Conifers of the Great Lakes - Jackson Audubon Society · Two types of seed plants…. Gymnosperms have ovules that become seeds, but they are not in ovaries that become fruits. Angiosperms

Conifers of the Great LakesBy Robert Ayotte

Hjidden Lake Gardens

01/30/2018

1. What is a gymnosperm?

2. Systematics

3. Overview of the Major Groups

4. Conifers of Michigan

5. Cone Quiz and Arboretum Walk

Conifers of the Great Lakes

What is a Gymnosperm?

Two types of seed plants….

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms



Gymnosperms have ovules that become seeds, but they are not in ovaries that become fruits.

Angiosperms



Gymnosperms have ovules that become seeds, but they are not in ovaries that become fruits.

Angiosperms have flowers, which have ovaries with ovules in them that become, upon fertilization, fruits and seeds.



Gymnosperms - exposed seeds

Angiosperms - enclosed seeds

Four Major Groups

Source: Gymnosperm Database

www.conifers.org

Subclass Order Family

Cycads Cycadidae (268) Cycadales Cycadaceae

Stangeriaceae

Zamiaceae

Ginkgo Ginkgoidae (1) Ginkgoales Ginkoaceae

Gnetophytes Gnetidae (68) Welwitschiales Welwitschiaceae

Gnetales Gnetaceae

Ephedrales Ephedraceae

Conifers Pinidae (589) Pinales Pinaceae

Auracariales Araucariaceae

Podocarpaceae

Cupressales Sciadopityaceae

Cupressaceae

Cephalotaxaceae

Taxaceae

Four Major Groups

Source: Gymnosperm Database

www.conifers.org

Subclass Order Family

Cycads Cycadidae (268) Cycadales Cycadaceae

Stangeriaceae

Zamiaceae

Ginkgo Ginkgoidae (1) Ginkgoales Ginkoaceae

Gnetophytes Gnetidae (68) Welwitschiales Welwitschiaceae

Gnetales Gnetaceae

Ephedrales Ephedraceae

Conifers Pinidae (589) Pinales PinaceaeAuracariales Araucariaceae

Podocarpaceae

Cupressales Sciadopityaceae

CupressaceaeCephalotaxaceae

Taxaceae

Conifers

• Secondary wood – vascular cambium

• Leaves – single with parallel veins, sometimes

flattened scales

• Resin is produced in the wood or in the leaves,

conducted through resin canals

• Compound cones

• Male pollen cones, female seed cones

• Conifers have one copy of a large inverted repeat in

the chloroplast DNA, whereas all other plants studied

so far have two copies.

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=SjESS3mi9FrUgM&tbnid=Phd1-JxWvbRrDM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/gymnospr.htm&ei=0S4iUbrDEse1qAHj44C4CQ&bvm=bv.42553238,d.b2I&psig=AFQjCNHRPqLscDzhcG4i8EFJZR3S7J2Now&ust=1361281084938733

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GtMpDErEwbC5qM&tbnid=kt_KKxPREC9aCM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://stillblog.net/?m%3D201201%26paged%3D3&ei=si8iUbOAD9KzqAGmrYGgBQ&bvm=bv.42553238,d.b2I&psig=AFQjCNH_VPMn9rdjjk-zY9HSwmul3B7mWQ&ust=1361281272618786

Pinaceae

• 220-250 species worldwide.

• Pinaceae are supported as monophyletic by their protein-type sieve cell plastids, pattern of proembryogeny, and lack of bioflavonoids.

• The family often forms the dominant component of boreal, coastal, and montane forests.

• Major centers of diversity are found in the mountains of southwest China, Mexico, central Japan, and California.

Pinus strobus White pine

Unliess otherwise noted, all photos & range maps are from:

MICHIGAN FLORA ONLINE. A. A. Reznicek, E. G. Voss, & B. S. Walters.

February 2011. University of Michigan. Web. January 8, 2013.

http://www.michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=889.

