Confined Space Rescue. Training Topics IRespiratory Protection Anatomy and Physiology II Confined Space Emergencies IIIToxic Atmosphere Monitoring Equipment

Confined Space RescueConfined Space Rescue

Training TopicsTraining Topics

I Respiratory Protection Anatomy and Physiology

II Confined Space EmergenciesIII Toxic Atmosphere Monitoring

EquipmentIV Breathing Apparatus ReviewVI Lifting Systems

Training Continued:Training Continued:

VII Confined Space Rescue Practical Exercises

ReferencesReferences

NFPA 1670 Operations and Training for Technical Rescue Incidents

NFPA 1006 Professional Qualifications for Rescue Technicians

Confined Space and Structural Rope Rescue, Michael Roop/Tom Vines/Richard Wright. Mosby Press 1997

ReferencesReferences

OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146 Compliance Directive for Permit Required Confined Spaces

Technical Rescue Field Operations Guide, Tom Pendley. Desert Rescue Research 2000

Respiratory ProtectionRespiratory Protection

The Respiratory ProcessThe Respiratory Process

The exchange of gases (O2 & CO2) between the alveoli & the blood occurs by simple diffusion: O2 diffusing from the alveoli into the blood & CO2 from the blood into the alveoli.

Respiratory Process Cont.Respiratory Process Cont.

We do this, of course, by breathing - continuously bringing fresh air (with lots of O2 & little CO2) into the lungs & the alveoli.

Breathing is an active process - requiring the contraction of skeletal muscles. The primary muscles of respiration include the external intercostal muscles (located between the ribs) and the diaphragm (a sheet of muscle located between the thoracic & abdominal cavities).

The Respiratory ProcessThe Respiratory Process

Confined Space EmergenciesConfined Space Emergencies

Confined Space Fatalities:– 90 % due to asphyxiation– 60 % of the fatalities are would be rescuers

Ex.-1990: 3 Firefighters die in Pennsylvania from Co poisoning from running portable pump

Example: PA DeathsExample: PA Deaths

On May 1, 1990, a 39-year-old male volunteer firefighter died inside a 33-foot-deep water well in Pennsylvania while attempting to pump water out of the well. Also, two male volunteer firefighters (ages 40 and 20) died attempting rescue.

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/injury/traumacsface.html#1990 (other examples)

C-Space DefinitionC-Space Definition

OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146– An OSHA confined space is defined as:

A.-A space large enough for personnel to physically enter

B.-Not designed for continuous occupancy C.-An area with limited entry and egress

ExamplesExamples

Examples include but are not limited to:– Storage tanks, process vessels, bins, silos,

boilers, ventilation/exhaust ducts, sewers, pipes, electrical vaults, steam tunnels, underground utility vaults, tunnels, pipelines, manure pits, elevator shafts, etc. etc. etc.

Permit Required C-SpacePermit Required C-Space

A confined space permit is required if the space has one or more of the following hazards:– 1. Atmospheric hazards– 2. Configuration hazards– 3. Engulfment hazard– 4. Any other recognized hazard

Purpose of Confined Space Entry Permit

An entry permit is a document prepared by the employer or employer representative. It is designed to be used as a checklist to document the completion of all steps necessary to prepare for safe entry and work in a confined space.

Sample PermitSample Permit

Purpose of Confined Space Entry Permit

The entry supervisor must sign the entry permit to:

1.-make sure acceptable conditions have been attained in the permit space; and 2.-authorize entry.

Further, you must post the permit near the confined space entry for entrants to verify that pre-entry procedures have been completed.

Non-Permit C-SpaceNon-Permit C-Space

A non-permit required confined space is:– 1. Spaces that do not contain, nor has the

potential to contain, any uncontrolled hazards capable of causing death or serious physical harm

– 2. Space in which all the hazards in a permit space can be eliminated

C-Space Entry Risk ProfileC-Space Entry Risk Profile

A permit required confined space has less risk if it meets the following criteria:– A. The internal configuration of the space is

clear and unobstructed so retrieval systems can be used for rescuers without the possibility of entanglement

Entry Risk Pro-file cont.Entry Risk Pro-file cont.

