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Richard Galinaitis Bus 552E - Technology and Adaptive Systems 10/13/2014 Connected Cars Image: U.S. Department of Transportation

Connected Cars - On the highways of tomorrow

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Richard Galinaitis

Bus 552E - Technology and Adaptive Systems

10/13/2014

Connected Cars

Image: U.S. Department of Transportation

RICHARD GALINAITIS 1

CONNECTED CARS

Table of Contents

Identification/definition of the Connected Car (How do I recognize it?) ................................................................ 2

Explanation and profile of the Connected Cars ............................................................................................................ 3

Recent applications (initial target domains) .................................................................................................................... 4

Identification of major players/users .............................................................................................................................. 5

Assessment of limitations and potential .......................................................................................................................... 7

Brief history of the evolution of the technology - including a timeline of the keys to development and

application ............................................................................................................................................................................ 8

How should one decide when to adopt and how to employ the technology? .......................................................... 9

Future development and expectations........................................................................................................................... 10

Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................... 11

Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................................... 12

RICHARD GALINAITIS 2

CONNECTED CARS

Identification/definition of the Connected Car (How do I recognize it?)

It was rumored that at a computer expo many years ago, Bill Gates made a joke that "If GM had kept up with

technology like the computer industry has, we would all be driving $25.00 cars that got 1,000 miles to the

gallon." While it is debatable whether Bill Gates actually made this remark, what is not debatable is the inclusion

of high technology features and functions that are constantly being introduced to the automotive industry.

With the earliest introduction of a simple controller in Volkswagen cars equipped with electronic fuel injection

in the late ‘60s, computers have taken on more responsibilities as the years have passed. While not necessarily

required to implement fuel injection, with the advent of more federally mandated emissions controls required

in the ’70s and ‘80s, computers became necessary to make cars more fuel efficient and cleaner. In today’s

automobiles computers are connected to everything from the Automatic transmission to Zone controlled air

conditioners and people are expecting more features in their cars that allow them instant status updates for

many systems in their automobiles. In 1996, GM launched *OnStar which then offered services to allow for

automatic emergency

response should the car be

involved in an accident and

some simple concierge

services similar to phone

operator services.

Connected cars can be simply

defined as automobiles that

allow for connectivity to

services beyond what is

inherently a part of the car

itself. This includes a range of services as simple as connectivity to a cell phone that allows for information to

be exchanged between the phone and the car all the way to a fully autonomous vehicle that gathers information

Figure 1 - NXP Semiconductors’ platform for the connected car

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from its environment via on-board sensors, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications or Vehicle-to-

Infrastructure (V2I) communications.

Explanation and profile of the Connected Cars

At the core of the connected car, is a computer controller that listens and talks to the various sensors and

controllers throughout the car. The sensors allow the computers to react to external/internal stimuli and are

the human analogue of the following:

1. Touch – to feel the slightest vibration, pressure or temperature in many systems of the car

2. Hearing – to hear voice commands inside the cabin

3. Smell/Taste – to examine the exhaust and gas vapors present in different systems

4. Sight – To view the cars surroundings for lane markings, other vehicles or parking spots

The connected car interacts with the external environment though one of three ways

1. V2V – Also known as Car-to-Car (C2C), V2V is the communications

mechanism through which vehicles are aware of other vehicles within

their immediate vicinity. The V2V communication standards are still a work in progress between key

players and the governing bodies like the US DOT, NHTSA, CEN and ETSI. These standards are a

vital requirement to ensuring that all OEM and aftermarket system manufacturers allow for

communicated information to be received timely, reliably and in a standard format over a common

channel (currently a 75MHz bandwidth spectrum in the 5.85 – 5.925 GHz frequency band).

2. V2I – also known as Car-to-Infrastructure (C2I),

V2I is the mechanism through which cars will talk

to the infrastructure to obtain information about

current traffic loading and potential emergency

conditions so the driver and/or vehicle can

respond appropriately. Currently slated to

operate in the 5.9 GHz spectrum, the primary

goal of V2I is to minimize traffic accidents and

the injuries associated with the accidents. An

additional targeted benefit includes

environmental gains such as better fuel efficiency

by helping traffic flow more consistently. One of

the ultimate goals for the V2I systems in to

reduce potential crash scenarios by an additional 12% over a V2V system.

Figure 2 - V2I sensors allow the vehicle to identify its surroundings

RICHARD GALINAITIS 4

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3. V2X – when vehicles are able to communicate to both Infrastructure and other vehicles. In this case,

As implied in the V2I implementation, there is also a requirement that local and federal governments will have

to start adding the required smart traffic management systems such as traffic lights, roadway departure warning

systems, lane management systems to allow for emergency vehicle passage.

