Conflicts - Torts

8/17/2019 Conflicts - Torts

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224 N.Y. 99, 120 N.E. 198Court of Appeals of New York.LOUCKS et al.v.STANDARD OIL CO. OF NEW YORK.

July 12, 1918.

PREVIOUS HISTORY: Loucks v. ta!"ar" #$l Co. of New York, 92 %$sc. 4&', 1'(N.Y.. & )N.Y.up. *ec 11, 191'+everse" -y Loucks v. ta!"ar" #$l Co., 1&2 A.*. 22&, 1'9 N.Y.. 282 )N.Y.A.*. 4*ept. Apr 19, 191(+everse" -y Loucks v. ta!"ar" #$l Co. of New York, 224 N.Y. 99, 120 N.E. 198 )N.Y.

Jul 12, 1918+SUBSEQUENT HISTORY: *$st$!/u$se" -y ! re u-$!s 3$ll, 280 A.*. 48, 280A.*. 8(4, 11 N.Y..2" &0 )N.Y.A.*. 1 *ept. Ju! 0, 19'2+Appeal fro5 upre5e Court, Appellate *$v$s$o!, 6ourt *epart5e!t.Act$o! -y 6a!!$e 6. Loucks a!" Ja5es %. utle"/e, as 7o$!t a"5$!$strators of EverettA. Loucks, "ecease", a/a$!st te ta!"ar" #$l Co5pa!y of New York. 6ro5 a

7u"/5e!t of te Appellate *$v$s$o! )1&2 App. *$v. 22&, 1'9 N. Y. upp. 282+,revers$!/ a! or"er of te pec$al er5 )92 %$sc. ep. 4&', 1'( N. Y. upp. &+ a!"/ra!t$!/ "efe!"a!ts 5ot$o! for 7u"/5e!t o! te plea"$!/s, pla$!t$:s appeal.everse", a!" or"er of te pec$al er5 a;r5e".A. Lee #l5ste", of yracuse, for appella!ts. Ly5a! %. 198? =>101? CA*#@#, J.

e act$o! $s -rou/t to recover "a5a/es for $!7ur$es result$!/ $! "eat. epla$!t$:s are te a"5$!$strators of te estate of Everett A. Loucks. e$r $!testate,w$le travel$!/ o! a $/way $! te state of =>102? %assacusetts, was ru! "ow!a!" k$lle" trou/ te !e/l$/e!ce of te "efe!"a!ts serva!ts te! e!/a/e" $! $ts-us$!ess. e left a w$fe a!" two c$l"re!, res$"e!ts of New York. A statute of%assacusetts ). L. c. 1&1, B 2, as a5e!"e" -y L. 190&, c. &'+ prov$"es tatf a perso! or corporat$o! -y $s or $ts !e/l$/e!ce, or -y te !e/l$/e!ce of $s or $tsa/e!ts or serva!ts w$le e!/a/e" $! $s or $ts -us$!ess, causes te "eat of aperso! wo $s $! te eDerc$se of "ue care, a!" !ot $! $s or $ts e5ploy5e!t orserv$ce, e or $t sall -e l$a-le $! "a5a/es $! te su5 of !ot less ta! '00, !or5ore ta! 10,000, to -e assesse" w$t refere!ce to te "e/ree of $s or $tsculpa-$l$ty, or > > > tat of $s or $ts > > > serva!ts, to -e recovere" $! a! act$o! oftort co55e!ce" w$t$! two years after te $!7ury w$c cause" te "eat, -y teeDecutor or a"5$!$strator of te "ecease", o!eFalf tereof to te use of te w$"owa!" o!eFalf to te use of te c$l"re! of te "ecease", or, $f tere are !o c$l"re!,te wole to te use of te w$"ow, or, $f tere $s !o w$"ow, te wole to te use ofte !eDt of k$!.

e Guest$o! $s weter a r$/t of act$o! u!"er tat statute 5ay -e e!force" $! ourcourts.1. e courts of !o cou!try eDecute te pe!al laws of a!oter. e A!telope, 103eat. =2 H..? ((, 12, ( L. E". 2(8. e "efe!"a!t $!vokes tat pr$!c$ple asappl$ca-le ere. Ie!al $! o!e se!se te statute $!"$sputa-ly $s. e "a5a/es are !otl$5$te" to co5pe!sat$o! tey are proport$o!e" to te o:e!"ers /u$lt. A 5$!$5u5recovery of '00 $s allowe" $! every case.


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statute $s pe!al $! so5e se!se. e Guest$o! $s weter $t $s pe!al w$t$! te rules of pr$vate $!ter!at$o!al law. A statute pe!al $! tat se!se $s o!e tat awar"s a pe!altyto te state, or to a pu-l$c o;cer $! $ts -ealf, or to a 5e5-er of te pu-l$c, su$!/ $!te $!terest of te wole co55u!$ty to re"ress a pu-l$c wro!/. u!t$!/to! v.Attr$ll, 14( H. . ('&, ((8, 1 up. Ct. 224, ( L. E". 112 u!t$!/to! =>10? v.Attr$ll, =190? A. C. 1'0, 1'( =s$c, soul" -e =189? A.C. 1'0?


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for5s ave -ee! Mlle" w$t a !ew co!te!t. e purpose w$c $!for5s a!" v$tal$Qeste5 $s te protect$o! of te surv$vors. ey are 5oo"s a!" pases, te part$culara!" vary$!/ eDpress$o!, of a te!"e!cy $! le/$slat$o! as /e!eral as te co55o! law.

ey are !ot to -e v$ewe" $! $solat$o!, apart fro5 te strea5 of eve!ts. At Mrst, tere5e"y was /$ve! o!ly we! te wro!/"oer was a co55o! carr$er. t. 1840, c. 80.

at statute /oes -ack to 1840, a!te"at$!/ Lor" Ca5p-ells Act $! E!/la!". t. 9 P

10 $ct. c. 9 )184(+. e re5e"y was -y $!"$ct5e!t a!" M!e, te M!e -e$!/paya-le to te w$"ow a!" !eDt of k$!. f tere were !o surv$vors of te prescr$-e"class, tere coul" -e !o $!"$ct5e!t. =>10'? Co5. v.


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2. A!oter Guest$o! re5a$!s. Eve! tou/ te statute $s !ot pe!al, $t "$:ers fro5our ow!. 3e 5ust "eter5$!e weter te "$:ere!ce $s a su;c$e!t reaso! for"ecl$!$!/ 7ur$s"$ct$o!. A tort co55$tte" $! o!e state creates a r$/t of act$o! tat5ay -e sue" upo! $! a!oter u!less pu-l$c pol$cy for-$"s. at $s te /e!erallyaccepte" rule $! te H!$te" tates. u!t$!/to! v. Attr$ll, 14( H. . ('&, (&0, 1 up.Ct. 224, ( L. E". 112 tewart v. 108? to te case tat was te! at a!". ere 5ust -e a s$5$larstatute, $. e., a statute /$v$!/ a cause of act$o! for "eat, $! te place were "eat $scause". Locus re/$t actu5. t $s Gu$te a!oter t$!/ to say tat, $f tere $s a fore$/!statute, $t 5ust -e "upl$cate" ere.! Leo!ar" v. Colu5-$a tea5 Nav$/at$o! Co., supra, te "eat occurre" $!Co!!ect$cut, were tere was a statute s$5$lar to our ow!. e court el" tat teact$o! woul" l$e. t was u!!ecessary to "eter5$!e weter tere woul" ave -ee!a!oter result $f te statute a" -ee! "$:ere!t. Ju"/e apallos state5e!t of terule $! %c*o!al" v. %allory was Guote" as $f $t susta$!e" a reGu$re5e!t ofcorrespo!"e!ce. at was o-v$ously a 5$sappree!s$o! of $ts 5ea!$!/. ere was a

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c$tat$o! of so5e E!/l$s cases. %a"raQo v. 3$lles, 109? apply. e su//est$o! sou!"s l$ke a!eco of te teory of te statute perso!al, a -o"y of !at$o!al law w$c te c$t$Qe!carr$es a-out w$t $5.


6/101

c$v$l$Qe" law tat veste" r$/ts sall -e protecte".


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!ot 5ake t$!/s -etter -y se!"$!/ te5 to a!oter state, were te "efe!"a!t 5ay!ot -e fou!", a!" were su$t 5ay -e $5poss$-le. Nor $s tere a!yt$!/ to sock ourse!se of 7ust$ce $! te poss$-$l$ty of a pu!$t$ve recovery. e pe!alty $s !oteDtrava/a!t. t co!veys !o $!t of ar-$trary co!Mscat$o!. ta!"ar" #$l Co. of !". v.%$ssour$, 224 H. . 2&0, 28(, 2 up. Ct. 40(, '( L. E". &(0, A!!. Cas. 191*, 9(.t var$es -etwee! 5o"erate l$5$ts accor"$!/ to te "efe!"a!ts /u$lt. 3e sall !ot

feel te pr$cks of co!sc$e!ce, $f te o:e!"er pays te surv$vors $! proport$o! to te5easure of $s o:e!se.3e ave !o pu-l$c pol$cy tat pro$-$ts eDe5plary "a5a/es or c$v$l pe!alt$es. 3e/$ve te5 for 5a!y wro!/s. o eDclu"e all pe!al act$o!s woul" -e to w$pe out te"$st$!ct$o! -etwee! te pe!alt$es of pu-l$c 7ust$ce a!" te re5e"$es of pr$vate law.6$!ally, tere are !o "$;cult$es of proce"ure tat sta!" $! te way. 3e ave astatute autro$Q$!/ te tr$ers of te facts, we! statutory pe!alt$es are sue" for, toMt te awar" to te o:e!se. Co"e C$v. Iroc. B 1898. e case $s !ot o!e werespec$al re5e"$es esta-l$se" -y te fore$/! law are $!capa-le of a"eGuatee!force5e!t eDcept $! te o5e tr$-u!als. %arsall v. er5a!, 148 N. Y. 9, 42 N. E.419, 4 L. . A. &'&, '1 A5. t. ep. ('4 owart v. A!/le, 1(2 N. Y. 1&9, 181, 189,'( N. E. 489, 4& L. . A. &2' later v. %eD. Nat. . . Co., supra.

3e ol", te!, tat pu-l$c pol$cy "oes !ot pro$-$t te assu5pt$o! of 7ur$s"$ct$o! -your courts a!" tat t$s -e$!/ so, 5ere "$:ere!ces of re5e"y "o !ot cou!t. 6or5a!y years te courts ave -ee! feel$!/ te$r way $! te e!force5e!t of tesestatutes. A c$v$l re5e"y for a!oters "eat was so5et$!/ stra!/e a!" !ew,a!" =>11? $t "$" !ot M!" at o!ce te Mtt$!/ !$ce, te proper cate/ory, $! te le/alsce5e. 3e !ee" !ot -e surpr$se", terefore, $f so5e of te t$!/s sa$", as"$st$!/u$se" fro5 tose "ec$"e", 5ust -e re7ecte" toF"ay.


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C#CK, C. J., a!" CH**E


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Ila$!t$: lear!e" tat, trou/ te $!tercess$o! of te au"$ Ara-$a! /over!5e!t,te !"o!es$a! autor$t$es a/ree" to "eport a5er a!" Alla after two weeks of "ete!t$o!.Eve!tually, tey were a/a$! put $! serv$ce -y "efe!"a!t AH* )s$c+. !epte5-er 1990, "efe!"a!t AH*A tra!sferre" pla$!t$: to %a!$la.

#! Ja!uary 14, 1992, 7ust we! pla$!t$: tou/t tat te Jakarta $!c$"e!t wasalrea"y -e$!" er, er super$ors reGueste" er to see %r. Al$ %e!$ewy, C$efLe/al #;cer of AH*A, $! Je""a, au"$ Ara-$a. 3e! se saw $5, e -rou/ter to te pol$ce stat$o! were te pol$ce took er passport a!" Guest$o!e" era-out te Jakarta $!c$"e!t.%$!$ewy s$5ply stoo" -y as te pol$ce put pressure o!er to 5ake a state5e!t "ropp$!/ te case a/a$!st a5er a!" Alla. Not u!t$lse a/ree" to "o so "$" te pol$ce retur! er passport a!" allowe" er to catcte after!oo! $/t out of Je""a.

#!e year a!" a alf later or o! Ju!e 1(, 199, $! $ya", au"$ Ara-$a, a few5$!utes -efore te "eparture of er $/t to %a!$la, pla$!t$: was !ot allowe" to

-oar" te pla!e a!" $!stea" or"ere" to take a later $/t to Je""a to see %r.%$!$ewy, te C$ef Le/al #;cer of AH*A. 3e! se "$", a certa$! Kal$" of teAH*A o;ce -rou/t er to a au"$ court were se was aske" to s$/! a"ocu5e!t wr$tte! $! Ara-$c. ey tol" er tat t$s was !ecessary to close tecase a/a$!st a5er a!" Alla. As $t tur!e" out, pla$!t$: s$/!e" a !ot$ce to erto appear -efore te court o! Ju!e 2&, 199. Ila$!t$: te! retur!e" to %a!$la.

ortly afterwar"s, "efe!"a!t AH*A su55o!e" pla$!t$: to report to Je""ao!ce a/a$! a!" see %$!$ewy o! Ju!e 2&, 199 for furter $!vest$/at$o!. Ila$!t$:"$" so after rece$v$!/ assura!ce fro5 AH*As %a!$la 5a!a/er, Asla5 alee5$,tat te $!vest$/at$o! was rout$!ary a!" tat $t pose" !o "a!/er to er.

! Je""a, a AH*A le/al o;cer -rou/t pla$!t$: to te sa5e au"$ court o! Ju!e 2&, 199. Not$!/ appe!e" te! -ut o! Ju!e 28, 199, a au"$ 7u"/e$!terro/ate" pla$!t$: trou/ a! $!terpreter a-out te Jakarta $!c$"e!t. After o!eour of $!terro/at$o!, tey let er /o. At te a$rport, owever, 7ust as er pla!ewas a-out to take o:, a AH*A o;cer tol" er tat te a$rl$!e a" for-$""e! erto take $/t. At te !$/t erv$ce #;ce were se was tol" to /o, tesecretary of %r. Yaya a""$ck took away er passport a!" tol" er to re5a$! $!

Je""a, at te crew Guarters, u!t$l furter or"ers.

#! July , 199 a AH*A le/al o;cer a/a$! escorte" pla$!t$: to te sa5e courtwere te 7u"/e, to er asto!$s5e!t a!" sock, re!"ere" a "ec$s$o!, tra!slate"to er $! E!/l$s, se!te!c$!/ er to Mve 5o!ts $5pr$so!5e!t a!" to 28(lases. #!ly te! "$" se real$Qe tat te au"$ court a" tr$e" er, to/eterw$t a5er a!" Alla, for wat appe!e" $! Jakarta. e court fou!" pla$!t$:/u$lty of )1+ a"ultery )2+ /o$!/ to a "$sco, "a!c$!/ a!" l$ste!$!/ to te 5us$c $!v$olat$o! of sla5$c laws a!" )+ soc$al$Q$!/ w$t te 5ale crew, $! co!trave!t$o!of sla5$c tra"$t$o!.=10?

