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CongressCongress
For TuesdayFor Tuesday
Enduring Debate CH4Enduring Debate CH4
110- #1110- #1
122 #1122 #1
Pg 139 #1,2Pg 139 #1,2
Read a Political BlogRead a Political Blog
RepresentationRepresentation
What do you think of when you think of What do you think of when you think of representation?representation?
What qualities are desirable in in a What qualities are desirable in in a representative?representative?
How ought a representative represent?How ought a representative represent?
DelegateDelegate
TrusteeTrustee
CongressCongress
Article 1Article 1
Enumerated PowersEnumerated Powers
Implied PowersImplied Powers
Framer’s Expected to Framer’s Expected to dominatedominate
BicameralismBicameralism Check on selfCheck on self Great CompromiseGreat Compromise
SenateSenate
More eliteMore elite
More DeliberativeMore Deliberative
Indirect ElectionIndirect Election Changed by 17Changed by 17thth
amendment 1913amendment 1913
6 year terms6 year terms
New Jersey PlanNew Jersey Plan Equal Representation Equal Representation
Among StatesAmong States
Represent Whole StatesRepresent Whole States
2 Senators per state2 Senators per state
The framers and the House of The framers and the House of RepresentativesRepresentatives
Expected to be more populistExpected to be more populist2 year terms2 year termsDirect ElectionDirect ElectionVirginia PlanVirginia Plan Representation Based on PopulationRepresentation Based on Population
ApportionmentApportionment By PopulationBy Population 435 seats total435 seats total 1 (MT, ND, SD, AK,WY,VT)1 (MT, ND, SD, AK,WY,VT) 53 (CA)53 (CA)
ApportionmentApportionment
CensusCensus
Power to statesPower to states
Wesberry v. Sanders (1964)Wesberry v. Sanders (1964)
Average district 647,000Average district 647,000
GerrymanderingGerrymandering
Texas Redistricting DramaTexas Redistricting Drama
Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances
Over PresidentOver President Approve NomineesApprove Nominees Override Veto (2/3)Override Veto (2/3) Declare WarDeclare War ImpeachmentImpeachment
Over CourtsOver Courts Confirm appointeesConfirm appointees Control Structure of lower courtsControl Structure of lower courts ImpeachmentImpeachment
House and SenateHouse and Senate
House much bigger, more unwieldyHouse much bigger, more unwieldy
Senate- more manageableSenate- more manageable
Committees in both to ease work loadCommittees in both to ease work load
Senate- Multiple membershipsSenate- Multiple memberships
House- Powerful LeadershipHouse- Powerful Leadership
Leadership and the HouseLeadership and the House
Speaker of the HouseSpeaker of the House
Most Powerful positionMost Powerful position
ElectedElected
22ndnd in line to presidency in line to presidency
Minority LeaderMinority Leader
Various amounts of Various amounts of powerpower
WhipWhip MajorityMajority MinorityMinority
Leadership in the SenateLeadership in the Senate
Less ImportantLess Important
President Pro Tempore President Pro Tempore
Majority and Minority Majority and Minority LeadersLeaders
Late 19Late 19thth Century Century DevelopmentDevelopment
SpokesmanSpokesman
Seek party unity on Seek party unity on issuesissues
Majority and Minority Majority and Minority Whip Whip
How a bill becomes a lawHow a bill becomes a law
Introduced in either houseIntroduced in either house By a memberBy a member Revenue bills must originate in houseRevenue bills must originate in house
Assigned to a committeeAssigned to a committee Hearings?Hearings? Discharge Petition?Discharge Petition?
Given a “rule”Given a “rule”
How a bill becomes a law How a bill becomes a law
Floor DebateFloor DebateAmendmentsAmendmentsFilibusterFilibuster ClotureCloture
VoteVoteConference CommitteeConference CommitteeSend to presidentSend to presidentVeto OverrideVeto OverrideChallenging system for new bills Challenging system for new bills
What Determines VotesWhat Determines Votes
Public OpinionPublic Opinion
Interest Group PressureInterest Group Pressure
Personal BeliefsPersonal Beliefs
LogrollingLogrolling
Committees Committees
Provide for expertiseProvide for expertiseProvide first hurdle a bill must clearProvide first hurdle a bill must clearHouse- Rules Committee House- Rules Committee Standing CommitteesStanding CommitteesAppropriations Committee Appropriations Committee Ad HocAd HocConference CommitteesConference CommitteesAssignment based on party strengthAssignment based on party strengthChairs typically handed out by seniorityChairs typically handed out by seniority
OversightOversight
Congressional review of actions of Congressional review of actions of agencies, departments, officesagencies, departments, offices
Ensure following spirit of lawEnsure following spirit of law
House Oversight CommitteeHouse Oversight Committee
Government Accounting OfficeGovernment Accounting Office
PartiesParties
Federalist 10- Federalist 10- FactionsFactions
Gradual EmergenceGradual Emergence
Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-and the Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans
Gradual EmergenceGradual Emergence
PartiesParties
Provide Structure to congressProvide Structure to congress Unite Diverse InterestsUnite Diverse Interests Leadership based on partiesLeadership based on parties
Provide electoral supportProvide electoral support
Strength of PartisanshipStrength of Partisanship
In public, up and downIn public, up and down
In congress- Up Up UpIn congress- Up Up Up
Increased Party coherenceIncreased Party coherence
Increased polarizationIncreased polarization
RealignmentRealignment
Divided GovernmentDivided Government
Legislative and Executive branch from Legislative and Executive branch from different partiesdifferent parties
More frequent recentlyMore frequent recently
Causes?Causes? Differences in electoral districtsDifferences in electoral districts Madisonian system Madisonian system Giving the people what they wantGiving the people what they want
Divided Government- Divided Government- ConsequencesConsequences
Gridlock?Gridlock?
More vetoesMore vetoes
Major legislation?Major legislation?
About the same amountAbout the same amount
Investigations?Investigations?
About the same numberAbout the same number
What determines decisions on What determines decisions on bills?bills?
PartyParty Shapes individual ideologyShapes individual ideology Specific party preferencesSpecific party preferences
Caucuses Caucuses
Interest GroupsInterest Groups PluralismPluralism
The Public?The Public?
The public, Congress, and The public, Congress, and RepresentationRepresentation
ElectionsElections
Provide accountabilityProvide accountability Money?Money? IncumbencyIncumbency
Public OpinionPublic Opinion
Public Opinion and CongressPublic Opinion and Congress
DivideDivide Hate CongressHate Congress Love your CongressmanLove your Congressman
Public may have opinions on issuesPublic may have opinions on issues
Large shifts in opinion -> changes in policyLarge shifts in opinion -> changes in policy
District level Congruence in some policy District level Congruence in some policy domainsdomains Strongest in states with referendumStrongest in states with referendum
Public Opinion and CongressPublic Opinion and Congress
Can reign in lobbyistsCan reign in lobbyistsWhen is public opinion influential?When is public opinion influential?When it sends a clear messageWhen it sends a clear messageWhen it moves dramaticallyWhen it moves dramaticallyWhen Issue is SalientWhen Issue is SalientLimitsLimitsNot all issues salientNot all issues salientPublic opinion shiftsPublic opinion shifts
The public and representationThe public and representation
DelegateDelegate
TrusteeTrustee
PoliticoPolitico