Figure 3 - V2X encompasses communications between vehicles and Infrastructure

Recent applications (initial target domains)

The initial application domain available for connected cars was initially

focused on simple navigation. Before the advent of GPS satellites, GM

was experimenting with their Driver Aid in Routing (DAIR) project

which utilized encoded magnets imbedded in the road. These magnets

were read by the in-car DAIR system which used indicator lights to

indicate direction. Today, connected cars provide for a growing revenue

stream and connected cars perform some of the following more popular applications

1. Communications and Concierge services are available on many vehicles. These paid services allow

a driver to interact with the system operator to get directions push down to their navigation system,

make reservations, schedule maintenance

appointments and a host of other services while

keeping their eyes on the road. Additionally,

emergency calls can be placed automatically when

the car senses it has been involved in a collision to

improve emergency response times.

2. Engine diagnostics through the use of a phone

application or a call to the car manufacturer, a

RICHARD GALINAITIS 5

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connected car owner can get the current status of critical automobile systems and schedule a

maintenance appointment as needed.

3. Autonomous and Semi-Autonomous driving applications are available in several vehicles today.

From applications that find and automatically park the car to adaptive cruise control systems that slow

down or stop as needed based on traffic ahead of the vehicles. Some cruise control systems even

utilized lane changing sensors to keep the automobile in the current lane of travel, thereby requiring

minimal driver interventions when travelling long stretches of highway.

4. Smart Navigation systems that receive traffic and accident alerts over the air and are able to

recommend alternative routes to avoid traffic congestion.

5. Security and Safety are also major application uses. For example, when a connected car is stolen, the

owner only need to contact their service provider in conjunction with police to get the location of the

stolen vehicle. Additionally, if the connected car is involved in a police chase, the car can be safely

disabled by a remote signal.

Figure 4 - Telematics Roadmap

Identification of major players/users

A number of different industries have the opportunity to work in the connected car domain. Among them are

the obvious automobile and third party infotainment/navigation manufactures. But there are also service

industries that can also take advantage of what connected cars have to offer.

Automobile Manufacturers are being asked to provide more and more features in automobiles. What once

started with simple on-board diagnostic port has now evolved to cars that locate a parking spot and park

RICHARD GALINAITIS 6

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themselves. Many car manufactures will begin offering semi-autonomous vehicles that will make long boring

drives safer as the cruise control systems will include systems that maintain the car in the current lane and slow

down or stop as needed. While these systems will take some of the burden off

the driver, they will still alarm the driver with subtle alarms if the car senses the

driver is falling asleep.

Telecommunication companies have played a roll in connected cars since the

introduction of *OnStar in 1996. Many making deals with the various

automobile manufacturers to be the telecommunications operator that

supports the on-board communications suite, whether it is simply voice or

high-speed data. As shown in the chart below, Mobile Network Operators are

positioned very well if the forecasts prove to be accurate. However, connected cars will require robust

broadband networks and reliable coverage.

Figure 5 - Percentage of cars in use that include a connectivity solution, by solution type, worldwide, 2014–2024 [Source: Analysys Mason, 2014]

As cars become more connected, insurance companies may be well suited

to take advantage of the data that can be collected via mobile cars. By

offering discounts to drivers that are willing to supply them with data

collected regarding driving habits, insurance companies can better assess the

risk of insuring any given driver. The insurance companies can then offer

better rates who have better driving habits and charge higher rates to those

who either exhibit bad driving habits or are not willing to share their driving habit data.

RICHARD GALINAITIS 7

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Assessment of limitations and potential

Along with the many benefits that are made possible by connected cars, there are some very real concerns when

it comes to connected cars and the data that they collect. First and foremost on the minds of many consumers

is the security aspect. As more and more systems are connected in the automobile along with the additional

controls that are added for convenience like self-parking. People have fears, whether rational or not, that

someone with malicious intentions could take over your car while you are driving and do serious harm.

As cars get more and more complex, they may require over-the-air updates to ensure the automobile has the

latest and greatest software. One such vehicle, the Tesla, receives periodic software updates to address bugs

with the car or to achieve better battery performance.

These updates are only performed once the

automobile owner has acknowledged that they want

the update and they can even schedule the update to

take place in the late night hours when the car will be

sitting in the garage for several hours. To address the

security concern, Elon Musk has been a participant

at computer security conferences like DEF CON.

Making a presence with the full intention of hiring

security experts, he has also reached out to hackers

by presenting the challenge of trying to hack into the car and offering prizes to those who are successful. As

the connected car industry is still in its infancy, there are many security experts who strongly believe that the

industry is far from being prepared for the potential security threats that exist.

