobile market for connected vehicles. Connectivity will be boon for commercial vehicles if we overcome some potential vulnerability.

''Our vision is to drive modernization in commercial transportation in India and the developing world. In line with our vision, we will continue to bring in better technology and evolve as technology leaders. For example the telematics that we have introduced in our trucks is one of the most advanced telematics technology in the country.''

Mr. Vinod Aggarwal, CEO, VECV.

''India’s trucking sector is at the cusp of a significant shift towards revolutionizing its freight industry. Trucks of the future will be safer, cleaner and connected trucking solutions They will make higher margins than ever before.''

Ananth Srinivasan, Senior Consultant, Frost& Sullivan.

Figure 12: Eicher Live (Source: eicher.in)

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References

1. Deloitte University Press ''Internet of Things in Automotive industry''

2. IOT Business News ''Global Commercial Telematics Market will reach around 5obillion$, by 2020''

3. Qualcomm ''Advancing telematics and V2I for tomorrow''

4. GSMA m Automotive '' Connecting Cars: The technology Roadmap, Version 2.0''

5. Strategy and pwc ''The Truck industry in 2020, How to move in moving markets''

6. Business Insider ''Automotive Industry Trends: IoT Connected Smart Cars & Vehicles''

7. Mckinsey ''Disruptive trends that will transform the auto industry''

8. Spirent Communications Inc ''What's driving the connected car''

9. ITS gov ''Factsheet on vehicle to vehicle communications for trucks''

10. Forbes ''The Future of Commercial Vehicles: An All-In-One Connected Truck Platform''

11. Cisco ''Taking the Internet to Road - Commercial Vehicles ''

12. Connected Vehicles News ''How connected vehicles are driving the IoT network''

13. Connected Cars Blog 'understanding consumer needs to maximize connected vehicles revenues'

14. Fleetowner.com ''The Connected Truck: We’ve only reached the tip of the iceberg''

15. Motor India Magazine ''Eicher showcases truck & bus range equipped with Eicher Live''

16. USDOT ''Driver Assistance: Connected Eco Driving, Adaptive Cruise Control, Platooning ''

17. Fleet Owner ''Connected vehicles: Hot? Or not? - Trucks at work ''

18. Daimler ''Connected Trucks Freight transport of the future by using the internet''

19. Frost and Sullivan ''Outlook for the Global Automotive Industry -Trends and predictions''

20. Strategy and pwc ''Connected car report 2016 ''

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