8/17/2019 Conjunction Prepositions

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UnlessConditional clauses can begin with unless. Unless means something similar to ‘if … not’ or ‘except if’.The verb forms in the examples are similar to sentences with if : we use the present simple in the unless-clause and shall, should, will, would, can, could, may  or might  in the main clause:Unless I phone you, you can assume the train’s on time. (f do not phone !ou "except if phone !ou# !oucan assume the train is on time.$

We’ll have to cancel the show unless we sell  more tickets at the last minute. (%e’ll have to cancel theshow if we do not sell more tic&ets"except if we sell more tic&ets at the last minute.$

Warning:%e don’t use unless for impossible conditions:If  the government had not  raised food prices, there would not have been so many protests.'ot: nless the government had raised food prices …

Warning:%e don’t use unless and if  together:We’ll go to the coast tomorrow unless it rains.'ot: %e’ll go to the coast tomorrow unless if it rains.

Should you  (Should  with inversion)n formal situations# we can use should  ) sub*ect (s$ ) verb (v$ instead of if :Should  you  wish to cancel your order, please contact our customer service department on 02!"##$%&2. (or If you should wish to cancel your order  …$Should  your child  become an'ious or nervous about any activity, it is a good idea to inform the team(leader. (or If your child should become …$

Had you  (Had  with inversion)n formal situations# we can use had ) sub*ect ) verb instead of if  in third conditional sentences:Had  I  known you were waiting outside, I would have invited you to come in. (f had &nown !ou werewaiting outside …$Had  Margaret  realised she would be travelling alone, she would never have agreed to go.

If  + were ton formal situations# we can use if ) were to when we tal& about things that might happen but which wethin& are unli&el!:If  the *rime +inister were to resign, there would have to be a general election within 0 days.n even more formal st!les# we use were ) sub*ect-verb inversion ) to(infinitive:+,Were +we +to -'/to give up the fight now, it would mean the end of democracy in our country. (f wegave up the fight now …$+,Were +the economy  +to -'/to slow down too uickly, there would be ma-or problems. (f the econom!slowed down too 0uic&l! …$

 As long as, so long as, providing , etc.ometimes we need to impose specific conditions or set limits on a situation. n these cases# conditionalclauses can begin with phrases such as as long as, so long as, only if, on condition that, providingthat $# provided that $. /s long as is more common in spea&ing1 so long as and on condition that are more formal and morecommon in writing:

+to a group of children

ou can play in the living room as long as you don’t make a mess.So long as a tiger stands still, it is invisible in the -ungle.1he bank lent the company !00,000 pounds on condition that  they repaid the money within si' months.

8/17/2019 Conjunction Prepositions

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*roviding that $ is more common in spea&ing1 provided that $ is more formal and more common in writtenlanguage:

+tal&ing about rail travel in the 2

ou can get a senior citien’s reduction providing  you’ve got a railcard.1hey may do whatever they like provided that  it is within the law.

Or  and otherwise%e often use or  and otherwise with conditional meanings:ou’ve got to start studying, or  you’ll fail all those e'ams. (f !ou don’t start stud!ing# !ou will fail theexams.$

+tal&ing about sending a pac&age b! mail

We’d better send it e'press, otherwise it’ll take days. (f we do not send it express# it will ta&e da!s.$

Supposing 3upposing  ma! be used with a conditional meaning. t can be used in first# second or third conditionalsentences. The spea&er invites the listener to imagine a situation:Supposing  I don’t arrive till after midnight, will the guest(house still be open4 (magine if don’t arrive tillafter midnight …$

Supposing  you lost your passport, you’d have to go to the embassy, wouldn’t you4Supposing  he hadn’t recognised us 5 he might never have spoken to us.

given preposition

 

› knowing about or  considering a particular  thing:

6iven his age, he7s a remarkably  fast  runner .

6iven (the fact  ) that  he7s had si' months to do this, he hasn7t made much progress.

Provided conjuction

pro vid ed also provided thatused to sa! that something will onl! be possible if something else happens or isdone +3 providing:

8e can come with us, provided he pays for his own meals.