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6ac$!/ co!v$ct$o!, pr$vate respo!"e!t sou/t te elp of er e5ployer,pet$t$o!er AH*A. H!fortu!ately, se was "e!$e" a!y ass$sta!ce. e te! aske"te I$l$pp$!e E5-assy $! Je""a to elp er w$le er case $s o!appeal. %ea!w$le, to pay for er upkeep, se worke" o! te "o5est$c $/t of AH*A, w$le a5er a!" Alla co!t$!ue" to serve $! te $!ter!at$o!al $/ts. =11?


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espo!"e!t Ju"/e su-seGue!tly $ssue" a!oter #r"er=24? "ate" 6e-ruary 2,199', "e!y$!/ AH*As %ot$o! for eco!s$"erat$o!. e pert$!e!t port$o! of teassa$le" #r"er rea"s as follows

Act$!/ o! te %ot$o! for eco!s$"erat$o! of "efe!"a!t au"$ Ara-$a! A$rl$!es

Mle", tru cou!sel, o! epte5-er 20, 1994, a!" te #ppos$t$o! tereto of tepla$!t$: Mle", tru cou!sel, o! #cto-er 14, 1994, as well as te eply terew$tof "efe!"a!t au"$ Ara-$a! A$rl$!es Mle", tru cou!sel, o! #cto-er 24, 1994,co!s$"er$!/ tat a perusal of te pla$!t$:s A5e!"e" Co5pla$!t, w$c $s o!e forte recovery of actual, 5oral a!" eDe5plary "a5a/es plus attor!eys fees, upo!te -as$s of te appl$ca-le I$l$pp$!e law, Art$cle 21 of te New C$v$l Co"e of teI$l$pp$!es, $s, clearly, w$t$! te 7ur$s"$ct$o! of t$s Court as re/ar"s te su-7ect5atter, a!" tere -e$!/ !ot$!/ !ew of su-sta!ce w$c 5$/t cause tereversal or 5o"$Mcat$o! of te or"er sou/t to -e reco!s$"ere", te 5ot$o! forreco!s$"erat$o! of te "efe!"a!t, $s *ENE*.

# #*EE*.

=2'?

Co!seGue!tly, o! 6e-ruary 20, 199', AH*A Mle" $ts Iet$t$o! for Certiorari a!"Iro$-$t$o! w$t Irayer for ssua!ce of 3r$t of Irel$5$!ary !7u!ct$o! a!"Sor

e5porary estra$!$!/ #r"er=2(? w$t te Court of Appeals.

espo!"e!t Court of Appeals pro5ul/ate" a esolut$o! w$t e5poraryestra$!$!/ #r"er=2&? "ate" 6e-ruary 2, 199', pro$-$t$!/ te respo!"e!t Ju"/e fro5furter co!"uct$!/ a!y procee"$!/, u!less oterw$se "$recte", $! te $!ter$5.

! a!oter esolut$o!=28? pro5ul/ate" o! epte5-er 2&, 199', !ow assa$le", teappellate court "e!$e" AH*As Iet$t$o! for te ssua!ce of a 3r$t of Irel$5$!ary!7u!ct$o! "ate" 6e-ruary 18, 199', to w$t

e Iet$t$o! for te ssua!ce of a 3r$t of Irel$5$!ary !7u!ct$o! $s ere-y*ENE*, after co!s$"er$!/ te A!swer, w$t Irayer to *e!y 3r$t of Irel$5$!ary!7u!ct$o! )Rollo, p. 1'+ te eply a!" e7o$!"er, $t appear$!/ tat ere$!pet$t$o!er $s !ot clearly e!t$tle" tereto )H!c$a!o Iara5e"$cal Colle/e, et. Al.,v. Court of Appeals, et. Al., 100', Apr$l &, 199, eco!" *$v$s$o!+.

# #*EE*.

#! #cto-er 20, 199', AH*A Mle" w$t t$s o!ora-le Court te $!sta!tIet$t$o!=29? for ev$ew w$t Irayer for e5porary estra$!$!/ #r"er "ate" #cto-er 1,199'.

owever, "ur$!/ te pe!"e!cy of te $!sta!t Iet$t$o!, respo!"e!t Court of Appeals re!"ere" te *ec$s$o!=0? "ate" Apr$l 10, 199(, !ow also assa$le". t rule"tat te I$l$pp$!es $s a! appropr$ate foru5 co!s$"er$!/ tat te A5e!"e"Co5pla$!ts -as$s for recovery of "a5a/es $s Art$cle 21 of te C$v$l Co"e, a!" tus,

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clearly w$t$! te 7ur$s"$ct$o! of respo!"e!t Court. t furter el" tat certiorari $s!ot te proper re5e"y $! a "e!$al of a %ot$o! to *$s5$ss, $!as5uc as te pet$t$o!ersoul" ave procee"e" to tr$al, a!" $! case of a! a"verse rul$!/, M!" recourse $! a!appeal.

#! %ay &, 199(, AH*A Mle" $ts upple5e!tal Iet$t$o! for ev$ew w$t Irayerfor e5porary estra$!$!/ #r"er=1? "ate" Apr$l 0, 199(, /$ve! "ue course -y t$sCourt. After -ot part$es su-5$tte" te$r %e5ora!"a,=2? te $!sta!t case $s !ow"ee5e" su-5$tte" for "ec$s$o!.

Iet$t$o!er AH*A ra$se" te follow$!/ $ssues

I

e tr$al court as !o 7ur$s"$ct$o! to ear a!" try C$v$l Case No. RF9F1894 -ase"o! Art$cle 21 of te New C$v$l Co"e s$!ce te proper law appl$ca-le $s te law of te

K$!/"o5 of au"$ Ara-$a $!as5uc as t$s case $!volves wat $s k!ow! $! pr$vate$!ter!at$o!al law as a co!$cts pro-le5. #terw$se, te epu-l$c of te I$l$pp$!esw$ll s$t $! 7u"/5e!t of te acts "o!e -y a!oter sovere$/! state w$c $s a-orre".

II.

Leave of court -efore Ml$!/ a supple5e!tal plea"$!/ $s !ot a 7ur$s"$ct$o!alreGu$re5e!t.


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3EE EI#N*EN AIIELLAE C#H EE* N #L*NO A EEO#NAL AL C#H #6 RHE@#N CY A JH*C#N # EA AN* YCL CAE N#. RF9F1894 ENLE* %LAO# I. %#A*A . AH* AA


14/101

u!t$l se a/ree" to "o so "$" te pol$ce retur! er passport a!" allowe" er tocatc te after!oo! $/t out of Je""a.

8. #!e year a!" a alf later or o! Ju!e 1(, 199, $! $ya", au"$ Ara-$a, a few5$!utes -efore te "eparture of er $/t to %a!$la, pla$!t$: was !ot allowe" to

-oar" te pla!e a!" $!stea" or"ere" to take a later $/t to Je""a to see %r.%e!$ewy, te C$ef Le/al #;cer of AH*A. 3e! se "$", a certa$! Kal$" ofte AH*A o;ce -rou/t er to a au"$ court were se was aske" to s$/! a"ocu5e!t wr$tte! $! Ara-$c. ey tol" er tat t$s was !ecessary to close tecase a/a$!st a5er a!" Alla. As $t tur!e" out, pla$!t$: s$/!e" a !ot$ce to erto appear -efore te court o! Ju!e 2&, 199. Ila$!t$: te! retur!e" to %a!$la.

9. ortly afterwar"s, "efe!"a!t AH*A su55o!e" pla$!t$: to report to Je""ao!ce a/a$! a!" see %$!$ewy o! Ju!e 2&, 199 for furter $!vest$/at$o!. Ila$!t$:"$" so after rece$v$!/ assura!ce fro5 AH*As %a!$la 5a!a/er, Asla5 alee5$,tat te $!vest$/at$o! was rout$!ary a!" tat $t pose" !o "a!/er to er.

10. ! Je""a, a AH*A le/al o;cer -rou/t pla$!t$: to te sa5e au"$ courto! Ju!e 2&, 199. Not$!/ appe!e" te! -ut o! Ju!e 28, 199, a au"$ 7u"/e$!terro/ate" pla$!t$: trou/ a! $!terpreter a-out te Jakarta $!c$"e!t. After o!eour of $!terro/at$o!, tey let er /o. At te a$rport, owever, 7ust as er pla!ewas a-out to take o:, a AH*A o;cer tol" er tat te a$rl$!e a" for-$""e!er to take tat $/t. At te !$/t erv$ce #;ce were se was tol" to /o,te secretary of %r. Yaya a""$ck took away er passport a!" tol" er tore5a$! $! Je""a, at te crew Guarters, u!t$l furter or"ers.

11. #! July , 199 a AH*A le/al o;cer a/a$! escorte" pla$!t$: to te sa5ecourt were te 7u"/e, to er asto!$s5e!t a!" sock, re!"ere" a "ec$s$o!,tra!slate" to er $! E!/l$s, se!te!c$!/ er to Mve 5o!ts $5pr$so!5e!t a!" to28( lases. #!ly te! "$" se real$Qe tat te au"$ court a" tr$e" er,to/eter w$t a5er a!" Alla, for wat appe!e" $! Jakarta. e court fou!"pla$!t$: /u$lty of )1+ a"ultery )2+ /o$!/ to a "$sco, "a!c$!/, a!" l$ste!$!/ to te5us$c $! v$olat$o! of sla5$c laws )+ soc$al$Q$!/ w$t te 5ale crew, $!co!trave!t$o! of sla5$c tra"$t$o!.

12.


15/101

A factual s$tuat$o! tat cuts across terr$tor$al l$!es a!" $s a:ecte" -y te "$verselaws of two or 5ore states $s sa$" to co!ta$! a fore$/! ele5e!t. e prese!ce of afore$/! ele5e!t $s $!ev$ta-le s$!ce soc$al a!" eco!o5$c a:a$rs of $!"$v$"uals a!"assoc$at$o!s are rarely co!M!e" to te /eo/rap$c l$5$ts of te$r -$rt or co!cept$o!.=40?

e for5s $! w$c t$s fore$/! ele5e!t 5ay appear are 5a!y. =41? e fore$/!ele5e!t 5ay s$5ply co!s$st $! te fact tat o!e of te part$es to a co!tract $s a!al$e! or as a fore$/! "o5$c$le, or tat a co!tract -etwee! !at$o!als of o!e tate$!volves propert$es s$tuate" $! a!oter tate. ! oter cases, te fore$/! ele5e!t5ay assu5e a co5pleD for5.=42?

! te $!sta!t case, te fore$/! ele5e!t co!s$ste" $! te fact tat pr$vaterespo!"e!t %ora"a $s a res$"e!t I$l$pp$!e !at$o!al, a!" tat pet$t$o!er AH*A $s ares$"e!t fore$/! corporat$o!. Also, -y v$rtue of te e5ploy5e!t of %ora"a w$t tepet$t$o!er au"$a as a $/t stewar"ess, eve!ts "$" tra!sp$re "ur$!/ er 5a!y

occas$o!s of travel across !at$o!al -or"ers, part$cularly fro5 %a!$la, I$l$pp$!es to Je""a, au"$ Ara-$a, a!" v$ce versa, tat cause" a co!$cts s$tuat$o! to ar$se.

3e tus M!" pr$vate respo!"e!ts assert$o! tat te case $s purely "o5est$c,$5prec$se. A conficts pro-le5 prese!ts $tself ere, a!" te Guest$o! of

7ur$s"$ct$o!=4? co!fro!ts te court a quo.

After a careful stu"y of te pr$vate respo!"e!ts A5e!"e" Co5pla$!t, =44? a!" teCo55e!t tereo!, we !ote tat se aptly pre"$cate" er cause of act$o! o! Art$cles19 a!" 21 of te New C$v$l Co"e.

#! o!e a!", Art$cle 19 of te New C$v$l Co"e prov$"es

Art. 19. Every perso! 5ust, $! te eDerc$se of $s r$/ts a!" $! te perfor5a!ceof $s "ut$es, act w$t 7ust$ce /$ve everyo!e $s "ue a!" o-serve o!esty a!"/oo" fa$t.

#! te oter a!", Art$cle 21 of te New C$v$l Co"e prov$"es

Art. 21. A!y perso! wo w$llfully causes loss or $!7ury to a!oter $! a 5a!!ertat $s co!trary to 5orals, /oo" custo5s or pu-l$c pol$cy sall co5pe!sate telatter for "a5a/es.

us, $! Philippine National Bank (PNB) vs. Court o Appeals ,=4'? t$s Court el"tat

e aforec$te" prov$s$o!s o! u5a! relat$o!s were $!te!"e" to eDpa!" teco!cept of torts $! t$s 7ur$s"$ct$o! -y /ra!t$!/ a"eGuate le/al re5e"y for teu!tol" !u5-er of 5oral wro!/s w$c $s $5poss$-le for u5a! fores$/t tospec$Mcally prov$"e $! te statutes.

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16/101

Altou/ Art$cle 19 5erely "eclares a pr$!c$ple of law, Art$cle 21 /$ves es to$ts prov$s$o!s. us, we a/ree w$t pr$vate respo!"e!ts assert$o! tat v$olat$o!s of Art$cles 19 a!" 21 are act$o!a-le, w$t 7u"$c$ally e!forcea-le re5e"$es $! te5u!$c$pal foru5.


17/101

3e$/$!/ te relat$ve cla$5s of te part$es, te court a quo fou!" $t -est to earte case $! te I$l$pp$!es. a" $t refuse" to take co/!$Qa!ce of te case, $t woul"-e forc$!/ pla$!t$: )pr$vate respo!"e!t !ow+ to seek re5e"$al act$o! elsewere, $.e.$! te K$!/"o5 of au"$ Ara-$a were se !o lo!/er 5a$!ta$!s su-sta!t$alco!!ect$o!s. at woul" ave cause" a fu!"a5e!tal u!fa$r!ess to er.

%oreover, -y ear$!/ te case $! te I$l$pp$!es !o u!!ecessary "$;cult$es a!"$!co!ve!$e!ce ave -ee! sow! -y e$ter of te part$es. e co$ce of foru5 of tepla$!t$: )!ow pr$vate respo!"e!t+ soul" -e upel".

$5$larly, te tr$al court also possesses 7ur$s"$ct$o! over te perso!s of tepart$es ere$!.


18/101

Clearly, pet$t$o!er a" su-5$tte" to te 7ur$s"$ct$o! of te e/$o!al r$al Court of RueQo! C$ty. us, we M!" tat te tr$al court as 7ur$s"$ct$o! over te case a!" tat$ts eDerc$se tereof, 7ust$Me".

As to te co$ce of appl$ca-le law, we !ote tat co$ceFofFlaw pro-le5s seek to

a!swer two $5porta!t Guest$o!s )1+ 3at le/al syste5 soul" co!trol a /$ve!s$tuat$o! were so5e of te s$/!$Mca!t facts occurre" $! two or 5ore states a!" )2+to wat eDte!t soul" te cose! le/al syste5 re/ulate te s$tuat$o!. ='?

everal teor$es ave -ee! propou!"e" $! or"er to $"e!t$fy te le/al syste5tat soul" ult$5ately co!trol. Altou/ $"eally, all co$ceFofFlaw teor$es soul"$!tr$!s$cally a"va!ce -ot !ot$o!s of 7ust$ce a!" pre"$cta-$l$ty, tey "o !ot always"o so. e foru5 $s te! face" w$t te pro-le5 of "ec$"$!/ w$c of tese two$5porta!t values soul" -e stresse".='4?


