Confronting Genocide: Confronting Genocide: Never Again?Never Again?

The Choices for the 21The Choices for the 21stst Century Century Education Program, Watson Education Program, Watson

Institute for International Studies, Institute for International Studies, Brown University.Brown University.

Part One: Defining Part One: Defining GenocideGenocide

According to the According to the United Nations United Nations

Genocide Convention, Genocide Convention, genocide is a genocide is a

coordinated plan to coordinated plan to destroy a national, destroy a national,

ethnic, racial or ethnic, racial or religious group by religious group by

killing, causing killing, causing serious harm, serious harm,

inflicting conditions inflicting conditions designed to bring designed to bring

about its destruction, about its destruction, preventing births preventing births

within the group, or within the group, or removing children removing children from the group.from the group.

A. World War OneA. World War One

Raphael Lemkin and the term Raphael Lemkin and the term “genocide”“genocide”

The international communityThe international community World War OneWorld War One The failure of the League of NationsThe failure of the League of Nations The 1933 Madrid ConferenceThe 1933 Madrid Conference

B. World War Two and the Cold B. World War Two and the Cold WarWar

How did World War How did World War Two change the Two change the international international community?community?

The Nuremberg trialsThe Nuremberg trials

The United Nations The United Nations Genocide Convention Genocide Convention (1948)(1948)

How did the How did the Cold War affect Cold War affect the role of the the role of the United Nations?United Nations?

What was the What was the reaction in the reaction in the United States United States to the Genocide to the Genocide Convention?Convention?

C. After the Cold WarC. After the Cold War The future of international The future of international

cooperationcooperation

Events that have indicated a Events that have indicated a change in the international change in the international attitude toward state sovereigntyattitude toward state sovereignty

The United States and the The United States and the International Criminal CourtInternational Criminal Court

Part Two: Case StudiesPart Two: Case StudiesThroughout the last hundred years the Throughout the last hundred years the

attempted extermination of an entire group has attempted extermination of an entire group has occurred time after time. Despite widespread occurred time after time. Despite widespread

acknowledgement that genocide should not and acknowledgement that genocide should not and will not be tolerated, the United States and the will not be tolerated, the United States and the

rest of the world have struggled to respond for a rest of the world have struggled to respond for a variety of reasons. variety of reasons.

A. The Armenian Genocide A. The Armenian Genocide

Origins of the Origins of the Turkish-Armenian Turkish-Armenian conflictconflict

How was How was genocide genocide committed?committed?

The response of The response of the international the international communitycommunity

B. The Nazi HolocaustB. The Nazi Holocaust

Origins of the Origins of the Nazi Nazi persecution of persecution of JewsJews

Hitler and his Hitler and his “Final Solution”“Final Solution”

The world The world responseresponse

C. The Cambodian GenocideC. The Cambodian Genocide

Origins of the Origins of the Cambodian Cambodian genocidegenocide

The Khmer Rouge The Khmer Rouge and the Cambodian and the Cambodian genocidegenocide

The world responseThe world response

D. The Bosnian GenocideD. The Bosnian Genocide

Origins of Origins of Yugoslavia’s Yugoslavia’s unrestunrest

The targets of the The targets of the Bosnian genocideBosnian genocide

The world The world responseresponse

E. The Rwandan GenocideE. The Rwandan Genocide

Origins of the Origins of the Tutsi-Hutu conflictTutsi-Hutu conflict

How was the How was the Rwandan genocide Rwandan genocide carried out?carried out?

The international The international responseresponse

F. The Sudanese Genocide F. The Sudanese Genocide

Origins of the Origins of the conflict in Sudanconflict in Sudan

The genocide in The genocide in DarfurDarfur

The international The international responseresponse

Part Three: Individuals of Part Three: Individuals of ConscienceConscience

Armenia – Ambassador Henry Armenia – Ambassador Henry Morgenthau, Sr.Morgenthau, Sr.

The Holocaust – Paster Martin NiemollerThe Holocaust – Paster Martin Niemoller Cambodia – Dith Pran and Sydney Cambodia – Dith Pran and Sydney

SchanbergSchanberg Bosnia – State Department resignationsBosnia – State Department resignations Rwanda – Alison Des Forges and Romeo Rwanda – Alison Des Forges and Romeo

DallaireDallaire

Part Four: Potential U.S. Part Four: Potential U.S. Responses Responses

Option 1: LEAD THE WORLD IN THE FIGHT TO Option 1: LEAD THE WORLD IN THE FIGHT TO STOP GENOCIDESTOP GENOCIDE

Option 2: STAND WITH THE INTERNATIONAL Option 2: STAND WITH THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY AGAINST GENOCIDECOMMUNITY AGAINST GENOCIDE

Option 3: SPEAK OUT, BUT PRESERVE STATE Option 3: SPEAK OUT, BUT PRESERVE STATE SOVEREIGNTYSOVEREIGNTY

Option 4: INTERVENE ONLY WHEN U.S. INTERESTS Option 4: INTERVENE ONLY WHEN U.S. INTERESTS ARE DIRECTLY THREATENEDARE DIRECTLY THREATENED