Congenital malformation of brain

1. Meningocele: Partial or total absence of occipital bones results in protrusion of the meninges from the brain.

2. Meningoencephalocoele: Large defects of occipital bone results in protrusion part of the brain and even ventricle.

3. Anencephaly: Failure of the cephalic part of the neural tube to close. The vault of the skull is missen.

4. Hydrocephaly: Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluids within the ventricles or between the brain and dura matter.

Spinal cord defects (Spina BIFIDA OCCULATA)

The spinal vertebrae especially in the lumbar region showed failure of neural arch closure and result in exposure of the neural tissues .

Case of Hydrocephaly& Spina bifida

occulata

Spina bifida

Meningocoele

Hydrocephaly &Cleft lip

Meningoencephalocoele

Gastroschisis

DifferentAbnormalities

Face Abnormalities

• Cleft lip

• Cleft palate.

• Extreme micrognatha.

• Agnathia (Absence of lower jaw).

Normal

Abnormal• Bilateral cleft lip• Deformed ear

NormalAbnormal

• Anencephaly (missen of head region)• Absence of ear

• Amelia.

• Micromelia.

• Polydactyly.

• Syndactyly.

• Lobster claw.

• Club foot.

• Congenital hip dislocation.

Limb Abnormalities

Abnormal • duplication of foot• Polydactyly

PolydactylySyndactyly (fused toes)

Sydactyly

polydactyly

Club foot

Bifurcated ribs

AbnormalSupernumerary forepaw

phalanx

Absent of one or more phalanges

• Klinefelter syndrome.• Turner syndrome.• Triple X-syndrome.• Testicular feminization syndrome.• Intersexuality ( either true hermaphrodite or

pseudohermaphrodite ).• Non-descended testis.• Ectopic testis.

Genital System Abnormalities

• Renal agenesis.

• Renal hypoplasia.

• Renal duplication.

• Polycystic kidney.

• Pelvic kidney.

• Horse-Shoe-shaped kidney.

Kidney Abnormalities

• Diaphragmatic hernia.• Failure of sternal fusion.• Ectopic cardia.• Gastroschisis.

Abdominal Abnormalities

• Coloboma iridis.• Congenital cataract.• Anophthalmia.• Microphthalmia.

Eye Abnormalities