19/101

)'+ te place were a! act $s $!te!"e" to co5e $!to e:ect, e./., te place ofperfor5a!ce of co!tractual "ut$es, or te place were a power of attor!ey $s to-e eDerc$se"

)(+ te $!te!t$o! of te co!tract$!/ part$es as to te law tat soul" /over! te$r

a/ree5e!t, te lex loci intentionis

)&+ te place were 7u"$c$al or a"5$!$strat$ve procee"$!/s are $!st$tute" or"o!e. e lex orite law of te foru5$s part$cularly $5porta!t -ecause, as weave see! earl$er, 5atters of proce"ure !ot /o$!/ to te su-sta!ce of te cla$5$!volve" are /over!e" -y $t a!" -ecause te lex ori appl$es we!ever teco!te!t of te oterw$se appl$ca-le fore$/! law $s eDclu"e" fro5 appl$cat$o! $! a/$ve! case for te reaso! tat $t falls u!"er o!e of te eDcept$o!s to teappl$cat$o!s of fore$/! law a!"

)8+ te a/ of a s$p, w$c $! 5a!y cases $s "ec$s$ve of pract$cally all le/al

relat$o!s$ps of te s$p a!" of $ts 5aster or ow!er as suc. t also coversco!tractual relat$o!s$ps part$cularly co!tracts of a:re$/t5e!t.=(0? )H!"erscor$!/ ours.+

After a careful stu"y of te plea"$!/s o! recor", $!clu"$!/ alle/at$o!s $! teA5e!"e" Co5pla$!t "ee5e" su-5$tte" for purposes of te 5ot$o! to "$s5$ss, weare co!v$!ce" tat tere $s reaso!a-le -as$s for pr$vate respo!"e!ts assert$o! tataltou/ se was alrea"y work$!/ $! %a!$la, pet$t$o!er -rou/t er to Je""a o! teprete!se tat se woul" 5erely test$fy $! a! $!vest$/at$o! of te car/es se 5a"ea/a$!st te two AH*A crew 5e5-ers for te attack o! er perso! w$le tey were$! Jakarta. As $t tur!e" out, se was te o!e 5a"e to face tr$al for very ser$ouscar/es, $!clu"$!/ a"ultery a!" v$olat$o! of sla5$c laws a!" tra"$t$o!.

ere $s l$kew$se lo/$cal -as$s o! recor" for te cla$5 tat te a!"$!/ over ortur!$!/ over of te perso! of pr$vate respo!"e!t to Je""a o;c$als, pet$t$o!er 5ayave acte" -eyo!" $ts "ut$es as e5ployer. Iet$t$o!ers purporte" act co!tr$-ute" toa!" a5pl$Me" or eve! proD$5ately cause" a""$t$o!al u5$l$at$o!, 5$sery a!"su:er$!/ of pr$vate respo!"e!t. Iet$t$o!er tere-y alle/e"ly fac$l$tate" te arrest,"ete!t$o! a!" prosecut$o! of pr$vate respo!"e!t u!"er te /u$se of pet$t$o!ersautor$ty as e5ployer, tak$!/ a"va!ta/e of te trust, co!M"e!ce a!" fa$t serepose" upo! $t. As purporte"ly fou!" -y te Ir$!ce of %akka, te alle/e"co!v$ct$o! a!" $5pr$so!5e!t of pr$vate respo!"e!t was wro!/ful.


20/101

were te alle/e" tort$ous co!"uct took place+. $s $s -ecause $t $s $! teI$l$pp$!es were pet$t$o!er alle/e"ly "ece$ve" pr$vate respo!"e!t, a 6$l$p$!ares$"$!/ a!" work$!/ ere. Accor"$!/ to er, se a" o!estly -el$eve" tatpet$t$o!er woul", $! te eDerc$se of $ts r$/ts a!" $! te perfor5a!ce of $ts "ut$es,act w$t 7ust$ce, /$ve er er "ue a!" o-serve o!esty a!" /oo" fa$t. !stea",

pet$t$o!er fa$le" to protect er, se cla$5e". at certa$! acts or parts of te $!7uryalle/e"ly occurre" $! a!oter cou!try $s of !o 5o5e!t. 6or $! our v$ew wat $s$5porta!t ere $s te place were te overFall ar5 or te fatal$ty of te alle/e"$!7ury to te perso!, reputat$o!, soc$al sta!"$!/ a!" u5a! r$/ts of co5pla$!a!t,a" lo"/e", accor"$!/ to te pla$!t$: -elow )ere$! pr$vate respo!"e!t+. All tol", $t $s!ot w$tout -as$s to $"e!t$fy te I$l$pp$!es as te situs of te alle/e" tort.

%oreover, w$t te w$"esprea" cr$t$c$s5 of te tra"$t$o!al rule of lex loci delicticommissi, 5o"er! teor$es a!" rules o! tort l$a-$l$ty =(1? ave -ee! a"va!ce" to o:erfres 7u"$c$al approaces to arr$ve at 7ust results. ! keep$!/ a-reast w$tte 5o"er! teor$es o! tort l$a-$l$ty, we M!" ere a! occas$o! to apply te tate of

te 5ost s$/!$Mca!t relat$o!s$p rule, w$c $! our v$ew soul" -e appropr$ate toapply !ow, /$ve! te factual co!teDt of t$s case.

! apply$!/ sa$" pr$!c$ple to "eter5$!e te tate w$c as te 5ost s$/!$Mca!trelat$o!s$p, te follow$!/ co!tacts are to -e take! $!to accou!t a!" evaluate"accor"$!/ to te$r relat$ve $5porta!ce w$t respect to te part$cular $ssue )a+ teplace were te $!7ury occurre" )-+ te place were te co!"uct caus$!/ te $!7uryoccurre" )c+ te "o5$c$le, res$"e!ce, !at$o!al$ty, place of $!corporat$o! a!" place of -us$!ess of te part$es, a!" )"+ te place were te relat$o!s$p, $f a!y, -etwee! tepart$es $s ce!tere".=(2?

As alrea"y "$scusse", tere $s -as$s for te cla$5 tat overFall $!7ury occurre"a!" lo"/e" $! te I$l$pp$!es. ere $s l$kew$se !o Guest$o! tat pr$vate respo!"e!t$s a res$"e!t 6$l$p$!a !at$o!al, work$!/ w$t pet$t$o!er, a res$"e!t fore$/! corporat$o!e!/a/e" ere $! te -us$!ess of $!ter!at$o!al a$r carr$a/e. us, te relat$o!s$p-etwee! te part$es was ce!tere" ere, altou/ $t soul" -e stresse" tat t$s su$t$s !ot -ase" o! 5ere la-or law v$olat$o!s. 6ro5 te recor", te cla$5 tat teI$l$pp$!es as te 5ost s$/!$Mca!t co!tact w$t te 5atter $! t$s "$spute, =(? ra$se"-y pr$vate respo!"e!t as pla$!t$: -elow a/a$!st "efe!"a!t )ere$! pet$t$o!er+, $! ourv$ew, as -ee! properly esta-l$se".

Iresc$!"$!/ fro5 t$s pre5$se tat te I$l$pp$!es $s te situs of te tortco5pla$!t of a!" te place av$!/ te 5ost $!terest $! te pro-le5, we M!", -y wayof recap$tulat$o!, tat te I$l$pp$!e law o! tort l$a-$l$ty soul" ave para5ou!tappl$cat$o! to a!" co!trol $! te resolut$o! of te le/al $ssues ar$s$!/ out of t$scase. 6urter, we ol" tat te respo!"e!t e/$o!al r$al Court as 7ur$s"$ct$o! overte part$es a!" te su-7ect 5atter of te co5pla$!t te appropr$ate ve!ue $s $!RueQo! C$ty, w$c coul" properly apply I$l$pp$!e law. %oreover, we M!" u!te!a-lepet$t$o!ers $!s$ste!ce tat =s?$!ce pr$vate respo!"e!t $!st$tute" t$s su$t, se as te-ur"e! of plea"$!/ a!" prov$!/ te appl$ca-le au"$ law o! te 5atter. =(4? As aptly

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21/101

sa$" -y pr$vate respo!"e!t, se as !o o-l$/at$o! to plea" a!" prove te law of teK$!/"o5 of au"$ Ara-$a s$!ce er cause of act$o! $s -ase" o! Art$cles 19 a!" 21 of te C$v$l Co"e of te I$l$pp$!es. ! er A5e!"e" Co5pla$!t a!" su-seGue!tplea"$!/s se !ever alle/e" tat au"$ law soul" /over! t$s case.=('? A!" ascorrectly el" -y te respo!"e!t appellate court, co!s$"er$!/ tat $t was te

pet$t$o!er wo was $!vok$!/ te appl$ca-$l$ty of te law of au"$ Ara-$a, tus te-ur"e! was o! $t =pet$t$o!er? to plea" a!" to esta-l$s wat te law of au"$ Ara-$a$s.=((?

Lastly, !o error coul" -e $5pute" to te respo!"e!t appellate court $! upol"$!/te tr$al courts "e!$al of "efe!"a!ts )ere$! pet$t$o!ers+ 5ot$o! to "$s5$ss tecase. Not o!ly was 7ur$s"$ct$o! $! or"er a!" ve!ue properly la$", -ut appeal aftertr$al was o-v$ously ava$la-le, a!" te eDpe"$t$ous tr$al $tself $!"$cate" -y te !atureof te case at a!". !"u-$ta-ly, te I$l$pp$!es $s te state $!t$5ately co!cer!e"w$t te ult$5ate outco5e of te case -elow !ot 7ust for te -e!eMt of all tel$t$/a!ts, -ut also for te v$!"$cat$o! of te cou!trys syste5 of law a!" 7ust$ce $! a

tra!s!at$o!al sett$!/. 3$t tese /u$"el$!es $! 5$!", te tr$al court 5ust procee" totry a!" a"7u"/e te case $! te l$/t of releva!t I$l$pp$!e law, w$t "ueco!s$"erat$o! of te fore$/! ele5e!t or ele5e!ts $!volve". Not$!/ sa$" ere$!, of course, soul" -e co!strue" as pre7u"/$!/ te results of te case $! a!y 5a!!erwatsoever.

WHEREFORE, te $!sta!t pet$t$o! for cert$orar$ $s ere-y *%E*. C$v$l CaseNo. RF9F1894 e!t$tle" %$la/ros I. %ora"a vs. au"$ Ara-$a A$rl$!es $s ere-yE%AN*E* to e/$o!al r$al Court of RueQo! C$ty, ; ?!#';@

Al%e&t *. GUINTO( 4&. a+, Stella S5a&e7( Pla+t0(

v.

Fe&,+a+, E,&al+ *ARCOS a+, De0 I t/&53/ C( I+$l50ve( De6e+,a+t0.

C$v. No. 8(F0&&F)C%+.

U+te, State0 D0t&$t C5&t( S.D. Cal6&+a.

#cto-er 1, 198(.

">> 6re" . Ar5, a! *$e/o, Cal., for pla$!t$:s.

Carles O. %$ller,


22/101

#A*E, *$str$ct Ju"/e.

*efe!"a!t %arcos 5ot$o! to "$s5$ss pla$!t$:s Mrst a5e!"e" co5pla$!t ca5e o!

re/ularly for ear$!/ o! Au/ust 2', 198(, -efore te o!ora-le Jo! . oa"es.

6re" . Ar5 appeare" o! -ealf of pla$!t$:s Al-erto %. Ou$!to, Jr. a!" tella uareQ.

Carles O. %$ller a!"


23/101


24/101

$!ce !o!e of te part$es to t$s lawsu$t $s a c$t$Qe! of a tate tere $s !o "$vers$ty of

c$t$Qe!s$p 7ur$s"$ct$o!.

". Federal Question Jurisdiction ?"' U.S.C. !!@

! te$r co5pla$!t, te pla$!t$:s co!te!" tat 7ur$s"$ct$o! eD$sts $! t$s court -ecause

te$r 6$rst A5e!"5e!t cla$5 ar$ses Tu!"er te Co!st$tut$o!, laws, or treat$es of te

H!$te" tates.T 28 H..C. B 11. ! te $!sta!t act$o!, te pla$!t$:s, c$t$Qe!s of te

I$l$pp$!es, alle/e tat "efe!"a!t %arcos v$olate" te$r 6$rst A5e!"5e!t r$/ts

u!"er te H!$te" tates Co!st$tut$o! -y co!"uct tat occurre" e!t$rely w$t$! te

epu-l$c of te I$l$pp$!es we! "efe!"a!t %arcos was Ires$"e!t of te I$l$pp$!es.

e H!$te" tates Co!st$tut$o! "oes !ot apply to fore$/! o;c$als act$!/ w$t$! te$r

ow! terr$tory. tonehill v. 3nited tates, 40' 6.2" &8, &4 )9t C$r. 19(8+.

erefore, pla$!t$:s cla$5 "oes !ot ar$se u!"er te Co!st$tut$o! of te H!$te"

tates.

! a""$t$o!, pla$!t$:s fa$l to alle/e a!y treat$es of te H!$te" tates u!"er w$c

te$r cla$5 ca! -e sa$" to ar$se.

6$!ally, te pla$!t$:s are correct $! assert$!/ tat te TlawsT of te H!$te" tates as

"eM!e" $! B 11 $!clu"e te Co55o! Law, -llinois v. Cit$ o 'ilaukee, 40( H..

91, 100, 92 . Ct. 18', 191, 1 L. E". 2" &12 )19&2+, a!" tat te Co55o! Law

$!clu"es w$t$! $t te Tlaw of !at$o!s.T

owever, $! te $!sta!t case, te pla$!t$:s ave !ot alle/e" a pr$vate cause of

act$o! ar$s$!/ u!"er te law of !at$o!s )as - ill discuss shortl$ + tat woul" e!a-le

te5 to recover a/a$!st fore$/! !at$o!s for $!7ury to te5selves. %oreover, eve!

were a fe"eral Guest$o! eD$sts, te lack of a pr$vate cause of act$o!, e$ter eDpress

or $5pl$e", reGu$res "$s5$ssal of te lawsu$t. Price v. 4aaii, &(4 6.2" (2, (28 )9t

C$r.198'+, cert. denied, VVV H.. VVV, 10( . Ct. &9, 88 L. E". 2" &&1.

! su5, te $!Gu$ry as to 7ur$s"$ct$o! u!"er te Al$e! ort Cla$5s Act, 28 H..C. B

1'0, !ecessar$ly "ec$"es, $! t$s case, te $ssue of fe"eral Guest$o! 7ur$s"$ct$o!.

f "># ect$o! 1'0 co!fers a cause of act$o! o! te pla$!t$:s, te! pla$!t$:s ave

a cla$5 Tar$s$!/ u!"erT 6e"eral law. owever, pla$!t$:s ave !ot successfully ra$se"

a!y oter source of a pr$vate cause of act$o! u!"er B 11.