– B. The victim can be easily seen from the outside the space’s primary access opening

– C. Rescuers can pass easily through access/egress opening(s) with room to spare with appropriate PPE

– D. The space can accommodate two or more rescuers in addition to the victim

– E. All hazards in and around the space have been ID’d , isolated and controlled

C-Space Entry Risk ProfileC-Space Entry Risk Profile

A permit required confined space has more risk if any of the following conditions or other hazardous conditions exist– A. Presence of downed rescuer– B. Victim’s location and condition are

unknown– C.-Hazards are known to exist that cannot be

completely isolated or controlled

Entry Risk Profile cont.Entry Risk Profile cont.

– D. The internal configuration of the space makes line management difficult and hinders retrieval of lines by rescuers

(Interpreted from NFPA 1670)

C-Space HazardsC-Space Hazards

It should always be considered that the most unfavorable situation exists in every confined space and that the danger of explosion, poisoning, and asphyxiation will be present at the onset of the emergency

Hazard TypesHazard Types

Hazards specific to a confined space are dictated by:

1.-The material stored or used in the confined space– Ex. Damp activated carbon in a filtration tank

will absorb oxygen, creating an oxygen deficient atmosphere

Hazard Types cont:Hazard Types cont:

2-The activity carried out:– Such as the fermentation of molasses that

creates ethyl alcohol vapors and decrease the oxygen content of the atmosphere

Hazard Types cont:Hazard Types cont:

3-The external environment– As in the case of sewer systems that may be

affected by rising water, heavier than air gases, or flash floods

The most hazardous kind of confined space is the type that combines limited access and mechanical devices

C-Space Hazard GroupsC-Space Hazard Groups

Confined space hazards can be grouped into the following categories:– 1. Oxygen deficient atmosphere– 2. Flammable atmospheres– 3. Toxic atmospheres– 4. Mechanical and physical hazards

Oxygen Deficient AtmosphereOxygen Deficient Atmosphere

Normal atmosphere composed of 20.9 % oxygen, 78.1 % nitrogen and 1 % argon

An atmosphere containing less than 19.5 % oxygen shall be considered oxygen deficient

*O2 levels inside confined spaces may be decreased as the result of consumption or displacement*

Effects of decreasing O2 Effects of decreasing O2 LevelsLevels

Level of 17 %– Increased respiratory rate, impaired coordination

Between 14-16 %– Increased respiratory rate, tachycardia, rapid fatigue

Between 6-10 %– Nausea, emesis, unconsciousness, 8 min.’s = 100%

fatal Less than 6 %

– Spasmatic breathing, death in minutes

Consumption of O2Consumption of O2

Takes place during combustion of flammable substances (welding, cutting, brazing)

During bacterial action (fermentation process)

During chemical reactions as in the formation of rust (iron oxide)

Displacement of O2Displacement of O2

Gas that displaces oxygen and therefore reduce the O2 levels (helium, argon, nitrogen)

Nitrogen, argon, helium and carbon dioxide are used as inerting agents to displace flammable substances and retard pyrophoric reactions

O2 Enriched EnvironmentO2 Enriched Environment

An atmosphere containing more than 23.5 % of oxygen is oxygen enriched and enhances the flammability of combustibles

Flammable materials such as clothing and hair burn violently when ignited

Flammable AtmospheresFlammable Atmospheres

Arise from enriched O2 atmospheres, vaporization of flammable liquids, byproducts of work, chemical reactions or concentrations of combustible dust

Work conducted in a c-space can generate flammable atmospheres (painting, coatings, solvents for cleaning)

Flammable Atmosphere Flammable Atmosphere TermsTerms

Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the liquid. The lower the flash point, the easier it is to ignite the material

(at the flash point, the flame does not need to be sustained).