A. A. ReznicekMatt

Keith KanotiLouis-M. Landry

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=VmhnNrKNGEaalM&tbnid=9VEOreXo2g3FGM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.nyfalls.com/board/viewtopic.php?f%3D48%26t%3D1838&ei=CxMhUdiTNdSEqQHq34GoBA&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNE-lCF-vbAQt-G5-y47jsnVkXfBuQ&ust=1361208411257449

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=3lnasE6vOdFylM&tbnid=VAfXLtAzlwjFEM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_strobus_Cone.jpg&ei=lxMhUc6mEcSIrgHvt4GQBQ&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNFV8Yu-vVY849f_ORmyyylqzKLWRA&ust=1361208584658207

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=qGOWBW_wMihivM&tbnid=sGoGcXA6BDvDGM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/pinus-strobus-photo_lat-1148.html&ei=6BMhUfmVG8rzqQGzt4C4Dw&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNFV8Yu-vVY849f_ORmyyylqzKLWRA&ust=1361208584658207

Pinus resinosa Red pine





Keith Kanoti

A. A. Reznicek

J. Kelly

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=o_SbwpKDrbEGBM&tbnid=MIh2S5RFHcjOTM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pinus_resinosa_cone.jpg&ei=LhEhUdGELsmCqgH844HwDA&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNF3pn6kZCBE6SIZN9ghDWsLdrSlyg&ust=1361207973892849

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Xg1Nc7rGhLwsBM&tbnid=Bjx93qjhBdvX2M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.mushroomexpert.com/trees/pinus_resinosa.html&ei=nBEhUbymCIHGqQGBo4HwBg&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNF3pn6kZCBE6SIZN9ghDWsLdrSlyg&ust=1361207973892849

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Xg1Nc7rGhLwsBM&tbnid=eQiA84ssEO9jOM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.mushroomexpert.com/trees/pinus_resinosa.html&ei=hRIhUZ_RJIHerAHd7IGABA&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNF3pn6kZCBE6SIZN9ghDWsLdrSlyg&ust=1361207973892849

Pinus banksiana Jack pine





A. A. Reznicek

ex W.H. Wagner slide collection

J. FrancisKeith Kanoti

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Pgk9luLkI0HDOM&tbnid=yagM92tpKIGHtM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://daac.ornl.gov/BOREAS/boreas_photos_pages/SSA-YJP_Photos.htm&ei=Ww4hUY3aKMayqAH8nYHwCg&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNFuHjv988IKtt_4ryEq7CgZ-ZmcWw&ust=1361207152979292

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=S6oO_SEQ98GShM&tbnid=8A4vB829EvQBQM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://ereimer.net/20080621/12696_erC720.htm&ei=5kshUeumB4rlyAG1ioDwAQ&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNG-mXe7fQXZSVvm1uhBLHevwWI97w&ust=1361222806701021

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=xBB_XvqGD59PVM&tbnid=BPLSHM2wEMwKkM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Pinus_banksiana_bark.jpg&ei=g0shUeWKJ-r1ygGKnYDYDw&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNG-mXe7fQXZSVvm1uhBLHevwWI97w&ust=1361222806701021

Pinus banksiana Jack pine





J. Francis USFWS

Mack Lake Burn, 1980

Kirtland’s Warbler

Kirtland’s Warbler• Stands 80 ac in size• Trees 8-21 years old• On Grayling sand

Prescribed burn• Target 210 acres• Resulted in +/- 20,000 acres

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Pgk9luLkI0HDOM&tbnid=yagM92tpKIGHtM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://daac.ornl.gov/BOREAS/boreas_photos_pages/SSA-YJP_Photos.htm&ei=Ww4hUY3aKMayqAH8nYHwCg&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNFuHjv988IKtt_4ryEq7CgZ-ZmcWw&ust=1361207152979292

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=8du6WoNNwdgIFM&tbnid=bvb6tL4up7mM1M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.snre.umich.edu/emi/research/featured503.htm&ei=9w4hUZDhPM7bqQG6mYHoCQ&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNF2j8slTAwEvM22oZ507XrHQIpXoA&ust=1361207409118843

