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Egypt- A Mirage of Democracy
Conflicts in Middle East
Why is Middle East in turmoil?• Strategic Location• Colonial powers involved in Middle
East for many years• Disunity among Middle east
countries encouraged other states to intervene
• Formation of a Jewish state – Israel• Availability of Oil• Ethnic Conflict • Desire for Democracy
Historical Background•Egypt was part of Ottoman Empire
•From 1882 to 1952, Egypt was a British colony. Earlier even the French were involved in Egypt.
•Egypt was granted semi-independence in 1936
•In 1952, Muhammad Najuib staged a military coup by abolishing monarchy and proclaiming himself the first President of Egypt.
• In 1954, he signed an agreement with the British by which British troops were to evacuate the Suez Canal Zone.
Presidents of Egypt
Muhammad Najuib(1953)
Colonel Nasser (1956)
Anwar Sadat(1970)
Hosni Mubarak
(1981)
Muhammad Morsi(2012)
Synopsis of our paperEgypt – Israel Conflicts
Nile Water Dispute
Arab Spring : Mubarak to Morsi
Current Scenario
Perspective: Fading away of the Arab Spring in Egypt.
Egypt – Israel wars
Arab-Israel War 1948
Suez war 1956
The Six – Day War 1967
Yom Kippur War 1973
President Colonel Nasser – emerged as the leader of Arab nationalism after the Suez War 1956
Suez war 1956
Six-Day War 1967
Camp David Agreement
• The state of war between Egypt and Israel ended
• Israel promised to withdraw its troops from Sinai
• Israel ships could use Suez Canal
Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and USA President Jimmy Carter (acting as mediator)
Nile water dispute
Arab Spring
Hosni Mubarak (1981-2011)
Causes for Mubarak’s ouster• Neo-liberal policies favoured the wealthy at the expense of
the middle class and poor
• Kefaya movement since 2004 – a catalyst in bringing people onto the streets to protest
• Parliamentary elections (November 2010) were accused to be rigged.
• Tunisia’s Jasmine Revolution ignited the spark.
• Emergency laws imposed since 30 years, heavy-handed security state system, unaccountable government
Tahrir Square Protest-25 Jan 2011
Mubarak resigns
Transition Period: Mubarak to Morsi• Mubarak handed power to the SCAF. His
National Democratic Party (NDP) was dissolved.
• The parliamentary elections in November 2011 took precedence over convening of constituent assembly
• Islamists (MB, Salafists etc.) won ¾th seats
• In the presidential elections, MB candidate Muhammad Morsi won more than 50% due to support from others
Constitution Compromised• Workers, women, Coptic Christians
etc. found no place in the constitution making process
• Constitution pushed through a referendum with a mere 30% participation
• Two dozen members of the constitution making body had resigned in protest
• Army’s prerogatives were kept intact
Controversial Decisions• Guaranteed that Hamas will no more
launch any rockets into Israel.
• Lowered retirement age for judges and appointed his own men.
• Formed a fully Ikhwan (MB) cabinet
• Appeased IMF and curbed role of sector
• Arrogated supreme legislative authority resulting in judiciary having no rights to challenge his executive decree
Interim Government• A transitional technocratic government
is formed till the elections.
• Pro-Morsi supporters dealt in execution style – many arrested.
• GCC countries offer 12 billion dollars aid after USA threatens to withdraw military aid.
• They promised to hold elections in a couple of months.
Acting President Adly Mansour
The Manipulative Shrew: General Al Sisi
“Men may come and men may go, but I go on forever”
-Alfred Lord Tennyson
Back to square one• Nile water dispute may rise with the settlement of civil
war in South Sudan.
• Less chances of Camp David Agreement being violated in near future.
• Directionless mass movement since they did not demand parliamentary election post-Mubarak ,they demanded the postponement of elections till stability.
On a positive note…
REFERENCES• Uncertain in EGYPT:Atul Aneja ,frontline septemper 30,2013• Revolution or Restoration :Aijaz Ahmed,Frontline,septemper 20,2013• Storm clouds by Jhon Cherian ,frontline September 20,2013• Showdown In Cairo,September 6,2013,frontline• Loopholes Aplently in EU Arms Ban On Egypt By Andrew Rettman,2011• Various Articles By Evan Hill• Back To square One,Hindustan Times,30th december 2013• Paper on egyptian revolution 2011 by Khaled Whaba• Cairo Calling,Frontline,February 8,2013• Islamist Riposte,Frontline,August 9,2013• Whose Nile is it ,EPW,July 12,2013• Profile On general Fatten Al SiSi ,BBC website• Modern world History ,Norman Lowe• History of Modern Europe and World,by L.Mukherjee• Contemporary West Asia,By Anwar Alam
Made By
• Aishwarya Sawarna
• Prathmesh Bhosle
• Rohan Kamble
THANK YOU!!!