ExampleExample

Gasoline has a flash point of -50 degrees F (-45 C) and is more flammable than ethylene glycol (antifreeze) which has a flash point of 111 degrees C (232 F)


Fire point, the temperature at which the flame becomes self-sustained so as to continue burning the liquid

The fire point is usually a few degrees above the flash point


Flammable limits apply generally to vapors and are defined as the concentration range in which a flammable substance can produce a fire or explosion when an ignition source (such as a spark or open flame) is present

The concentration is generally expressed as percent fuel by volume

UEL/LELUEL/LEL

Upper flammable limit (UFL) the mixture of substance and air is too rich in fuel (deficient in oxygen) to burn. This is sometimes called the upper explosive limit (UEL)

Lower flammable limit (LFL) the mixture of substance and air lacks sufficient fuel (substance) to burn. This is sometimes called the lower explosive limit (LEL)

Example UEL/LELExample UEL/LEL

It is usually quite easy to reach the lower flammable limit. There are numerous cases where individuals have used a solvent, sealer, or other flammable materials in a basement or closed room with inadequate ventilation...and have been injured when the vapors were ignited by a pilot light, electric spark or other ignition source

Example UEL/LELExample UEL/LEL

Newcastle in September of 2003– A pipe fitter left an acetylene cylinder inside his

vehicle over the weekend. Either the cylinder had a small leak or the valve was not fully closed. The flammable limits for acetylene are extremely broad, 2.5% to 100% in air

– When the worker opened the door, an undetermined spark source (the door light switch, light bulb, cellular phone, static etc.) ignited the mixture with catastrophic results

Acetylene Explosion Acetylene Explosion


Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) is the maximum amount or concentration of a chemical that a worker may be exposed to under OSHA Regulations

8-hour Time Weighted Averages (TWA) - are an average value of exposure over the course of an 8 hour work shift


Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) atmospheres poses an immediate threat to life, would cause, irreversible adverse health effects, or would impair an individual's ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere


Flammable gases such as acetylene, butane, propane, hydrogen, methane, natural or manufactured gases or vapors from hydrocarbons can be trapped in c-spaces

Gases heavier than air will seek lower levels as in pits, sewers, storage tanks/vessels


In a closed top tank, lighter than air gases may rise and develop a flammable concentration if trapped ABOVE the opening

Combustible dust concentrations are found during loading/offloading, conveying grain products, nitrated fertilizers and finely ground chemical products

Toxic AtmospheresToxic Atmospheres

The source of toxic atmospheres encountered in c-spaces may arise from:– Manufacturing process– Product stored– Operation performed in the c-space


Carbon Monoxide– Odorless, colorless gas, approximately the same

density of air– Formed from incomplete combustion of organic

materials– Can be formed from mircobial decomposition

of organic materials in sewers/silos and fermentation tanks

Measuring ToxicityMeasuring Toxicity

Measured in terms of permissible exposure limit (PEL)

PEL is the concentration of a toxin that most people could safely be exposed to for an 8 hour period

Any toxin in a confined space greater than its PEL is hazardous

Irritant (Corrosive) Irritant (Corrosive) AtmospheresAtmospheres

Irritant gases vary widely among all areas of industrial activity

They can be found in plastic plants, chemical plants, petroleum industry, tanneries, refrigeration industries, paint manufacturing and mining operations

Irritant (Corrosive) Irritant (Corrosive) AtmospheresAtmospheres

Prolonged exposure at irritant or corrosive concentrations in a c-space may produce little or no evidence of irritation

Danger in this situation is that worker is usually not aware of any toxic exposure

Examples: nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia

Mechanical/Physical HazardsMechanical/Physical Hazards

Vibrations/moving machinery– Augers, hydraulics, steam, etc.