One additional limitation that also exists in the connected car market is also a great potential for product

developers. The fact that there are over 250 million registered cars in the US, based in 2012 data, presents a

serious problem to the reality of a fully connected car network. In order for some of the expected hoped for

safety improvements to be realized, it has been estimated that connected vehicle penetration must be as high

as 95%. Considering that automobile purchases are the second largest investment for most Americans, we tend

to hold on to our automobiles for upwards of seven years. With a technology that advances as fast as connected

cars, this means that many systems can become outdated in a matter of two or three years. This is where the

market presents an incredible opportunity for third party vendors that are able to create in-dash head units or

standalone dash mounted units. This market space can easily be fulfilled by manufactures in the automobile

infotainment industry or even by telecommunications operators like AT&T, Verizon or Sprint working

independently or in conjunction with Telecommunications vendors like Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson, Huawei, etc.

RICHARD GALINAITIS 8

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Brief history of the evolution of the technology - including a timeline of the

keys to development and application

1933 – First car radio installed

1958 – Car Telephony

1966 – GM experiments with Driver Aid

in Routing

1980 – Computer controlled ABS and

GM introduces ALDL (Assembly Line

Diagnostic Link)

1980s – GPS systems become available to

the public

1985 - Comprehensive Automobile Traffic Control System (CASC) from Japan, and the ETAK Navigator,

which stored electronic maps, used cassettes and a compass

1987 – Introduction of the CAN bus and multiplexing of car system communications is introduced to make

wiring harnesses simpler

1994 – Bluetooth developed and GM introduces OBD (On-Board Diagnostics – Later referred to as OBD-I)

1995 – GuideStar is first GPS system introduced in a car

1996 – SAE recommended connector is OBD-II and US government requires all new cars sold to have OBD-

II port

1996 - *OnStar is introduced

2001 – DARPA demos autonomous vehicle

2004 – Lane change / Blind spot alert introduced

2008 – Parking assistant introduced

2009 – Adaptive cruise control introduced

2011 – Nevada becomes first locality where autonomous vehicles can be used

Figure 6 - Milestones in the evolution of Autonomous vehicles

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How should one decide when to adopt and how to employ the technology?

Aside from the consumer market, the implications for connected automobiles are just as important for

commercial trucking. Imagine if truckers are better informed about road hazards ahead of them so they can

make better decisions about the

routes that they choose to take.

With better information about the

route conditions they can better

plan when they drive and when to

take breaks. While it is not the

number one cause of commercial

truck accidents, fatigue does play a

part in accidents.

For many, the choice will be

included in the new cars that are

bought. For other with older cars,

they will have to make the decision

of when to adopt the technology.

Decision factors driving connected car adoption:

1. Has connected car adoption been federally mandated?

2. How widely adopted are connected car systems?

3. Have the communications standards been finalized?

4. How old is the car and what kind of diagnostic port, if it has one at all?

5. What types of services are desired?

6. Does my mobile operator offer a package that satisfies my needs?

Figure 7 - Morgan Stanley's vision of Autonomous vehicle adoption

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Future development and expectations

The natural evolution for connected cars is toward truly autonomous vehicles. As once exhibited in science

fiction movies like iRobot and Minority Report, autonomous vehicles will allow for safer travel along city roads

and highways at higher speeds. There is a definite

potential for more efficient travel along the

congested roads with fewer queuing issues due to

the different rates of speed that driver invariably

travel.

One would suspect that the biggest hurdle for

autonomous vehicles would be in trusting them.

However, customer surveys suggest that the

hurdle is not that large. When presented with the

opportunity to save money on insurance, an

overwhelming majority were

willing to let the car drive itself.

Additionally, the general car

consumers in emerging markets

are very willing to trust

automated vehicles.

Much like the application

development community

embraced the smart phone

market, the potential for

application development for

connected cars is large. For this to happen, the manufacturers of connected cars and aftermarket products need

to provide for an open source strategy. Ford, along with many of the large automobile currently support open

source and are members of the open automotive alliance. To continue to attract developers and increase the

number of connected car applications, GM has made development kits available to the public.

Finally, with the continued growth of connected cars, there will always be a concern for security and potential

viruses. This may bring about new divisions in software security companies such as Symantec or McAfee.

Figure 8 - Insurance survey showing overwhelming support for autonomous vehicles

Figure 9- Autonomous support by country

RICHARD GALINAITIS 11

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Conclusion

Connected cars are a reality today to a certain degree. Todays’ connected car can be said to be simple V2I

implementations since cars rely on communications with the outside world to obtain information, whether it is

a navigation or a traffic update. As the standards are agreed upon by the member organizations, V2V, V2I and

V2X will continue to include more applications. Since connected cars can be a significant source of revenue

for application developers and mobile operators, it is in their best interests to make sure the standards are

robust enough to future proof the technologies.

Connected cars natural evolutionary march is toward autonomous vehicles. We must take these steps very

carefully so public trust in connected cars can be maintained as autonomous vehicles become more widely

adopted. Given that a primary goal of connected cars is to reduce injuries that are directly related to preventable

accidents, due diligence is imperative to ensure that the communications systems are as secure as possible so

the systems cannot easily be the target of an individual’s angst.

RICHARD GALINAITIS 12

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