As pla$!t$:s ave !ot alle/e" a cause of act$o! u!"er B 1'0, $t follows tat u!"er

te facts of t$s case, 7ur$s"$ct$o! "oes !ot eD$st u!"er B 11. ! reac$!/ t$s

co!clus$o!, ave rel$e" o! a!" appl$e" te a!alys$s of Ju"/e E"war"s co!ta$!e" at

!ote 4 $! 5el6/ren v. %i"$an Ara" Repu"lic, &2( 6.2" &&4, &&9F&80

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25/101

)*.C.C$r.1984+, cert. denied, 4&0 H.. 100, 10' . Ct. 1'4, 84 L. E". 2" &&

)198'+.

. Jurisdiction Under The Alien Tort Claims Act

28 H..C. B 1'0 prov$"es

e "$str$ct courts sall ave or$/$!al 7ur$s"$ct$o! of a!y c$v$l act$o! -y a! al$e! for a

tort o!ly, co55$tte" $! v$olat$o! of te law of !at$o!s or a treaty of te H!$te"

tates.

ect$o! 1'0 prov$"es a r$/t to a! alien, $f a tort as -ee! co55$tte" a/a$!st $5

or er $! v$olat$o! of a treat$ of te H!$te" tates, or te 7la o nations.7

! te $!sta!t act$o!, as ave alrea"y o-serve", pla$!t$:s ave alle/e" !o treaty of

te H!$te" tates u!"er w$c te$r cla$5 ca! -e sa$" to ave ar$se!. erefore, $fte pla$!t$:s are to ave a cla$5 u!"er B 1'0, $t 5ust ar$se u!"er te Tlaw of

!at$o!s.T

ect$o! 1'0 as -ee! $! eD$ste!ce s$!ce 1&89, -ut $t as -ee! "escr$-e" -y o!e

7u"/e as Ta k$!" of Loe!/r$! ... !o o!e see5s to k!ow we!ce $t ca5e.T --5 v.

+encap, %td., '19 6.2" 1001, 101' )2" C$r. 19&'+ )J. 6r$e!"ly+. 6ew courts ave

a""resse" te $ssue of wat co!st$tutes a Tlaw of !at$o!s,T a!" tere $s !o

u!$versally accepte" "eM!$t$o! of t$s prase. &re$us v. +on inck, '4 6.2" 24, 0F

1 )2" C$r.+, cert. denied, 429 H.. 8', 9& . Ct. 102, '0 L. E". 2" 101 )19&(+.

owever, $! te --5 case, Ju"/e 6r$e!"ly, Guot$!/ fro5 %opes v. Reederei Richard

chroder, 22' 6. upp. 292, 29& )E.*. Ia.19(+, pos$te" te follow$!/ as a TtestT to

a$" $! "eter5$!$!/ we! a v$olat$o! of te law of !at$o!s as occurre"

=A? v$olat$o! of te law of !at$o!s ar$ses o!ly we! tere as -ee! Wa v$olat$o! -y

o!e or 5ore $!"$v$"uals of tose sta!"ar"s, rules or custo5s )a+ a:ect$!/ te

relat$o!s$p -etwee! states or -etwee! a! $!"$v$"ual a!" a fore$/! state, a!" )-+

use" -y tose states for te$r co55o! /oo" a!"Sor $! "eal$!/s inter se.

--5, '19 6.2" at 101'.

u-seGue!tly, courts el" tat te law of !at$o!s T"eals pr$5ar$ly w$t te

relat$o!s$p a5o!/ !at$o!s rater ta! a5o!/ $!"$v$"uals,T&re$us, supra, '4 6.2"

at 0F1, or tat T=$?f a co!troversy eD$st$!/ -etwee! $!"$v$"uals !e$ter $!volves

$!ter!al relat$o!s !or $5p$!/es upo! a !at$o!s eDerc$se of $ts sovere$/!ty,

7ur$s"$ct$o! w$ll !ot l$e u!"er =B 1'0?.T Cohen v. 4artman, (4 6.2" 18, 19 )'t

C$r.1981+.

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26/101

owever, te eco!" C$rcu$t $! ilartia v. Pena6-rala, (0 6.2" 8&(, 880 )1980+, $!

ol"$!/ tat Ta! act of torture co55$tte" -y a state o;c$al a/a$!st o!e el" $!

"ete!t$o! v$olates esta-l$se" !or5s of te $!ter!at$o!al law of u5a! r$/ts, a!"

e!ce te law of !at$o!s,T Gual$Me" te test set out $! --5 v. +encap8

3e ave !o Guarrel w$t t$s for5ulat$o! so lo!/ as $t -e u!"erstoo" tat te courts

are !ot to pre7u"/e te scope of te $ssues tat te !at$o!s of te worl" 5ay "ee5

$5porta!t to te$r $!terrelat$o!s$ps, a!" tus to te$r co55o! /oo".

(0 6.2" at 888.

ilartia prov$"es /u$"a!ce $!sofar as $t !otes tat te law of !at$o!s soul" -e

$!terprete" !ot as $t was $! 1&89, -ut as $t as evolve" a!" eD$sts a5o!/ te

!at$o!s of te worl" to"ay, -d. at 881, a!" to te eDte!t tat $!ter!at$o!al law to"ay

l$5$ts a states power to torture. -d. at 88'. owever, tere st$ll $s !o co!se!sus as

to wat co!st$tutes a Tlaw of !at$o!s.T

$s co!clus$o! $s peraps -est reecte" $! te *$str$ct of Colu5-$as "ec$s$o!

$! "' 5el6/ren, supra, &2( 6.2" &&4, $! w$c all tree 7u"/es of te pa!el wrote

separately.

*esp$te t$s a-se!ce of co!se!sus, ave rel$e" o! te op$!$o! of Ju"/e E"war"s

$! 5el6/ren $! reac$!/ te co!clus$o! tat te pla$!t$:s ave fa$le" to assert

co!"uct tat co!st$tutes a v$olat$o! of te law of !at$o!s. Ju"/e E"war"s l$sts so5e

represe!tat$ve v$olat$o!s of $!ter!at$o!al law tat are stateFpract$ce", e!coura/e" or

co!"o!e"

)a+ /e!oc$"e )-+ slavery or slave tra"e )c+ te 5ur"er or caus$!/ te

"$sappeara!ce of $!"$v$"uals )"+ torture or oter cruel, $!u5a! or "e/ra"$!/

treat5e!t or pu!$s5e!t )e+ prolo!/e" ar-$trary "ete!t$o! )f+ syste5at$c rac$al

"$scr$5$!at$o! )/+ co!s$ste!t patter!s of /ross v$olat$o!s of $!ter!at$o!ally

reco/!$Qe" u5a! r$/ts.

&2( 6.2" at &81. Altou/ Ju"/e E"war"s "$" !ot atte5pt to "eter5$!e weter

eac of tese $!ter!at$o!al law v$olat$o!s were $!"ee" v$olat$o!s of te Tlaw of

!at$o!s,T e "$" !ote tat Tco55e!tators ave -e/u! to $"e!t$fy a a!"ful ofe$!ous act$o!s eac of w$c v$olates "eM!a-le, u!$versal, a!" o-l$/atory !or5s

=c$tat$o! o5$tte"? a!" $! te process are "eM!$!/ te l$5$ts of sect$o! 1'0s

reac.T-d.=1?


27/101

owever "early our cou!try ol"s 6$rst A5e!"5e!t r$/ts, 5ust co!clu"e tat a

v$olat$o! of te 6$rst A5e!"5e!t r$/t of free speec "oes !ot r$se to te level of

suc u!$versally reco/!$Qe" r$/ts a!" so "oes !ot co!st$tute a Tlaw of !at$o!s.T

Accor"$!/ly, te pla$!t$:s ca!!ot assert 7ur$s"$ct$o! u!"er B 1'0. $!ce te B 1'0

$ssue "eter5$!es te $ssue of 7ur$s"$ct$o! u!"er B 11 )fe"eral Guest$o!+, a!"

ave alrea"y rule" tat pla$!t$:s ca!!ot cla$5 7ur$s"$ct$o! u!"er "$vers$ty of

c$t$Qe!s$p, B 12, t$s court "oes !ot ave su-7ect 5atter 7ur$s"$ct$o!, a!" te

co5pla$!t 5ust -e "$s5$sse".

B. ACT OF STATE DOCTRINE

Eve! $f 7ur$s"$ct$o! coul" -e asserte" u!"er o!e of te prev$ously "$scusse"

statutory sect$o!s, a5 co!v$!ce" tat te Act of tate "octr$!e woul" reGu$re te

"$s5$ssal of t$s act$o!.

e Act of tate "octr$!e for-$"s rev$ew -y te H!$te" tates courts of te acts of a

fore$/! ea" of tate act$!/ $! $s o;c$al capac$ty.&eRo"urt v. 1annett Corp., &

6.2" &01, &0 )9t C$r.1984+, cert. denied, 4(9 H.. 11'9, 10' . Ct. 909, 8 L. E".

2" 92 )198'+.

! or"er for pla$!t$:s to assert 7ur$s"$ct$o! u!"er te Al$e! ort Cla$5s Act, tey 5ust

alle/e tat te tort$ous acts were o;c$al acts or acts co55$tte" u!"er color of

law. ee ilartia, supra, (0 6.2" 8&(. %oreover, $t appears tat pla$!t$:s teory of

l$a-$l$ty $s tat %arcos $! $s capac$ty as Ires$"e!t of te I$l$pp$!es e!/a/e" $! a

syste5at$c pol$cy of suppress$!/ r$/ts of free speec $! te I$l$pp$!es. $s teory

of recovery reGu$res prec$sely te type of $!Gu$ry $! w$c te fe"eral courts ave

refuse" to e!/a/e u!"er te Act of tate "octr$!e. t $s -eyo!" te capac$ty of te

fe"eral courts to su-7ect te o;c$al acts or pol$c$es of te ea" of a fore$/! state to

tra"$t$o!al sta!"ar"s of 7u"$c$al rev$ew.

! su5, eve! $f te pla$!t$:s a" -ee! a-le to cla$5 7ur$s"$ct$o!, te Act of tate

"octr$!e woul" preclu"e t$s court fro5 ear$!/ te $!sta!t lawsu$t.

$s $s !ot to say tat co!"o!e te acts tat te pla$!t$:s ave alle/e" $!

te$r "'! co5pla$!t. As !ote" earl$er, t$s cou!try, a!" 5yself, ol" 6$rstA5e!"5e!t r$/ts very "early. Neverteless, a v$olat$o! of 6$rst A5e!"5e!t r$/ts

s$5ply "oes !ot r$se to te level of a v$olat$o! of a Tlaw of !at$o!s.T ! te $!sta!t

case, t$s court $s trust $!to te very se!s$t$ve area of $!ter!at$o!al law. ec$proc$ty

$s a cr$t$cal co!s$"erat$o!. owever 5uc te acts of a! o;c$al $! a!oter cou!try


28/101

5ay o:e!" our se!se of wat $s r$/t, we are co!stra$!e" to a lar/e eDte!t -y te

custo5s a!" usa/es of $!ter!at$o!al law.

ACC#*NOLY, for te fore/o$!/ reaso!s, EE' F.", =#

?#t/ C&. !##"@

U.S. C5&t 6 A11eal0 6& t/e N+t/ C&$5t #>' F.", =# ?#t/ C&. !##"@

A&35e, a+, S5%9tte, 45+e '( !##". De$,e, O$t. "!( !##"


29/101

Y%E, C$rcu$t Ju"/e

After for5er I$l$pp$!e Ires$"e!t 6er"$!a!" %arcos a!" $s "au/ter, 5ee %arcosF

%a!otoc, e" to awa$$ $! 198(, tey were sue" $! fe"eral court -y A/ap$ta ra7a!o,

a c$t$Qe! of te I$l$pp$!es wo te! l$ve" $! awa$$, for te torture a!" wro!/ful"eat of ra7a!os so!, Arc$5e"es, $! te I$l$pp$!es o! Au/ust 1, 19&&.! %arcosF

%a!otoc "$" !ot appear a!" a "efault 7u"/5e!t was e!tere" a/a$!st er. #! appeal,

se co!te!"s tat te "$str$ct court lacke" su-7ectF5atter 7ur$s"$ct$o! u!"er te

Al$e! ort tatute, 28 H..C. B 1'0, a!" tat te 6ore$/! overe$/! 55u!$t$es Act,

28 H..C. BB 10, 1(02F11, "oes !ot autor$Qe a fe"eral court to assert 7ur$s"$ct$o!,

over act$o!s take! -y a fore$/! /over!5e!t a/a$!st $ts ow! c$t$Qe!s." 3e ave

7ur$s"$ct$o! u!"er 28 H..C. B 1291, a!" a;r5.

> ! Au/ust of 19&&, 6er"$!a!" %arcos was Ires$"e!t of te I$l$pp$!es, %arcosF

%a!otoc was te Nat$o!al Ca$r5a! of te Ka-ataa!/


30/101

law of !at$o!s u!"er 28 H..C. B 1'0, a!" awar"e" "a5a/es of 4.1( 5$ll$o! a!"

attor!eys fees pursua!t to I$l$pp$!e law.=

3e 5ust Mrst "eter5$!e weter %arcosF%a!otoc $s e!t$tle" to $55u!$ty u!"er te

6ore$/! overe$/! 55u!$t$es Act )T6AT+, 28 H..C. BB 10, 1(02F11. e 6A

T5ust -e appl$e" -y te "$str$ct courts $! every act$o! a/a$!st a fore$/! sovere$/!,

s$!ce su-7ectF5atter 7ur$s"$ct$o! $! a!y suc act$o! "epe!"s o! te eD$ste!ce of o!e

of te spec$Me" eDcept$o!s to fore$/! sovere$/! $55u!$ty.T erl$!"e!


31/101

tat, re/ar"less of weter se acte" w$t$! te scope of er e5ploy5e!t, se $s

e!t$tle" to a-solute $55u!$ty u!"er B 1(04> -ecause a fore$/! state a!" $ts a/e!ts

lose sovere$/! $55u!$ty o!ly for tort$ous acts occurr$!/ $! te H!$te" tates. ee

%cKeel v. sla5$c epu-l$c of ra!, &22 6.2" '82, '88 )9t C$r. 198+ )Co!/ress "$"

!ot $!te!" to assert 7ur$s"$ct$o! over fore$/! states for eve!ts occurr$!/ wolly

w$t$! te$r ow! terr$tory+, cert. "e!$e", 4(9 H.. 880, 10' . Ct. 24, 8 L. E". 2"

182 )1984+. ra7a!o, o! te oter a!", ar/ues tat u!"er Cu$"$a!, te 6A "oes

!ot $55u!$Qe acts of $!"$v$"uals w$c are outs$"e te scope of te$r o;c$al

"ut$es,' a!" tat te acts of torture a!" ar-$trary k$ll$!/ )w$c te co5pla$!t avers

occurre" u!"er %arcosF%a!otocs ow! autor$ty+ ca!!ot -e To;c$al actsT w$t$!

watever autor$ty %arcosF%a!otoc was /$ve! -y te epu-l$c of te I$l$pp$!es.