Noise– Noise problems intensified in c-space because

interior causes sound to reverberate– May disrupt verbal communication with

emergency personnel on the exterior of the space

Toxic Atmosphere Monitoring Toxic Atmosphere Monitoring EquipmentEquipment

Atmospheric monitoring should take place continuously or at frequent intervals during the rescue operation

All atmospheric monitoring equipment should meet OSHA standards

Equipment should be calibrated according to manufacturer’s recommendations

Atmospheric Testing Atmospheric Testing ProceduresProcedures

First set of tests should be performed by remote probe prior to entering the space

All levels of the space need to be metered due to vapor densities (weight of a vapor compared to air)

Principles of Air MonitoringPrinciples of Air Monitoring

Calibrate meters to manufacturer’s specIf O2 level is not normal, flammability

readings will be affectedSpaces may have stratified atmospheres, all

levels of space must be meteredAllow for air intake in sampling hose/probe,

approx. 1 sec per foot of hose10,000 ppm = 1 %

MetersMeters

O2 Co

LEL

H2S

Should include at a minimum audible and visual alarms

Oxygen LevelsOxygen Levels

According to OSHA, air containing less than 19.5 % or more than 23 % oxygen is unacceptable

If oxygen level is not normal, flammability readings will be effected

Atmosphere FlammabilityAtmosphere Flammability

Measured in the % of the lower explosive limit (LEL)

The LEL is the lowest concentration of a product that will explode or burn when it contacts a source of ignition of sufficient temperature

OSHA -> C-space is hazardous if it contains more than 10 % of the LEL

Lower Explosive Limit LELLower Explosive Limit LEL

A flammable gas must reach 100 % of its LEL to ignite and burn

Meters are usually calibrated with a flammable gas such as methane, heptane or pentane

Lower Explosive Limit LELLower Explosive Limit LEL

Methane LEL -> approximately 5 %Different gases have different LELsMeter calibrated to methane will give an

inaccurate reading for a gas with a different LEL

Meter reading of 10 % or less of the LEL should ensure that an atmosphere is below the LEL of most gases

Common Gas ExamplesCommon Gas Examples

Methane (CH4):– Natural, marsh, swamp gas– Lighter than air, (0.6)– LEL 5 %, UEL 15 %

Nitrogen (N2):– Colorless, odorless gas– Slightly lighter than air, (0.97)– May displace oxygen

Common GasesCommon Gases

Carbon monoxide (Co):– Colorless, odorless gas– Slightly lighter than air (0.97)– PEL = 50 ppm– TWA = 25 ppm– LEL 12.5 %, UEL 74. 2 %– IDLH = 1500 ppm

Common GasesCommon Gases

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S):– Sewer gas (rotten eggs)– Produces olfactory fatigue (loss of smell)– Odor thresh hold = 0.02-0.2 ppm– Colorless flammable gas– LEL = 4.3 %, UEL = 46 %– Heavier than air (1.18)

Hydrogen Sulfide Cont:Hydrogen Sulfide Cont:

– PEL = 20 ppm– TWA = 10 ppm– IDLH = 300 ppm


Known materials:

-Use meter specific to that chemical to test for these products

Unknown materials:

-Use meters to take readings and narrow the spectrum of chemicals

-Broad spectrum analysis

-Colormetric tubes

Hazard AbatementHazard Abatement

Hazard ReductionHazard Reduction

Reducing or abating hazards of a confined space emergency is essential before entry is safe

In addition to protective equipment, SCBA, other measures should be taken externally

OSHA requires that measures be taken before permit spaces are entered

ElectricalElectrical

Usually isolated by a combination of:– 1. Turning it off at the source and securing it

with a lock device (lockout)– 2. Placing a warning of some type on the switch

to deter someone from trying to turn it on (tag-out)

HydraulicHydraulic

Includes liquids, finely divided solids that if not secured may cause exposure or engulfment

Usually isolated by:– 1. Shutting off valves (blocking)

– 2. Should be shut off in two locations

MechanicalMechanical

Hazards in the space or introduced into the space

Includes energy from:– Augers, blades, conveyer belts, gears,

flywheels, and anything mechanical– Need to be locked out/tagged out

VentilationVentilation

Why Ventilate??Why Ventilate??