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=6xmWBPJyVsvYpM&tbnid=NaUK-BeXWLdxfM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/birds/Kirtland/kiwafctsht.html&ei=ug8hUYuLG5LyqAGtgoHgAQ&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNF2j8slTAwEvM22oZ507XrHQIpXoA&ust=1361207409118843

Picea glauca White spruce





www.hort.uconn.edu

Thomas H. Kent

B. S. Walters N. E. Wildflower Society

N. E. Wildflower Society

N. E. Wildflower Society

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=wEI3IbyZ3y6V1M&tbnid=gfyE3WKoFeZzbM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/picea/glauca/&ei=6kUhUemdD4mFywGw5oCoDw&psig=AFQjCNHnuOYz6T4QcBT2FWSg4nBnkBJj3w&ust=1361221482328460

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=G_PGtf9tBNon8M&tbnid=Xb1NS94qlmRZuM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID%3D103&ei=ikYhUaXiBaSbyAH2kIBI&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNFp9HzNuPbnfdGJnzyWEzvHtXojew&ust=1361221632837169

Larix laricina Eastern larch






J. Kelly

A. A. ReznicekUS NOAA

R. Hopkins

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=DHcO-QDpBa4GyM&tbnid=1_St16-MDgnapM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.naturewatch.ca/english/plantwatch/species_details.asp?species%3D14&ei=iEEhUcbtMumpyAHZ9IHoCQ&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNGxCenEr5ir2UnTf7PB9YJYVg2NnA&ust=1361220339327116

Abies balsamea Balsam fir





2013 7Song

2013 7SongD. Dister A. A. Reznicek

Tsuga canadensis Eastern hemlock





M. Mccumber S. Baskauf

C. Palmer

S. Baskauf

S. Baskauf

S. Baskauf

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=-Zp1nxFPmlsGEM&tbnid=PJnZPYMmim7t7M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.cirrusimage.com/tree_eastern_hemlock.htm&ei=nh4hUePvDsqWqQGq4YAQ&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNG1XZEWcS8IuTrUvF-C3A8igsOklg&ust=1361211176294692

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=OhwRjfEfNHbv-M&tbnid=DFvHhYvRAuRD6M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.michaelmccumber.com/pictures/2000-laurel-autumn06/&ei=YR8hUZGtONKzqAGmrYGgBQ&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNG1XZEWcS8IuTrUvF-C3A8igsOklg&ust=1361211176294692

http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_SB11490&res=640




Cupressaceae: Cypress Family

• 130-140 species worldwide

• Leaves: awl shaped or scalelike; Old leaves are not shed individually, but in small sprays of foliage

• Bark: red to orange brown with stringy texture

• Cones: The seed cones are either woody, leathery, or (in Juniperus) berry-like and fleshy, with one to several ovules per scale.

• Includes the old Taxodiaceae

Thuja occidentalis N. white cedar






A. A. ReznicekJ. Kelly

J. Seiler

J. Seiler

http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/images/Thuja occidentalis/form1.jpg

Juniperus communis Ground juniper





M. Demmon R. Schipper

R. Schipper E. WerkB. S. Walters

http://www.michiganflora.net/image.aspx?img=5873&id=887

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=n89wONHodLlLpM&tbnid=ZbtIFK9hM-CwLM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Juniperus_communis_002.JPG&ei=oi4hUc69BIWpqgG5pIHgBg&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNGDdaKItb-5KfSgxwdObx8KACl2aQ&ust=1361215278037546

Juniperus horizontalis Creeping juniper





B. S. Walters

G. Tang

A. Jagel

M. Dirr

M. Dirr

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=O1NsNwpujaDRqM&tbnid=TqQubQKTsUnSEM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://tangsphoto.photoshelter.com/image/I0000k3opm8j0UnM&ei=QTIhUc3QJ8rcqQHzhIHYCA&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNH7SjbovQF0OiIO7b1PGX6BbNSpwA&ust=1361216341909196