! Cu$"$a!, we el" tat te 6A covers a fore$/! o;c$al act$!/ $! a! o;c$al

capac$ty, -ut tat a! o;c$al $s !ot e!t$tle" to $55u!$ty for acts w$c are !otco55$tte" $! a! o;c$al capac$ty )suc as sell$!/ perso!al property+, a!" for acts

-eyo!" te scope of er autor$ty )for eDa5ple, "o$!/ so5et$!/ te sovere$/! as

!ot e5powere" te o;c$al to "o+. 912 6.2" at 110(. ! %cKeel, $! co!stru$!/ B

1(0')a+ )'+ of te 6A, w$c wa$ves $55u!$ty for "a5a/es a/a$!st a fore$/! state

for $!7ury occurr$!/ $! te H!$te" tates,# we fou!" tat Co!/ress $!te!"e" te 6A

to -e co!s$ste!t w$t $!ter!at$o!al lawFFa!" tat te preva$l$!/ pract$ce $!

$!ter!at$o!al law $s Ttat a state loses $ts sovere$/! $55u!$ty for tort$ous acts o!ly

were tey occur $! te terr$tory of te foru5 state.T &22 6.2" at '88.

%arcosF%a!otocs "efault 5akes te appl$cat$o! of -ot cases easy $! t$s case, for

se as a"5$tte" act$!/ o! er ow! autor$ty, !ot o! te autor$ty of te epu-l$c

of te I$l$pp$!es.! H!"er tese c$rcu5sta!ces, er acts ca!!ot ave -ee! take!

w$t$! a!y o;c$al 5a!"ate a!" terefore ca!!ot ave -ee! acts of a! a/e!t or

$!stru5e!tal$ty of a fore$/! state w$t$! te 5ea!$!/ of te 6A. #! a!y v$ew, 6A

covera/e u!"er Cu$"$a! $s !ot tr$//ere", a!" te statutory l$5$tat$o! to $!7ury

occurr$!/ $! te H!$te" tates reco/!$Qe" $! %cKeel $s !ot releva!t. As a 5atter of

law, terefore, te "$str$ct court "$" !ot err $! fa$l$!/ to "$s5$ss %arcosF%a!otoc $!

er $!"$v$"ual capac$ty.

!!

A-se!t 7ur$s"$ct$o! u!"er te 6ore$/! overe$/! 55u!$t$es Act,!" tere $s !o

"$spute tat te o!ly poss$-le 7ur$s"$ct$o!al -as$s for ra7a!os act$o! $s te Al$e! ort

tatute, 28 H..C. B 1'0. ect$o! 1'0 prov$"es

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32/101

e "$str$ct courts sall ave or$/$!al 7ur$s"$ct$o! of a!y c$v$l act$o! -y a! al$e! for a

tort o!ly, co55$tte" $! v$olat$o! of te law of !at$o!s or a treaty of te H!$te"

tates.

t was e!acte" as part of te 6$rst Ju"$c$ary Act of 1&89,! -ut as sel"o5 -ee!

$!voke". e "e-ates tat le" to te Acts passa/e co!ta$! !o refere!ce to te Al$e!

ort tatute, a!" tere $s !o "$rect ev$"e!ce of wat te 6$rst Co!/ress $!te!"e" $t to

acco5pl$s. e statute as, owever, -ee! co5pree!s$vely a!alyQe" -y te

eco!" C$rcu$t $! 6$lart$/a v. Ie!aFrala, (0 6.2" 8&( )2" C$r. 1980+, w$c

reco/!$Qe" a cause of act$o! a!" su-7ectF5atter 7ur$s"$ct$o! u!"er B 1'0 $! a!

act$o! -etwee! Iara/uaya! c$t$Qe!s for acts of torture co55$tte" $! Iara/uay, a!"

-y te *$str$ct of Colu5-$a C$rcu$t $! elF#re! v. L$-ya! Ara- epu-l$c, &2( 6.2" &&4

)*.C. C$r. 1984+ )Ju"/es E"war"s,


33/101

> %arcosF%a!otoc ar/ues tat tere $s !o eDtraterr$tor$al 7ur$s"$ct$o! over c$v$l

act$o!s -ase" o! torture. e ur/es tat 6$lart$/a as -ee! u!"er5$!e" -y

$!terve!$!/ acts of te le/$slat$ve a!" eDecut$ve -ra!ces w$c $!"$cate tat te

H!$te" tates $s !ot o-l$/e" to ope! $ts courts for te re"ress of torture occurr$!/ $!

a!oter cou!try. 6$rst, %arcosF%a!otoc po$!ts to te fact tat we! te e!ate

rat$Me" te H!$te" Nat$o!s Co!ve!t$o! A/a$!st orture a!" #ter Cruel, !u5a! or

*e/ra"$!/ reat5e!t or Iu!$s5e!t, O.A. es. 9S4(, 9 H.N. OA# upp. No. '1 at

19&, H.N. *oc. ASES9S&08 )1984+, repr$!te" $! 2 .L.%. 102& )1984+, $t attace"

a! u!"ersta!"$!/ to Art$cle 14!; tat a state $s reGu$re" to prov$"e a pr$vate r$/t of

act$o! o!ly for torture co55$tte" $! terr$tory u!"er $ts 7ur$s"$ct$o!. !> 6ro5 t$s se

$!fers tat $t $s $!appropr$ate to rely o! pr$!c$ples of $!ter!at$o!al law to /$ve v$ct$5s

of torture e!force5e!t r$/ts outs$"e te$r ow! cou!try. Not$!/ $! te

u!"ersta!"$!/, owever, /oes so far. Eve! $f $t coul" -e rea" to reac tra!s$torytorts suc as wro!/ful "eat, te u!"ersta!"$!/ "oes !ot pro$-$t te H!$te" tates

fro5 prov$"$!/ a foru5 for cla$5s -y al$e!s for torture occurr$!/ elsewere.!' e

u!"ersta!"$!/, accor"$!/ly, se"s l$ttle l$/t o! te scope of B 1'0.

e sa5e $s true of te fact tat te *epart5e!t of Just$ce as ca!/e" $ts pos$t$o!

o! weter a pla$!t$: suc as ra7a!o as a cause of act$o! co/!$Qa-le $! fe"eral

court for a v$olat$o! of $!ter!at$o!al law co!"e5!$!/ torture. %arcosF%a!otoc !otes

tat te /over!5e!t ur/e" te court $! 6$lart$/a to rea" B 1'0 eDpa!s$vely, w$le

$ts a5$cus -r$ef $! t$s act$o! supports a cause of act$o! o!ly for v$olat$o!s of

$!ter!at$o!al law r$/ts w$c for5 a part of te law of te H!$te" tates. %arcosF

%a!otoc su//ests tat te eDecut$ve -ra!cs w$t"rawal of support for 6$lart$/a

a!" te e!ates refusal to o-l$/ate fe"eral courts to ear act$o!s suc as ra7a!os

"e5o!strate tat te H!$te" tates "oes !ot reco/!$Qe a pr$vate r$/t of act$o! for

torture av$!/ !o !eDus w$t te H!$te" tates. 3e "o !ot rea" te eDecut$ve

-ra!cs $p o! t$s $ssue as s$/!$fy$!/ so 5uc $ts ca!/e of pos$t$o! $! "$:ere!t

cases a!" -y "$:ere!t a"5$!$strat$o!s $s !ot a "eM!$t$ve state5e!t -y w$c we are

-ou!" o! te l$5$ts of B 1'0. ater, we are co!stra$!e" -y wat B 1'0 sows o!

$ts face !o l$5$tat$o!s as to te c$t$Qe!s$p of te "efe!"a!t, or te locus of te$!7ury.

Nor "o tese acts -y te e!ate a!" te *epart5e!t of Just$ce support %arcosF

%a!otocs ar/u5e!t tat /e!eral pr$!c$ples of $!ter!at$o!al law 5ay !ot prov$"e a

-as$s for fe"eral court 7ur$s"$ct$o! u!"er B 1'0. e/ar"less of te eDte!t to w$c

oter pr$!c$ples 5ay appropr$ately -e rel$e" upo!, te pro$-$t$o! a/a$!st o;c$al

torture Tcarr$es w$t $t te force of a 7us co/e!s !or5,T w$c T e!7oy =s? te $/est

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status w$t$! $!ter!at$o!al law. T $"er5a!, 9(' 6.2" at &1', &1& )Guot$!/

Co55$ttee of H.. C$t$Qe!s L$v$!/ $! N$cara/ua v. ea/a!, 8'9 6.2" 929, 940 )*.C.

C$r. 1988++. As our survey of te scolarly a!" 7u"$c$al op$!$o! $! $"er5a! reects,

tere $s w$"esprea" a/ree5e!t o! t$s Tall states -el$eve =torture? $s wro!/, all tat

e!/a/e $! torture "e!y $t, a!" !o state cla$5s a sovere$/! r$/t to torture $ts ow!

c$t$Qe!s. H!"er $!ter!at$o!al law, a!y state tat e!/a/es $! o;c$al torture v$olates

7us co/e!s.T $"er5a! at &1& )c$tat$o!s o5$tte"+. 3e terefore co!clu"e tat te

"$str$ct court "$" !ot err $! fou!"$!/ 7ur$s"$ct$o! o! a v$olat$o! of te 7us co/e!s

!or5 pro$-$t$!/ o;c$al torture.

%arcosF%a!otoc M!ally ar/ues tat te "$str$ct courts $!terpretat$o! of B 1'0 woul"

ope! te oo"/ates to Tfore$/!T cases $! te fe"eral courts. e also su//ests tat,

co!trary to te or$/$!al purpose -e$!" B 1'0, to per5$t cases of t$s sort woul"

$!v$te, rater ta! avo$", co!troversy w$t fore$/! !at$o!s. 3e "o !ot sare teseco!cer!s $! t$s case. As $"er5a! 5akes clear, te pro$-$t$o! a/a$!st o;c$al

torture occup$es a u!$Guely $/ status a5o!/ !or5s of $!ter!at$o!al law. e

I$l$pp$!e /over!5e!t as !o o-7ect$o! to a H!$te" tates *$str$ct Courts

e!terta$!$!/ ra7a!os cla$5, so tere ca! -e !o u!warra!te" $!terfere!ce w$t $ts

"o5est$c a:a$rs. e 6A, w$t $ts l$5$tat$o! o! tort recovery to $!7ur$es occurr$!/ $!

te H!$te" tates, w$ll apply $! al5ost all oter s$tuat$o!s. A!", -ecause of %arcosF

%a!otocs "efault, tra"$t$o!al -rakes o! access to te fe"eral courts -y tose av$!/

$!su;c$e!t !eDus to te H!$te" tates were !ot co!s$"ere". uc l$5$tat$o!s as

ve!ue a!" te "octr$!e of foru5 !o! co!ve!$e!s are ava$la-le $! B 1'0 cases as $!

a!y oter. 6$!ally, $t /oes w$tout say$!/ tat perso!al 7ur$s"$ct$o! 5ust Mrst -e

o-ta$!e" o!e opes te u!$verse of pote!t$al "efe!"a!ts $s !ot tat lar/e.

6or tese reaso!s, su-7ectF5atter 7ur$s"$ct$o! was !ot $!appropr$ately eDerc$se"

u!"er B 1'0 eve! tou/ te act$o!s of %arcosF%a!otoc w$c cause" a fellow

c$t$Qe! to -e te v$ct$5 of o;c$al torture a!" 5ur"er occurre" outs$"e of te H!$te"

tates.

<

%arcosF%a!otoc ar/ues tat Art$cle of te H!$te" tates Co!st$tut$o! "oes !otsupport 7ur$s"$ct$o! over purely fore$/! "$sputes suc as ra7a!os cla$5 a/a$!st er.

#f te !$!e cate/or$es of fe"eral 7u"$c$al power "eM!e" $! Art$cle , o!ly two

ar/ua-ly autor$Qe 7ur$s"$ct$o! $! t$s case te 6ore$/! *$vers$ty Clause, !# w$c

e!a-les te fe"eral courts to ear cases -etwee! a state, or $ts c$t$Qe!s, a!" a

fore$/! cou!try or $ts c$t$Qe!s, a!" te TAr$s$!/ H!"erT Clause," w$c eDte!"s te

7u"$c$al power to cases ar$s$!/ u!"er te Co!st$tut$o!, laws of te H!$te" tates, a!"

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treat$es. t $s clear tat 7ur$s"$ct$o! 5ay !ot -e pre"$cate" o! te 6ore$/! *$vers$ty

Clause, as a fore$/! pla$!t$: $s !e$ter Ta tate =!?or te C$t$Qe! = ? tereof.T %arcosF

%a!otoc co!te!"s tat 7ur$s"$ct$o! u!"er te TAr$s$!/ H!"erT Clause eGually v$olates

Art$cle -ecause B 1'0 $s purely a 7ur$s"$ct$o!al statute a!" for Tar$s$!/ u!"erT

7ur$s"$ct$o! to eD$st, te r$/ts of te part$es 5ust tur! o! te $!terpretat$o! of

fe"eral su-sta!t$ve law. 3e a/ree tat a 7ur$s"$ct$o!al statute 5ay !ot alo!e co!fer

7ur$s"$ct$o! o! te fe"eral courts, a!" tat te r$/ts of te part$es 5ust sta!" or fall

o! fe"eral su-sta!t$ve law to pass co!st$tut$o!al 5uster. %esa v. Cal$for!$a, 489 H..

121, 1(F&, 109 . Ct. 9'9, 9(8F(9, 10 L. E". 2" 99 )1989+ )!ake" 7ur$s"$ct$o!al

statutes Tca!!ot $!"epe!"e!tly support Art. ar$s$!/ u!"er 7ur$s"$ct$o!T+

erl$!"e!, 4(1 H.. at 49'F9&, 10 . Ct. at 19&2F&. 3e "$sa/ree tat te r$/ts of

ra7a!o a!" %arcosF%a!otoc "o !ot "epe!" o! fe"eral su-sta!t$ve law.

As we ave alrea"y "o!e, a fe"eral court a"7u"$cat$!/ a cla$5 a/a$!st a fore$/!state or o;c$al, Cu$"$a!, 912 6.2" at 110, 5ust "eter5$!e as a tresol" 5atter

weter te 6A prov$"es su-7ectF5atter 7ur$s"$ct$o!. erl$!"e!, 4(1 H.. at 49F94,

10 . Ct. at 19&1 $"er5a!, 9(' 6.2" at &0( L$u, 892 6.2" at 1424. ! erl$!"e!, a

fore$/! pla$!t$: sue" a! $!stru5e!tal$ty of a fore$/! sovere$/! o! a !o!fe"eral

cause of act$o! su-7ectF5atter 7ur$s"$ct$o! was pre"$cate" o! te 6A. e Court

el" tat Co!/ress, $! pass$!/ te 6A, "$" !ot TeDcee" = ? te scope of Art. of

te Co!st$tut$o! -y /ra!t$!/ fe"eral courts su-7ectF5atter 7ur$s"$ct$o! over certa$!

c$v$l act$o!s -y fore$/! pla$!t$:s a/a$!st fore$/! sovere$/!s were te rule of

"ec$s$o! 5ay -e prov$"e" -y state law.T ". 4(1 H.. at 491, 10 . Ct. at 19&0.