When atmospheric conditions is a c-space do not meet the limits for O2, flammability and toxic vapors, the c-space must be ventilated to bring the atmosphere into those limits.

Methods of VentilationMethods of Ventilation

1. Positive Pressure (Supply)

2. Negative Pressure (Exhaust)

3. Positive negative push pull

Positive Pressure (Supply)Positive Pressure (Supply)

Direction of fresh air flow into space creating a positive pressure diluting any contaminants by the addition of fresh air

Electrically operated fans should be used to prevent unacceptable levels of Co into space by use of gasoline blowers

Air flow should be introduced into the space and the flow should be at the level at which rescuers will be working

Positive PressurePositive Pressure

Fan should be allowed to operate long enough to exchange the air content of the space several times

Capacity of fan in cubic feet per minute (CFM) divided into the volume of the space in cubic feet = the time it takes to exchange air one time

Positive Pressure (Supply)Positive Pressure (Supply)

Positive pressure (supply) can force air into space 30 times the distance exhaust (negative) pressure can draw it

ExamplesExamples

Super Vac's AirPac 25 duct canister allows the 25 ft. x 8 in. duct to be easily stored and rapidly deployed

Negative Pressure (Exhaust)Negative Pressure (Exhaust)

Exhausts contaminants from the space (using negative pressure) by pulling contaminated air out of a space

A slight vacuum is created that can draw other contaminants into the space

May draw flammable gases over motor

Positive-negative/push-pull Positive-negative/push-pull

Flushes the atmosphere by supplying and exhausting large volumes of air

Two portals must be present, positive air flow into space while negative pressure pulls contaminants out

Most effective method for ventilation Consider where the contaminated exhaust is going

and if it will pose an additional hazard

Respiratory ProtectionRespiratory Protection

Types of SCBATypes of SCBA

OSHA CFR 1910 direct that unless the cause of the emergency can be established as NOT atmosphere related, fresh air breathing apparatus must be worn

Types:– Self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)– Supplied air respirator (SAR)

Self Contained Breathing Self Contained Breathing ApparatusApparatus

Positive pressure since 1983Prevents contamination of the air inside the

face piece if a leak occurs in the face piece’s seal

Limited amount of air supply (based on wearers personal characteristics)

Supplied Air RespiratorsSupplied Air Respirators

During C-space rescue, conventional SCBA’s size often makes it difficult to use

SCBA small enough to pass through narrow openings may limit duration of its air supply to impractical levels

Supplied Air Respirators are a viable option

SAR ComponentsSAR Components

SAR consists of:– Open circuit face piece– Regulator– Egress cylinder attached via a low-pressure air

line to remote source air supply (restricted to maximum distance allowed by manufacturers, usually no more than 300 feet from point of attachment)

SAR Components SAR Components

OSHA requires an SAR used in an atmosphere that is immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) have an additional supply

Must be capable of providing enough air for the wearer to escape the atmosphere in the event the primary supply is interrupted

SAR ComponentsSAR Components

“Escape” requirement addressed by attaching small breathing air cylinder rated at 5 minutes to the SAR unit

5 minute cylinder are intended to provide enough air for escape although they may be incapable of doing so

Egress cylinder

SARSAR

Air CartsAir Carts

Survivair Air CartSurvivair Air Cart

Contains up to two independently operated 30-,45-, or 60-minute high pressure (4500 psi) cylinders

Or to two independently operated 30 minute low pressure (2216 psi) cylinders

An optional accessory case can hold a variety of Hip-Pac and hose combinations

Survivair Air CartSurvivair Air Cart

Two inlets allow regulated or unregulated external air sources to be used

Built-in manifold has four Foster or Schrader quick-disconnect couplings to supply air for up to four workers