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Pp8f9HL5SLsaKM&tbnid=_au6gz_tYikb7M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search%3DJuniperus%2Bhorizontalis%26guide%3DGymnospermae&ei=azMhUbq5C4LorAG-v4DIDw&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNH7SjbovQF0OiIO7b1PGX6BbNSpwA&ust=1361216341909196

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=b7KB7tS_kv6pHM&tbnid=9ge5cMS7Q6_JYM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.pro-faber.info/index.php?tld%3D132025%26location%3D3019%26language%3D1%26showproducts%3Dyes%26page%3D2&ei=AzEhUYyZFdPaqQHAzoDACg&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNFdiXpAL0q6njk1Vr5s9ObcLclTgw&ust=1361216113308432

Juniperus virginana Red-cedar





A. A. Reznicek

G. Vaclavek

K. Wcisel K. Smalley

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=hdzg4b7zzQcXyM&tbnid=PkWpgGYWKATY1M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.treetopics.com/juniperus_virginiana/gallery1.htm&ei=_DkhUa_IBqr9ygHRr4HoDw&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNG_03z2oJ4PPOZB32eB1SgdrBnwwQ&ust=1361218340797078

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=CPajlCb8pvUqaM&tbnid=t-DEdr1Q_4kwTM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://blog.rebelscape.com/?p%3D1430&ei=qHoiUc26GYS_qQGWxYGQDQ&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNFExdG5R3vwuIEITUzqi7kRJ5GGpQ&ust=1361300499698675






G. Vaclavek

Cedar-apple rustGymnosporangium

juniper-virginianae






G. Vaclavek

Taxaceae: The Yew Family

• 30 species worldwide

• Many branched small trees and shrubs without resin canals

• Leaves evergreen: spirally arranged, often twisted to appear two-ranked

• The female cones are highly reduced, with just one ovuliferous scale and one seed

• As the seed matures, the ovuliferous scale develops into a fleshy aril partly inclosing the seed. The mature aril is brightly colored, soft, juicy and sweet, and is eaten by birds which then disperse the hard seed undamaged in their droppings

• The seeds are highly poisonous to humans, containing the poisons taxine and taxol

Taxus canadensis Yew

New England Wildflower Society

J. A. Johnson





http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=hUcyTcInIpdWuM&tbnid=D09QLiUdwE-7MM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/taxus/canadensis/&ei=3IsdUbGcAaXUygGz54DgDw&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNFDGWMlazipCYLuql2l7wt53JsBuw&ust=1360977227090178

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=a-vRrLNUfOZ09M&tbnid=jS6Fz17pP9do3M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus&ei=ARQeUZetLKjgyQGK8YCoDA&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNFDGWMlazipCYLuql2l7wt53JsBuw&ust=1360977227090178

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=FNwGWEhSI5d4QM&tbnid=shTybpZov-ho-M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.keiriosity.com/gallery/main.php/v/plants/Taxaceae/Taxus_canadensis/Taxus_canadensis01.jpg.html?g2_jsWarning=true&ei=JxQeUZa5NcfSyAG8t4Eo&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNFDGWMlazipCYLuql2l7wt53JsBuw&ust=1360977227090178

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=7NRfaZGSe8dY6M&tbnid=6u0pcTudjZB0kM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.conifers.org/ta/Taxus_canadensis.php&ei=Xj0hUaa2EKLlyAGXzYG4CQ&bvm=bv.42553238,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNG12NWJCjyU-rXc1zyqbrkxtPoloQ&ust=1361219219361508

Pinaceae

White fir Abies concolor

Co. blue spruce Picea pungens

Norway spruce Picea abies

Austrian pine Pinus nigra

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa

Scot’s pine Pinus sylvestris

Mugo pine Pinus mugo

Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii

Cupressaceae

Bald cypress Taxodium distichum

Taxaceae

Japanese yew Taxus cuspidata

Non-native but common

Numerous genera, species and cultivars

Documents

Conifers of the Great Lakes - Jackson Audubon Society · Two types of seed plants…. Gymnosperms have ovules that become seeds, but they are not in ovaries that become fruits. Angiosperms