36/101

co!ce"es tat se co!trolle" te 5$l$tary $!tell$/e!ce perso!!el wo torture" a!"

5ur"ere" ra7a!o, a!" $! tur! tat se was act$!/ u!"er color of te 5art$al law

"eclare" -y te!FIres$"e!t %arcos, we ave co!clu"e" tat er act$o!s were !ot

tose of te epu-l$c of te I$l$pp$!es for purposes of sovere$/! $55u!$ty u!"er

Cu$"$a!."! Neverteless, we! Guest$o!s of sovere$/! $55u!$ty u!"er te 6A are

ra$se", as tey ave -ee! ere, erl$!"e! co!trols. H!"er erl$!"e!, su-7ectF5atter

7ur$s"$ct$o! over t$s act$o! sat$sMes Art$cle .

%arcosF%a!otoc ar/ues tat te u!"ersta!"$!/ attace" -y te e!ate to Art$cle 14

of te 1984 Co!ve!t$o!FFtat te H!$te" tates "oes !ot ave to prov$"e a foru5 for

te re"ress of eDtraterr$tor$al acts of tortureFF!e/ates a!y co!st$tut$o!al

u!"erp$!!$!/ for Tar$s$!/ u!"erT 7ur$s"$ct$o! -ecause Co!/ress as re7ecte"

appl$cat$o! of fe"eral court 7ur$s"$ct$o! to suc cla$5s. $s woul", owever, tur! te

po$!t of Art$cle power ups$"e "ow!. t "oes !ot "er$ve fro5 te e!ate, !or eve!te Co!/ress rater, te Co!/ress "er$ves $ts capac$ty to co!fer 7ur$s"$ct$o! fro5

te Co!st$tut$o!.

e TAr$s$!/ H!"erT Clause of Art$cle $s co!strue" "$:ere!tly, a!" 5ore -roa"ly,

ta! te Tar$s$!/ u!"erT reGu$re5e!t for fe"eral Guest$o! 7ur$s"$ct$o! u!"er 28

H..C. B 11. ee erl$!"e!, 4(1 H.. at 49', 10 . Ct. at 19&2 )TArt. ar$s$!/

u!"er 7ur$s"$ct$o! $s -roa"er ta! fe"eralFGuest$o! 7ur$s"$ct$o! u!"er B 11.T+ $". )T

=?e 5a!y l$5$tat$o!s w$c ave -ee! place" o! 7ur$s"$ct$o! u!"er B 11 are !ot

l$5$tat$o!s o! te co!st$tut$o!al power of Co!/ress to co!fer 7ur$s"$ct$o! o! te

fe"eral courts.T+ )Guot$!/ o5ero v. !ter!at$o!al er5$!al #perat$!/ Co., '8 H..

'4, &9 !. '1, &9 . Ct. 4(8, 484 !. '1, L. E". 2" (8 )19'9++ cf.


37/101

co55o! law. ee e IaGuete a-a!a, 1&' H.. (&&, &00, 20 . Ct. 290, 299, 44 L.

E". 20 )1900+ )T!ter!at$o!al law $s part of our law, a!" 5ust -e ascerta$!e" a!"

a"5$!$stere" -y te courts of 7ust$ce of appropr$ate 7ur$s"$ct$o!, as ofte! as

Guest$o!s of r$/t "epe!"$!/ upo! $t are "uly prese!te" for te$r "eter5$!at$o!.T+

H!$te" tates v. 5$t, 18 H.. )' 3eat.+ 1', 1(0F(1, ' L. E". '& )1820+ )sa5e+.

us, $! a""$t$o! to resolv$!/ te "efe!"a!ts $55u!$ty, for a court to "eter5$!e

weter a pla$!t$: as a cla$5 for a tort co55$tte" $! v$olat$o! of $!ter!at$o!al law,

$t 5ust "ec$"e weter tere $s a! appl$ca-le !or5 of $!ter!at$o!al law, weter $t $s

reco/!$Qe" -y te H!$te" tates, wat $ts status $s, a!" weter $t was v$olate" $!

te part$cular case. 3e terefore ol" tat Co!/ress a" power trou/ te TAr$s$!/

H!"erT Clause of Art$cle of te Co!st$tut$o! to e!act te Al$e! ort tatute, a!"

tat eDerc$s$!/ 7ur$s"$ct$o! over ra7a!os cla$5s a/a$!st %arcosF%a!otoc co5ports

w$t Art$cle .

At 5ost, %arcosF%a!otoc ar/ues, te "$str$ct court a" 7ur$s"$ct$o! u!"er B 1'0 to

"eter5$!e weter ra7a!o a" a separate, su-sta!t$ve cause of act$o! !o!e eD$sts,

se co!te!"s, -ecause !e$ter te treat$es set out $! te co5pla$!t !or te law of

!at$o!s prov$"es a pr$vate cause of act$o!."" us, to te eDte!t te courts "ec$s$o!

rel$es upo! e$ter treat$es or $!ter!at$o!al law, %arcosF%a!otoc su-5$ts $t $s

erro!eous.

e "$str$ct court $! fact a/ree" w$t %arcosF%a!otoc tat B 1'0 $s s$5ply a

7ur$s"$ct$o!al statute a!" creates !o cause of act$o! $tself. t procee"e" to "eter5$!e

"a5a/es o! "efault u!"er I$l$pp$!e law. 6ro5 t$s we assu5e tat te court "$"

!ot rely o! treat$es or $!ter!at$o!al law to prov$"e te cause of act$o!, o!ly to

esta-l$s fe"eral 7ur$s"$ct$o!. !"ee", te co5pla$!t alle/es tat ra7a!os cla$5s

ar$se u!"er wro!/ful "eat statutes, as well as $!ter!at$o!al law. $!ce %arcosF

%a!otocs appeal $s o!ly to te eDte!t te "$str$ct court fou!"e" ra7a!os r$/t to

sue o! treat$es or te law of !at$o!s, $t lacks 5er$t -ecause te tort $s a"5$tte".

at $t was co55$tte" $! v$olat$o! of $!ter!at$o!al law suppl$es te 7ur$s"$ct$o!al key

to fe"eral court u!"er B 1'0. 3e ca!!ot say te "$str$ct court erre". e "$str$ct courts approac co5ports w$t te v$ew tat te 6$rst Co!/ress e!acte"

te pre"ecessor to B 1'0 to prov$"e a fe"eral foru5 for tra!s$tory torts )a tort

act$o! w$c follows te tortfeasor werever e /oes+, see 6$lart$/a, (0 6.2" at 88'

)trac$!/ tra!s$tory tort "octr$!e to 1&&4 "ec$s$o! of Lor" %a!sMel"+, we!ever suc

act$o!s $5pl$cate te fore$/! relat$o!s of te H!$te" tates. ee


38/101

804 )19(4+ )c$t$!/ B 1'0 as eDa5ple of co!/ress$o!al $!te!t to 5ake cla$5s

$5pl$cat$!/ fore$/! a:a$rs co/!$Qa-le $! fe"eral courts+ elF#re!, &2( 6.2" at &90

)E"war"s, J., co!curr$!/+ )TAs -est we ca! tell, te a$5 of sect$o! 1'0 was to place

$! fe"eral court act$o!s pote!t$ally $5pl$cat$!/ fore$/! a:a$rs. e $!te!t was !ot to

prov$"e a foru5 tat oterw$se woul" !ot eD$st ... -ut to prov$"e a! alter!at$ve

foru5 to state courts.T+. e "$str$ct courts approac also allows te Tlaw of

!at$o!sT a!" TtreatyT pro!/s of B 1'0 to -e treate" co!s$ste!tly, $! tat te cause

of act$o! co5es fro5 5u!$c$pal tort law a!" !ot fro5 te law of !at$o!s or treat$es

of te H!$te" tates. $s avo$"s te a!o5alous result w$c trou-le" Ju"/e


39/101

Hpo! pet$t$o!ers post$!/ a -o!" of I1,000.00, t$s Court, as praye" for, or"ere", o!1' Apr$l 19(8, te $ssua!ce of a wr$t of prel$5$!ary $!7u!ct$o!.

e pet$t$o! alle/es tat pet$t$o!er $5e, !c., ! $s a! A5er$ca! corporat$o! w$tpr$!c$pal o;ces at ocketfeller Ce!ter, New York C$ty, N. Y., a!" $s te pu-l$ser of

T$5eT, a weekly !ews 5a/aQ$!e te pet$t$o!, owever, "oes !ot alle/e tepet$t$o!ers le/al capac$ty to sue $! te courts of te I$l$pp$!e. "

! te aforesa$" C$v$l Case No. 1040, tere$! pla$!t$:s )ere$! respo!"e!ts+ A!to!$o J. $lle/as a!" Jua! Io!ce E!r$le seek to recover fro5 te ere$! pet$t$o!er "a5a/esupo! a! alle/e" l$-el ar$s$!/ fro5 a pu-l$cat$o! of $5e )As$a E"$t$o!+ 5a/aQ$!e, $!$ts $ssue of 18 Au/ust 19(&, of a! essay, e!t$tle" TCorrupt$o! $! As$aT, w$c, $! part,rea"s, as follows

e pro-le5 of %a!$las 5ayor, AN#N# LLEOA, $s a case $! po$!t.3e! $t was "$scovere" last year tat te 5ayors co:ers co!ta$!e" far

5ore pesos ta! see5e" reaso!a-le $! te l$/t of $s $!co5e, a!$!vest$/at$o! was lau!ce". 3$t!esses wo a" elpe" $5 out u!"ercur$ous c$rcu5sta!ce were aske" to eDpla$! $! court. #!e /over!5e!to;c$al a"5$tte" le!"$!/ $lle/as I0,000 pesos )&,&00+ w$tout$!terest -ecause e was te 5ayors co5pa"re. A! ass$sta!t "eclare"e a" /$ve! $lle/as loa!s w$tout collateral -ecause e re/ar"e" te-oss as 5y ow! so!. A wealty %a!$la -us$!ess5a! test$Me" tat ea" le!t $lle/as w$fe 1',000 pesos -ecause te 5ayor was l$ke a-roter to 5e. 3$t tat, $lle/as "e!ou!ce" te $!vest$/at$o! as a!$!vas$o! of $s fa5$lys pr$vacy. e case was "$s5$sse" o! atec!$cal$ty, a!" $lle/as $s st$ll 5ayor.

%ore spec$Mcally, te pla$!t$:s co5pla$!t alle/es, inter alia tat

)4+ *efe!"a!ts, co!sp$r$!/ a!" co!fe"erat$!/, pu-l$se" a l$-elousart$cle, pu-l$cly, falsely a!" 5al$c$ously $5put$!/ to Ila$!t$:s teco55$ss$o! of te cr$5es of /raft, corrupt$o! a!" !epot$s5 tat sa$"pu-l$cat$o! part$cularly referre" to Ila$!t$: %ayor A!to!$o J. $lle/as asa case $! po$!t $! co!!ect$o! w$t /raft, corrupt$o! a!" !epot$s5 $!As$a tat sa$" pu-l$cat$o! w$tout a!y "ou-t referre" to coFpla$!t$:

Jua! Io!ce E!r$le as te $/ /over!5e!t o;c$al wo elpe" u!"ercur$ous c$rcu5sta!ces Ila$!t$: %ayor A!to!$o J. $lle/as $! le!"$!/ telatter approD$5ately I0,000.00 )&,&00.00+ w$tout $!terest -ecausee was te %ayors co5pa"re tat te purpose of sa$" Iu-l$cat$o!s $sto cause te "$so!or, "$scre"$t a!" put $! pu-l$c co!te5pt teIla$!t$:s, part$cularly Ila$!t$: %ayor A!to!$o J. $lle/as.

#! 5ot$o! of te respo!"e!tsFpla$!t$:s, te respo!"e!t 7u"/e, o! 2' Nove5-er19(&, /ra!te" te5 leave to take te "epos$t$o!s Tof %r. A!to!y Oo!Qales, $5eFL$fe $!ter!at$o!alT, a!" T%r. Cesar


40/101

co!!ect$o! w$t te act$v$t$es a!" operat$o!s $! te I$l$pp$!es of te pet$t$o!er,a!", o! 2& Nove5-er 19(&, $ssue" a wr$t of attac5e!t o! te real a!" perso!alestate of $5e, !c.

Iet$t$o!er rece$ve" te su55o!s a!" a copy of te co5pla$!t at $ts o;ces $! New

York o! 1 *ece5-er 19(& a!", o! 2& *ece5-er 19(&, $t Mle" a 5ot$o! to "$s5$sste co5pla$!t for lack of 7ur$s"$ct$o! a!" $5proper ve!ue, rely$!/ upo! teprov$s$o!s of epu-l$c Act 4(. Ir$vate respo!"e!ts oppose" te 5ot$o!.

! a! or"er "ate" 2( 6e-ruary 19(8, respo!"e!t court "eferre" te "eter5$!at$o! of te 5ot$o! to "$s5$ss u!t$l after tr$al of te case o! te 5er$ts, te court av$!/co!s$"ere" tat te /rou!"s rel$e" upo! $! te 5ot$o! "o !ot appear to -e$!"u-$ta-le.

Iet$t$o!er 5ove" for reco!s$"erat$o! of te "efer5e!t pr$vate respo!"e!ts a/a$!oppose".

#! 0 %arc 19(8, respo!"e!t 7u"/e $ssue" a! or"er reFa;r5$!/ te prev$ous or"erof "efer5e!t for te reaso! tat Tte rule la$" "ow! u!"er epu-l$c Act. No. 4(,a5e!"$!/ Art$cle (0 of te ev$se" Ie!al Co"e, $s !ot appl$ca-le to act$o!s a/a$!st!o!Fres$"e!t "efe!"a!ts, a!" -ecause Guest$o!s $!volv$!/ arass5e!t a!"$!co!ve!$e!ce, as well as "$srupt$o! of pu-l$c serv$ce "o !ot appear $!"u-$ta-le. ...T

6a$l$!/ $! $ts e:orts to "$sco!t$!ue te tak$!/ of te "epos$t$o!s, prev$ously a"verte"to, a!" to ave act$o! take!, -efore tr$al, o! $ts 5ot$o! to "$s5$ss, pet$t$o!er Mle"te $!sta!t pet$t$o! for cert$orar$ a!" pro$-$t$o!.

e or"ers for te tak$!/ of te sa$" "epos$t$o!s, for "eferr$!/ "eter5$!at$o! of te5ot$o! to "$s5$ss, a!" for rea;r5$!/ te "efer5e!t, a!" te wr$t of attac5e!t aresou/t to -e a!!ulle" $! te pet$t$o!..

ere $s !o "$spute tat at te t$5e of te pu-l$cat$o! of te alle/e"ly o:e!"$!/essay, pr$vate respo!"e!ts A!to!$o $lle/as a!" Jua! Io!ce E!r$le were te %ayor#f te C$ty of %a!$la a!" H!"ersecretary of 6$!a!ce a!" co!curre!tly Act$!/Co55$ss$o!er of Custo5s, respect$vely, w$t o;ces $! te C$ty of %a!$la. e $ssues$! t$s case are

1. 3eter or !ot, u!"er te prov$s$o!s of epu-l$c Act No. 4( te respo!"e!tCourt of 6$rst !sta!ce of $Qal as 7ur$s"$ct$o! to take co/!$Qa!ce of te c$v$l su$t for"a5a/es ar$s$!/ fro5 a! alle/e"ly l$-elous pu-l$cat$o!, co!s$"er$!/ tat te act$o!was $!st$tute" -y pu-l$c o;cers wose o;ces were $! te C$ty of %a!$la at te t$5eof te pu-l$cat$o! $f $t as !o 7ur$s"$ct$o!, weter or !ot $ts erro!eous assu5pt$o!of 7ur$s"$ct$o! 5ay -e calle!/e" -y a fore$/! corporat$o! -y wr$t of certiorari orpro$-$t$o! a!"