Used in any confined space where an SCBA would reduce or restrict worker movement

Red Rescuer

Yellow Rescuer

AIR LINE MANAGEMENT

OSHA Respiratory StandardOSHA Respiratory Standard

1910.134(e)(3)(iii) requires, when an IDLH atmosphere exists, A stand by man or men with suitable self contained breathing apparatus shall be at the nearest fresh air base for emergency rescue

Safe Respiratory Work Safe Respiratory Work PracticesPractices

1. Rescuers should immediately withdrawal from space whenever a respiratory problem develops

2. Rescuers should wear full a full body harness and use life lines when ever practical

3. Minimum capacity of of the source air should be twice the volume of the total needs of all rescuers connected to it for the anticipated duration of the rescuer’s entry

Safe Work Practices cont:Safe Work Practices cont:

4. A minimum team of two rescuers should be utilized for all permit space rescue entries

Lifting/Raising SystemsLifting/Raising Systems

Miller TripodMiller Tripod

Miller Tripods provide a highly portable anchorage system for typical confined space entry and rescue systems

Made of high-strength aluminum, the tripod withstands up to 5,000 lbs of pull yet weights only 42 lbs

Legs lock independently and adjust with integral push pins allowing set up on uneven surfaces

SKED EVAC TripodSKED EVAC Tripod

Features aircraft-grade, gold-anodized aluminum legs and a cast-aluminum head

Three heavy-duty rigging anchors have exceptionally large holes for easy attachment and are located in the center


Legs adjust in 5-inch increments for a maximum height of 10 feet and a minimum length for transport of 7 feet

Holes in the feet allow the tripod to be bolted into position

119 inch height / 5,280 lbs (23kN)


Ladder A-FramesLadder A-Frames

Mechanical Advantage Mechanical Advantage SystemsSystems

Retrieval SystemsRetrieval Systems

1910.146 (k)(3) requires that retrieval systems be used except when the retrieval equipment would increase the risk to an entrant or would not contribute to the rescue of an entrant.

When a retrieval system is not used, alternate methods of retrieval must be developed.

Retrieval Retrieval SystemsSystems

Red Rescuer

Yellow Rescuer

Retrieval SystemsRetrieval Systems

Primary Rescuer in the space, secondary rescuer being lowered in on retrieval system and a safety.

MA SystemsMA Systems

Rescuer hauler 4:1 system– 3-inch double pulley with a cam – rope can move in only one direction when the

cam is engaged – allows rescuer to raise a load by pulling on the

tail end of the rope, releasing it, and getting another grip


Rescuer hauler 4:1– cam can be released manually by pulling on the

attached cord – accommodates rope sizes from 3/8” (10mm) to

1/2” (12/5mm). – Minimum break strength when in use is 12,000

lb

Rescuer Hauler 4:1Rescuer Hauler 4:1


1:1 COD1:1 COD

2:1 MA System2:1 MA System



Patient Evacuation DevicesPatient Evacuation Devices

Patient Evacuation Devices Patient Evacuation Devices

Patient packaging devices that can be used in confined spaces include but are not limited to the following:– Full spine immobilization devices– Short spine immobilization devices– Litters– Prefabricated full body harnesses– Tied full body harnesses– Wrist loops (wristlets)

Prefabricated Class III Prefabricated Class III HarnessesHarnesses

C-Space Practical ExercisesC-Space Practical Exercises

C-Space RescueC-Space Rescue

Priority 1: Make the scene safe– Assess hazards– Mitigate hazards: Control or remove hazards

Priority 2: Victim contact by Primary Rescuer– Establish victim location– Perform initial assessment if possible– Determine mechanism of injury– Begin psychological first aid

C-Space RescueC-Space RescuePriority 3: Size-up

-Gather information: MSDS, etc.-Risk benefit analysis (Go/no-go)-Implement ICS-Team member assignments (support personnel, ventilation, monitoring, air watch, decon, etc.)

Priority 4: Preparation-Rescuer PPE-Anchoring & rigging rescue equipment-Authorized entrant review


Priority 5: Access Victim

-Designate Rescue Sector Officer

-Utilize rescuer retrieval (high point)

-Designate stand-by personnel

Priority 6: Stabilize and package victim

-Provide first aid to life threatening injuries

-Secure packaging for rescue transport


Priority 7: Evacuate

-Move victim to safe location

-Provide medical report to EMS

-Remove rescuers from space

Priority 8: Response Termination

-Take up/inventory gear

-Decon if necessary

-Rebuild gear packs (if necessary)

LINE MANAGEMENT IS CRITICAL IN ANY CSPACE ENTRY FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON:

Rescue ResponseRescue Response

Non-IDLH Atmosphere– Incident Commander– Rescue Sector Officer– Entry Supervisor:

Verifies tests required are complete Determines that space remains safe during work Removes unauthorized persons from space area Terminates entry if conditions are poor/degrading


– Attendant: Knows space hazards Knows effects of exposure Remains outside space at all times Communicates with entrant(s) Monitors entry activities Calls RESCUE if needed Prevents unauthorized entry Performs no conflicting duties


– Entrant (Primary): Knows space hazards Recognizes exposure signs/symptoms Recognizes effects of exposure Uses proper PPE Communicates with attendant Alerts attendants of hazards


– Entrant (Stand-by): Knows space hazards Recognizes exposure signs/symptoms Recognizes effects of exposure Uses proper PPE Communicates with attendant Alerts attendants of hazards Rescuer for primary entrant


– Support Personnel: Ventilation/metering/air watch/decon, etc.

– Safety Officer: Oversees scene for safety hazards In matters of safety, has authority over the incident

commander During rescue, each rescuer should consider

him/herself equally responsible for safety

IDLH AtmosphereIDLH Atmosphere

– Incident Commander– Rescue Sector Officer– Entry Supervisor:

Verifies tests required are complete Determines that space remains safe during work Removes unauthorized persons from space area Terminates entry if conditions are poor/degrading


– Attendant: Knows space hazards Knows effects of exposure Remains outside space at all times Communicates with entrant(s) Monitors entry activities Calls RESCUE if needed Prevents unauthorized entry Performs no conflicting duties


– Entrant (Primary # 1): Knows space hazards Recognizes exposure signs/symptoms Recognizes effects of exposure Uses proper PPE Communicates with attendant Alerts attendants of hazards


– Entrant (Primary # 2): Knows space hazards Recognizes exposure signs/symptoms Recognizes effects of exposure Uses proper PPE Communicates with attendant Alerts attendants of hazards


– Entrant (Stand-by # 1): Knows space hazards Recognizes exposure signs/symptoms Recognizes effects of exposure Uses proper PPE Communicates with attendant Alerts attendants of hazards Rescuer for primary entrant


– Entrant (Stand-by # 2): Knows space hazards Recognizes exposure signs/symptoms Recognizes effects of exposure Uses proper PPE Communicates with attendant Alerts attendants of hazards Rescuer for primary entrant


– Support Personnel: Ventilation/metering/air watch/decon, etc.

– Safety Officer: Oversees scene for safety hazards In matters of safety, has authority over the incident

commander During rescue, each rescuer should consider

him/herself equally responsible for safety

Wrap UpWrap Up

QuestionsPractical Exercises:

– Knot Review– SCBA Review/diminished profile– Harnesses/SKED lashing– A-Frames/Gin Pole construction– Confined space exercises

Documents

Confined Space Rescue. Training Topics IRespiratory Protection Anatomy and Physiology II Confined Space Emergencies IIIToxic Atmosphere Monitoring Equipment