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2. 3eter or !ot epu-l$c Act 4( $s appl$ca-le to act$o! a/a$!st a fore$/!corporat$o! or !o!Fres$"e!t "efe!"a!t.

Irov$s$o!s of epu-l$c Act No. 4(, w$c are releva!t to te resolut$o! of tefore/o$!/ $ssues, rea", as follows

ect$o! 1. Art$cle tree u!"re" s$Dty of te ev$se" Ie!al Co"e, asa5e!"e" -y epu-l$c Act Nu5-ere" welve u!"re" a!" e$/tyF!$!e,$s furter a5e!"e" to rea" as follows

A. (0. Persons responsi"le. X A!y perso! wo sallpu-l$s, eD$-$t, or cause te pu-l$cat$o! or eD$-$t$o! ofa!y "efa5at$o! $! wr$t$!/ or -y s$5$lar 5ea!s, sall -erespo!s$-le for te sa5e.

e autor or e"$tor of a -ook or pa5plet, or te e"$tor or -us$!ess

5a!a/er of a "a$ly !ewspaper, 5a/aQ$!e or ser$al pu-l$cat$o!, sall -erespo!s$-le for te "efa5at$o!s co!ta$!e" tere$! to te eDte!t as $f ewere te autor tereof.

e cr$5$!al a!" c$v$l act$o! for "a5a/es $! cases of wr$tte!"efa5at$o!s as prov$"e" for $! t$s capter, sall -e Mle"s$5ulta!eously or separately w$t te court of Mrst $!sta!ce of teprov$!ce or c$ty were te l$-elous art$cle $s pr$!te" a!" Mrst pu-l$se"or were a!y of te o:e!"e" part$es actually res$"es at te t$5e of teco55$ss$o! of te o:e!se Provided, hoever , at were o!e of teo:e!"e" part$es $s a pu-l$c o;cer wose o;ce $s $! te C$ty of %a!$laat te t$5e of te co55$ss$o! of te o:e!se, te act$o! sall -e Mle" $!te Court of 6$rst !sta!ce of te C$ty of %a!$la or of te c$ty orprov$!ce were te l$-elous art$cle $s pr$!te" a!" Mrst pu-l$se", a!" $!case suc pu-l$c o;cer "oes !ot ol" o;ce $! te C$ty of %a!$la, teact$o! sall -e Mle" $! te Court of 6$rst !sta!ce of te prov$!ce or c$tywere e el" o;ce at te t$5e of te co55$ss$o! of te o:e!se orwere te l$-elous art$cle $s pr$!te" a!" Mrst pu-l$se" a!" $! case o!eof te o:e!"e" part$es $s a pr$vate $!"$v$"ual, te act$o! sall -e Mle"$! te Court of 6$rst !sta!ce of te prov$!ce or c$ty were e actuallyres$"es at te t$5e of te co55$ss$o! of te o:e!se or were tel$-elous 5atter $s pr$!te" a!" Mrst pu-l$se" Provided, urther , atte c$v$l act$o! sall -e Mle" $! te sa5e court were te cr$5$!alact$o! $s Mle" a!" v$ce versa Provided, urthermore, at te courtwere te cr$5$!al act$o! or c$v$l act$o! for "a5a/es $s Mrst Mle", sallacGu$re 7ur$s"$ct$o! to te eDclus$o! of oter courts A!" prov$"e"M!ally, at t$s a5e!"5e!t sall !ot apply to cases of wr$tte!"efa5at$o!s, te c$v$l a!"Sor cr$5$!al act$o!s w$c ave -ee! Mle" $!court at te t$5e of te e:ect$v$ty of te law


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DDD DDD DDD

DDD DDD DDD

ec. . $s Act sall take e:ect o!ly $f a!" we!, w$t$! t$rty "ays

fro5 $ts approval, te !ewspaper5e! $! te I$l$pp$!es sall or/a!$Qe,a!" elect te 5e5-ers of, a I$l$pp$!e Iress Cou!c$l, a pr$vate a/e!cyof te sa$" !ewspaper5e!, wose fu!ct$o! sall -e to pro5ul/ate aCo"e of Et$cs for te5 a!" te I$l$pp$!e press $!vest$/ate v$olat$o!stereof, a!" ce!sure a!y !ewspaper5a! or !ewspaper /u$lty of a!yv$olat$o! of te sa$" Co"e, a!" te fact tat suc I$l$pp$!e IressCou!c$l as -ee! or/a!$Qe" a!" $ts 5e5-ers ave -ee! "uly electe" $!accor"a!ce erew$t sall -e ascerta$!e" a!" procla$5e" -y teIres$"e!t of te I$l$pp$!es.

H!"er te Mrst proviso $! sect$o! 1, te ve!ue of a c$v$l act$o! for "a5a/es $! cases

of wr$tte! "efa5at$o!s $s local$Qe" upo! te -as$s of, Mrst, weter te o:e!"e"party or pla$!t$: $s a pu-l$c o;cer or a pr$vate $!"$v$"ual a!" seco!", $f e $s apu-l$c o;cer, weter $s o;ce $s $! %a!$la or !ot $! %a!$la, at te t$5e of teco55$ss$o! of te o:e!se. f te o:e!"e" party $s a pu-l$c o;cer $! te o;ce $! teC$ty of %a!$la, te prov$so l$5$ts $5 to two )2+ co$ces of ve!ue, !a5ely, $! teCourt of 6$rst $!sta!ce of te C$ty of %a!$la or $! te c$ty or prov$!ce were tel$-elous art$cle $s pr$!te" a!" Mrst pu-l$se" ...T

e co5pla$!t lo"/e" $! te court of $Qal -y respo!"e!ts "oes !ot alle/e tat tel$-elous art$cle was pr$!te" a!" Mrst pu-l$se" $! te prov$!ce of $Qal a!", s$!ce terespo!"e!tsFpla$!t$:s are pu-l$c o;cers w$t o;ces $! %a!$la at te t$5e of teco55$ss$o! of te alle/e" o:e!se, $t $s clear tat te o!ly place left for te5were$! to Mle te$r act$o!, $s te Court of 6$rst !sta!ce of %a!$la.

e l$5$tat$o! of te co$ces of ve!ue, as $!tro"uce" $!to te Ie!al Co"e trou/ $tsa5e!"5e!ts -y epu-l$c Act 4(, was $!te!"e" Tto 5$!$5$Qe or l$5$t te Ml$!/ ofoutFofFtow! l$-el su$tsT to protect a! alle/e" o:e!"er fro5 Tar"s$ps,$!co!ve!$e!ces a!" arass5e!tsT a!", furter5ore, to protect Tte $!terest of tepu-l$c serv$ceT were o!e of te o:e!"e" part$es $s a pu-l$c o;cer.T = e $!te!t, ofte law $s clear a l$-ele" pu-l$c o;c$al 5$/t sue $! te court of te local$ty weree ol"s o;ce, $! or"er tat te prosecut$o! of te act$o! soul" $!terfere as l$ttleas poss$-le w$t te "$scar/e of $s o;c$al "ut$es a!" la-ors. e o!ly alter!at$veallowe" $5 -y law $s to prosecute tose respo!s$-le for te l$-el $! te place werete o:e!"$!/ art$cle was pr$!te" a!" Mrst pu-l$se". ere, te law tolerates te$!terfere!ce w$t te l$-ele" o;cers "ut$es o!ly for te sake of avo$"$!/u!!ecessary arass5e!t of te accuse". $!ce te o:e!"$!/ pu-l$cat$o! was !otpr$!te" $! te I$l$pp$!es, te alter!at$ve ve!ue was !ot ope! to respo!"e!t %ayor$lle/as of %a!$la a!" H!"ersecretary of 6$!a!ce E!r$le, wo were te o:e!"e"part$es.


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e co55o! law as to causes of act$o! for tort ar$s$!/ out of a s$!/lepu-l$cat$o! was to te e:ect tat eac co55u!$cat$o! of wr$tte! orpr$!te" 5atter was a "$st$!ct a!" separate pu-l$cat$o! of a l$-elco!ta$!e" tere$!, /$v$!/ r$se to a separate cause of act$o!. $s rule)5ult$ple pu-l$cat$o! rule+ $s st$ll followe" $! several A5er$ca!

7ur$s"$ct$o!s, a!" see5s to -e favore" -y te A5er$ca! Law !st$tute.#ter 7ur$s"$ct$o!s ave a"opte" te s$!/le pu-l$cat$o! rule w$cor$/$!ate" $! New York, u!"er w$c a!y s$!/le $!te/rate" pu-l$cat$o!,suc as o!e e"$t$o! of a !ewspaper, -ook, or 5a/aQ$!e, or o!e-roa"cast, $s treate" as a u!$t, /$v$!/ r$se to o!ly o!e cause of act$o!,re/ar"less of te !u5-er of t$5es $t $s eDpose" to "$:ere!t people. ...

ese rules are !ot pert$!e!t $! te prese!t sce5e -ecause te !u5-er of causesof act$o! tat 5ay -e ava$la-le to te respo!"e!tsFpla$!t$:s $s !ot ere $! $ssue. 3eare ere co!fro!te" -y a spec$Mc ve!ue statute, co!ferr$!/ 7ur$s"$ct$o! $! cases ofl$-el a/a$!st Iu-l$c o;c$als to spec$Me" courts, a!" !o oter. e rule $s tat were

a statute creates a r$/t a!" prov$"es a re5e"y for $ts e!force5e!t, te re5e"y $seDclus$ve a!" were $t co!fers 7ur$s"$ct$o! upo! a part$cular court, tat 7ur$s"$ct$o!$s l$kew$se eDclus$ve, u!less oterw$se prov$"e". e!ce, te ve!ue prov$s$o!s ofepu-l$c Act No. 4( soul" -e "ee5e" 5a!"atory for te party -r$!/$!/ teact$o!, u!less te Guest$o! of ve!ue soul" -e wa$ve" -y te "efe!"a!t, w$c was!ot te case ere. #!ly tus ca! te pol$cy of te Act -e upel" a!" 5a$!ta$!e".Nor $s tere a!y reaso! wy te $!appl$ca-$l$ty of o!e alter!at$ve ve!ue soul"result $! re!"er$!/ te oter alter!at$ve, also $!appl$ca-le.

e "$s5$ssal of te prese!t pet$t$o! $s aske" o! te /rou!" tat te pet$t$o!erfore$/! corporat$o! fa$le" to alle/e $ts capac$ty to sue $! te courts of teI$l$pp$!es. espo!"e!ts rely o! sect$o! (9 of te Corporat$o! law, w$c prov$"es

EC. (9. No fore$/! corporat$o! or corporat$o!s for5e", or/a!$Qe", oreD$st$!/ u!"er a!y laws oter ta! tose of te I$l$pp$!es sall -eper5$tte" to ... 5a$!ta$! -y $tself or ass$/!ee a!y su$t for te recoveryof a!y "e-t, cla$5, or "e5a!" watever, u!less $t sall ave tel$ce!se prescr$-e" $! te sect$o! $55e"$ately prece"$!/. ...T ...

ey also $!voke te rul$!/ $! 'arshall60ells Co. vs. !lser : Co., -nc. > tat !ofore$/! corporat$o! 5ay -e per5$tte" to 5a$!ta$! a!y su$t $! te local courts u!less$t sall ave te l$ce!se reGu$re" -y te law, a!" te rul$!/ $! Atlantic 'utual -ns.Co., -nc. vs. Ce"u tevedorin Co., -nc. ' tat Twere ... te law denies to a fore$/!corporat$o! te r$/t to 5a$!ta$! su$t u!less $t as prev$ously co5pl$e" w$t acerta$! reGu$re5e!t, te! suc co5pl$a!ce or te fact tat te su$!/ corporat$o! $seDe5pt terefro5, -eco5es a !ecessary aver5e!t $! te co5pla$!t.T 3e fa$l to seeow tese "octr$!es ca! -e a propos $! te case at -ar, s$!ce te pet$t$o!er $s !otT5a$!ta$!$!/ a!y su$tT -ut $s 5erely "efe!"$!/ o!e a/a$!st $tself $t "$" !ot Mle a!yco5pla$!t -ut o!ly a corollary "efe!s$ve pet$t$o! to pro$-$t te lower court fro5furter procee"$!/ w$t a su$t tat $t a" !o 7ur$s"$ct$o! to e!terta$!.


45/101

Iet$t$o!ers fa$lure to aver $ts le/al capac$ty to $!st$tute te prese!t pet$t$o! $s !otfatal, for ...

A fore$/! corporat$o! 5ay, -y wr$t of pro$-$t$o!, seek rel$ef a/a$!st tewro!/ful assu5pt$o! of 7ur$s"$ct$o!. A!" a fore$/! corporat$o! seek$!/

a wr$t of pro$-$t$o! a/a$!st furter 5a$!te!a!ce of a su$t, o! te/rou!" of wa!t of 7ur$s"$ct$o! $! w$c 7ur$s"$ct$o! $s !ot -ou!" -y terul$!/ of te court $! w$c te su$t was -rou/t, o! a 5ot$o! to Guasserv$ce of su55o!s, tat $t as 7ur$s"$ct$o!. #

t $s also a"va!ce" tat te prese!t pet$t$o! $s pre5ature, s$!ce respo!"e!t courtas !ot "eM!$tely rule" o! te 5ot$o! to "$s5$ss, !or el" tat $t as 7ur$s"$ct$o!,-ut o!ly ar/u5e!t $s u!te!a-le. e 5ot$o! to "$s5$ss was pre"$cate" o! terespo!"e!t courts lack of 7ur$s"$ct$o! to e!terta$! te act$o! a!" te rul$!/s of t$sCourt are tat wr$ts of cert$orar$ or pro$-$t$o!, or -ot, 5ay $ssue $! case of a "e!$alor "efer5e!t of act$o! o! suc a 5ot$o! to "$s5$ss for lack of 7ur$s"$ct$o!.

f te Guest$o! of 7ur$s"$ct$o! were !ot te 5a$! /rou!" for t$s pet$t$o!for rev$ew -y certiorari, $t woul" -e pre5ature -ecause $t seeks to avea rev$ew of a! $!terlocutory or"er.


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o te sa5e e:ect are te rul$!/s $! Ruperto vs. ernando, 8 I$l.94 Administrator o 4acienda %uisita !state vs. Al"erto, LF121, 21 #cto-er19'8.

u55$!/ up, 3e ol"

)1+ e u!"er Art$cle (0 of te ev$se" Ie!al Co"e, as a5e!"e" -y epu-l$c ActNo. 4(, act$o!s for "a5a/es -y pu-l$c o;c$als for l$-elous pu-l$cat$o!s a/a$!stte5 ca! o!ly -e Mle" $! te courts of Mrst $!sta!ce ofte c$ty or prov$!ce were teo:e!"e" fu!ct$o!ary el" o;ce at te t$5e ofte co55$ss$o! of te o:e!se, $! casete l$-elous art$cle was Mrst pr$!te" or pu-l$se" outs$"e te I$l$pp$!es.

)2+ at te act$o! of a court $! refus$!/ to rule, or "eferr$!/ $ts rul$!/, o! a 5ot$o!to "$s5$ss for lack of 7ur$s"$ct$o! over te su-7ect 5atter, or for $5proper ve!ue, $s$! eDcess of 7ur$s"$ct$o! a!" correcta-le -y wr$t of pro$-$t$o! or cert$orar$ sue" out$! te appellate Court, eve! -efore tr$al o! te 5er$ts $s a".

3EE6#E, te wr$ts appl$e" for are /ra!te" te respo!"e!t Court of 6$rst!sta!ce of $Qal $s "eclare" w$tout 7ur$s"$ct$o! to take co/!$Qa!ce of $ts C$v$l CaseNo. 1040 a!" $ts or"ers $ssue" $! co!!ect$o! terew$t are ere-y a!!ulle" a!"set as$"e,. espo!"e!t court $s furter co55a!"e" to "es$st fro5 furterprocee"$!/s $! C$v$l case No. 1040 aforesa$". Costs a/a$!st pr$vate respo!"e!ts,A!to!$o J. $lle/as a!" Jua! Io!ce E!r$le.

e wr$t of prel$5$!ary $!7u!ct$o! eretofore $ssue" -y t$s upre5e Court $s 5a"eper5a!e!t.

Concepcion, C.*., &i9on, 'akalintal, ernando, 5eehankee, Barredo, +illamor and

concur.

Castro, *., took no part.

G.R. N. >;;> Fe%&5a&2 ";( !##

UNITED STATES OF A*ERICA( FREDERICK *. S*OUSE AND YVONNEREEVES( pet$t$o!ers,vs.HON. ELIODORO B. GUINTO( P&e0,+3 45,3e( B&a+$/ LVII( Re3+al T&al

C5&t( A+3ele0 Ct2( ROBERTO T. VALENCIA( E*ERENCIANA C. TANGLAO(AND PABLO C. DEL PILAR( respo!"e!ts.

G.R. N. >#=> Fe%&5a&2 ";( !##

UNITED STATES OF A*ERICA( ANTHONY LA*ACHIA( TSGT. USAF(WILFREDO BELSA( PETER ORASCION AND ROSE CARTALLA( pet$t$o!ers, v0.


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HON. RODOLFO D. RODRIGO( a0 P&e0,+3 45,3e 6 B&a+$/ >( Re3+al T&alC5&t ?BAGUIO CITY@( La T&+,a,( Be+35et a+, FABIANGENOVE( &e01+,e+t0.

G.R. N. '!' Fe%&5a&2 ";( !##

UNITED STATES OF A*ERICA( TO*I 4. KINGI( DARREL D. DYE a+, STEVEN F.BOSTICK( 1ett+e&0(v0.HON. 4OSEFINA D. CEBALLOS( A0 P&e0,+3 45,3e( Re3+al T&al C5&t(B&a+$/ ;;( Ca1a0( Ta&la$( a+, LUIS BAUTISTA( &e01+,e+t0.

G.R. N. '"


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T/e %,,+3 8a0 8+ %2 Ra9+ D7+( ve& t/e %e$t+ 6 t/e 1&vate&e01+,e+t0( 8/ $la9e, t/at /e /a, 9a,e a %, 6& 65& 6a$lte0(+$l5,+3 t/e Cvl E+3+ee&+3 A&ea( 8/$/ 8a0 +t +$l5,e, + t/e+vtat+ t %,.

T/e 1&vate &e01+,e+t0 $91la+e, t t/e P/l11+e A&ea E$/a+3e?PHAM@. T/e latte&( t/&53/ t0 &e1&e0e+tatve0( 1ett+e&0 Yv++e Reeve0a+, F&e,e&$ *. S950e e1la+e, t/at t/e Cvl E+3+ee&+3 $+$e00+/a, +t %ee+ a8a&,e, t D7+ a0 a &e05lt 6 t/e Fe%&5a&2 "=( !#';0l$tat+. D7+ 8a0 al&ea,2 1e&at+3 t/0 $+$e00+( t/e+ +8+ a0t/e NCO $l5% $+$e00+( a+, t/e e1&at+ 6 t/e $+t&a$t /a, %ee+ete+,e, 6&9 45+e ( !#'; t A5350t !( !#';. T/e2 65&t/e& e1la+e,t/at t/e 0l$tat+ 6 t/e CE %a&%e&0/1 85l, %e avala%le +l2 %2 t/ee+, 6 45+e a+, t/e 1&vate &e01+,e+t0 85l, %e +te,.

O+ 45+e ( !#';( t/e 1&vate &e01+,e+t0 le, a $91la+t + t/e $5&t

%el8 t $91el PHAM a+, t/e +,v,5al 1ett+e&0 t $a+$el t/e a8a&,t ,e6e+,a+t D7+( t $+,5$t a &e%,,+3 6& t/e %a&%e&0/1 $+$e00+0a+, t all8 t/e 1&vate &e01+,e+t0 %2 a 8&t 6 1&el9+a&2 +5+$t+ t$+t+5e 1e&at+3 t/e $+$e00+0 1e+,+3 lt3at+. !

U1+ t/e l+3 6 t/e $91la+t( t/e &e01+,e+t $5&t 005e, a+ ex parte &,e& ,&e$t+3 t/e +,v,5al 1ett+e&0 t 9a+ta+ t/e status 'uo.

O+ 45l2 ""( !#';( t/e 1ett+e&0 le, a 9t+ t ,0900 a+, 110t+t t/e 1ett+ 6& 1&el9+a&2 +5+$t+ + t/e 3&5+, t/at t/e a$t+8a0 + ee$t a 05t a3a+0t t/e U+te, State0 6 A9e&$a( 8/$/ /a, +t8ave, t0 ++05a%lt2. T/e +,v,5al ,e6e+,a+t0( a0 J$al e91l2ee06 t/e U.S. A& F&$e( 8e&e al0 995+e 6&9 05t.

O+ t/e 0a9e ,ate( 45l2 ""( !#';( t/e t&al $5&t ,e+e, t/e a11l$at+ 6&a 8&t 6 1&el9+a&2 +5+$t+.

O+ O$t%e& !( !#''( t/e t&al $5&t ,e+e, t/e 1ett+e&0 9t+ t,0900( /l,+3 + 1a&t a0 6ll80:

F&9 t/e 1lea,+30 t/50 6a& 1&e0e+te, t t/0 C5&t %2 t/e1a&te0( t/e C5&t0 atte+t+ 0 $alle, %2 t/e &elat+0/1%et8ee+ t/e 1la+t0 a0 8ell a0 t/e ,e6e+,a+t0( +$l5,+3 t/eUS Gve&+9e+t( + t/at 1&& t t/e %,,+3 & 0l$tat+ +5e0t+( t/e&e 8a0 a %+,+3 $+t&a$t %et8ee+ t/e 1la+t0a0 8ell a0 t/e ,e6e+,a+t0( +$l5,+3 t/e US Gve&+9e+t. B2v&t5e 6 0a, $+t&a$t 6 $+$e00+ t 0 t/e C5&t05+,e&0ta+,+3 t/at +et/e& t/e US Gve&+9e+t +& t/e /e&e+1&+$1al ,e6e+,a+t0 85l, %e$9e t/e e91l2e&0 6 t/e1la+t0 %5t t/at t/e latte& a&e t/e e91l2e&0 t/e90elve0 6


49/101

t/e %a&%e&0( et$. 8t/ t/e e91l2e&( t/e 1la+t0 /e&e+(&e9tt+3 t/e 0t15late, 1e&$e+ta3e 6 $9900+0 t t/eP/l11+e A&ea E$/a+3e. T/e 0a9e $&$590ta+$e 85l,%e$9e + ee$t 8/e+ t/e P/l11+e A&ea E$/a+3e 1e+e,6& %,,+3 & 0l$tat+ t/e 5e0t+e, %a&%e& 0/1

$+$e00+0. T t/0 ete+t( t/e&e6&e( +,ee, a $99e&$alt&a+0a$t+ /a0 %ee+ e+te&e,( a+, 6& 15&10e0 6 t/e 0a,0l$tat+( 85l, +e$e00a&l2 %e e+te&e, %et8ee+ t/e1la+t0 a0 8ell a0 t/e ,e6e+,a+t0.

T/e C5&t( 65&t/e&( 0 6 t/e ve8 t/at A&t$le MVIII 6 t/e RPUSBa0e0 A3&ee9e+t ,e0 +t $ve& 05$/ +, 6 0e&v$e0 6all+35+,e& t/e $+$e00+a&e0/1( 05$/ a0 a %a&%e& 0/1$+$e00+. "

O+ De$e9%e& !!( !#';( 6ll8+3 t/e l+3 6 t/e /e&e+ 1ett+

6& certiorari a+, 1&/%t+ 8t/ 1&el9+a&2 +5+$t+( 8e 005e, ate91&a&2 &e0t&a++3 &,e& a3a+0t 65&t/e& 1&$ee,+30 + t/e $5&t%el8.

I+ G.R. N. >#=>( Fa%a+ Ge+ve le, a $91la+t 6& ,a9a3e0 a3a+0t1ett+e&0 A+t/+2 La9a$/a( Wl6&e, Bel0a( R0e Ca&talla a+, Pete&O&a0$+ 6& /0 ,0900al a0 $ + t/e U.S. A& F&$e Re$&eat+ Ce+te&at t/e 4/+ Ha2 A& Stat+ + Ba35 Ct2. It /a, %ee+ a0$e&ta+e, a6te&+ve0t3at+( 6&9 t/e te0t9+2 6 Bel0a Ca&talla a+, O&a0$+( t/atGe+ve /a, 15&e, 5&+e +t t/e 051 0t$ 50e, + $+3 t/eve3eta%le0 0e&ve, t t/e $l5% $50t9e&0. La9a$/a( a0 $l5% 9a+a3e&(0501e+,e, /9 a+, t/e&ea6te& &e6e&&e, t/e $a0e t a %a&, 6 a&%t&at&0$+6&9a%l2 t t/e $lle$tve %a&3a++3 a3&ee9e+t %et8ee+ t/e Ce+te&a+, t0 e91l2ee0. T/e %a&, 5+a+950l2 65+, /9 35lt2 a+,&e$99e+,e, /0 ,0900al. T/0 8a0 ee$te, + *a&$/ ( t/e ,e6e+,a+t0( +e, %2 t/e U+te, State0 6A9e&$a( 9ve, t ,0900 t/e $91la+t( alle3+3 t/at La9a$/a( a0 a+J$e& 6 t/e U.S. A& F&$e 0tat+e, at 4/+ Ha2 A& Stat+( 8a0 995+e6&9 05t 6& t/e a$t0 ,+e %2 /9 + /0 J$al $a1a$t2. T/e2 a&35e, t/att/e 05t 8a0 + ee$t a3a+0t t/e U+te, State0( 8/$/ /a, +t 3ve+ t0$+0e+t t %e 05e,.

T/0 9t+ 8a0 ,e+e, %2 t/e &e01+,e+t 5,3e + 45+e =( !#'>( + a+&,e& 8/$/ &ea, + 1a&t:


50/101

It 0 t/e 5+,e&0ta+,+3 6 t/e C5&t( %a0e, + t/e alle3at+06 t/e $91la+t 8/$/ /ave %ee+ /21t/et$all2 a,9tte,%2 ,e6e+,a+t0 51+ t/e l+3 6 t/e& 9t+ t ,0900 t/atalt/53/ ,e6e+,a+t0 a$te, +tall2 + t/e& J$al $a1a$te0(t/e& 3+3 %e2+, 8/at t/e& 65+$t+0 $alle, 6& %&53/t

t/e9 5t 6 t/e 1&te$tve 9a+tle 6 8/ateve& 995+te0 t/e29a2 /ave /a, + t/e %e3+++3. T/50( t/e alle3at+ t/at t/ea$t0 $91la+e, 6 8e&e lle3al( ,+e. 8t/ et&e9e %a, 6at/a+, 8t/ 1&e$+$eve, 0+0te& 1la+ t /a&a00 a+, +all2,0900 t/e 1la+t( 3a+0 03+$a+$e. <

T/e 1ett+e&0 t/e+ $a9e t t/0 C5&t 0ee+3 certiorari a+, 1&/%t+8t/ 1&el9+a&2 +5+$t+.

I+ G.R. N. '!'( L50 Ba5t0ta( 8/ 8a0 e91l2e, a0 a %a&&a$0 %2 +Ca91 O D++ell( a+ ete+0+ 6 Cla& A& Ba0e( 8a0 a&&e0te, 6ll8+3 a

%52%50t 1e&at+ $+,5$te, %2 t/e +,v,5al 1ett+e&0 /e&e+( +a9el2(T9 4. K+3( Da&&el D. D2e a+, Ste1/e+ F. B0t$( J$e&0 6 t/e U.S. A&F&$e a+, 01e$al a3e+t0 6 t/e A& F&$e OJ$e 6 S1e$al I+ve0t3at&0?AFOSI@. O+ t/e %a00 6 t/e 08&+ 0tate9e+t0 9a,e %2 t/e9( a++6&9at+ 6& vlat+ 6 R.A. ;="( !#'>( t/e la8 &9 6 L5+a( S0+ a+, *a+a0( /av+3 %ee+&eta+e, t &e1&e0e+t t/e ,e6e+,a+t0( le, 8t/ leave 6 $5&t a 9t+ t8t/,&a8 t/e a+08e& a+, ,0900 t/e $91la+t. T/e 3&5+, +ve, 8a0t/at t/e ,e6e+,a+t0 8e&e a$t+3 + t/e& J$al $a1a$t2 8/e+ t/e2 ,, t/ea$t0 $91la+e, 6 a+, t/at t/e $91la+t a3a+0t t/e9 8a0 + ee$t a05t a3a+0t t/e U+te, State0 8t/5t t0 $+0e+t.


51/101

T/e 9t+ 8a0 ,e+e, %2 t/e &e01+,e+t 5,3e + /0 &,e& ,ate,Se1te9%e& !!( !#'>( 8/$/ /el, t/at t/e $la9e, 995+t2 5+,e& t/e*lta&2 Ba0e0 A3&ee9e+t $ve&e, +l2 $&9+al a+, +t $vl $a0e0.*&eve&( t/e ,e6e+,a+t0 /a, $9e 5+,e& t/e 5&0,$t+ 6 t/e $5&t8/e+ t/e2 05%9tte, t/e& a+08e&.

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