Concepual Design (2-3)

8/12/2019 Concepual Design (2-3)

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Systematic Design Process

Conceptual Design Components and

Ethics



Systematic design process:

Requirements

Specifications

Conceptual Design

Embodiment Design Detailed Design


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Conceptual Design

So far we have developed methods tounderstand and define customers' needs

!e used ob"ective trees to e#pand on theneeds and determine the various levels of

goals

!e used functional trees to address thedifferent functions that need to be

carried out in a hierarchical manner$ tosatisfy the needs

Conceptual Design

%hen we drew up the specification chart

based on what we needed to achieve andwhat we needed to do to achieve the

ob"ectives

%he specifications that must be satisfied

were classified as &must$ and those thatwill simply enhance the product quality as

&desired


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Conceptual Design

Specifications describe what needs to be

achieved in a measurable quantity ratherthan describing a qualitative desire

e#pressed at the ob"ective stage

%he ne#t step is to come up with more than

one artifact that will satisfy the needs of thecustomer$ ta(ing into consideration the

desires and wishes of the specifications

Conceptual Design

)ow you have readied a stage whereconcepts need to be generated based onwhat you have accomplished in theprevious steps in the design process

%hese concepts represent multiple

solutions to the problem


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Conceptual DesignA. Conceptual Design Definition.

B. Creativity.

C. Types.

D. Difficulty with Conceptual Design.

E. Function Means Tree.

F. Morphological Chart.

G. Concepts Elicitation

H. Ethics at the Conceptual tage.

Conceptual Design

A. Conceptual Design

Definition

onceptual Design *noun+is the definition of ,means-groups *subsets+ of functions from the overall list of

functions which the product has to perform as given inthe product concept or specification

onceptual Design *verb+is the process of defining thesub groups of requirements and the means to providethem

.t is achieved in two steps:

/ 0rouping the functions for each sub1means

/ Establishing the sub1means which would integrate with othersub1means in harmony

Conceptual design involves creativity


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B. Creativity

.n many design boo(s there is a strong connection betweendesign and creativity Some research concludes that design

is a creative process by nature

)ed 2errmann$ author of %he creative 3rain$ definescreativity as follows: &Creativity in its fullest sense involvesboth generating an idea and manifesting .t 4 ma(ingsomething happen as a result %o strengthen creativeability$ you need to apply the idea in some form that enables

both the e#perience itself and your own reaction and others-to reinforce your performance 5s you and others applaud

your creative endeavors$ you are li(ely to become morecreative,-

B. Creativity .n previous definitions we see that creativity is associated

with generating ideas

Research has found that groups perform better on creativeproblem1solving tas(s .t has been said that two heads arebetter than one$ which may be also applied to creativity

3rainstorming is the best1(nown and most widely usedtechnique for idea generation in groups *how many 3S types we have+2owever$ for brainstorming sessions to outperform

individuals in generating ideas$ participants must6 have some social relationships

7 have used some of the idea generated

8 have some technical e#perience pertinent to the problem

9 have wor(ed some tas(s interdependently


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B. Creativity

%o increase your level of creativity6 now your thin(ing style

7 ;se visual imagery

8 Reframing

9 2umor

ed$ planned detailed$ andsequential

c+ ;pper right: holistic$ intuitive$ synthesi>ing$ and

integrating

d+ =ower right: emotional$ social andcommunicative

1. Know your

thinking

style.

2. Use visual

imagery .

3. Reframing.

4. Humor.

5. Information

gathering.


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B. Creativity

.n team wor($ you may encounter differentthin(ing styles

5 good team is one that represents a fullbrain

?ou can train yourself to have all quadrantsfunction at the same power or increaseactivities toward utili>ing more of a specificquadrant by@

a+ .dentifying the wea(ness@ and

b+ 5ttac(ing problems that require theutili>ation of a wea( quadrant

1. Know your

thinking

style.

2. Use visual

imagery .

3. Reframing.

4. Humor.

5. Information

gathering.

B. Creativity7 ;se visual imagery:

Einstein asserted that imagination ismore important than (nowledge for(nowledge is finite whereas imaginationis infinite

3ernard Shaw said & you see things andsay whyA 3ut . dream things that never

where and say why notAB

ost visual thin(ers clarify and developtheir thin(ing with s(etches

Drawing not only helps to bring vagueinner images into focus@ it also provides a

records of the advancing thought stream

1. Know your

thinking

style.

2. Use visual

imagery.

3. Reframing.

4. Humor.

5. Information

gathering.


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B. Creativity

8 Reframing:

Einstein asserted that problems cannot be solvedby thin(ing within the framewor( in which theproblems were created Reframing involvesta(ing problems out of their frame and seeingthem in a different conte#t .t allowsconsideration of potentially valuable ideasoutside current frames

%he most common habits that limit the ability tochange mental frames are as follows:

a ursuit of perfection

b ear of failure

c Delusion of already (nowing the answer

d %erminal seriousness

1. Know your

thinking

style.

2. Use visual

imagery.

3. Reframing.

4. Humor.

5. Information

gathering.

B. Creativity

9 2umor:

.t was said that &en of humor are always in

some degree men of genius

1. Know your

thinking

style.

2. Use visual

imagery.

3. Reframing.

4. Humor.

5. Information

gathering.


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B. Creativity


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D. Difficulty with Conceptual Design

%he means proposed may not be self1sufficient toprovide the functions which are to be performed

%hey may need e#tra functions *secondaryfunctions+ to perform its original intendedfunctions

%he secondary functions may need secondarymeans

Rotating Drum of a !ashing achine

rincipal function is to agitate the clothes atspecified speeds for specified times

%wo secondary functions necessary are

/ 5 measuring function to sequence and controlactivities

/ 5 power regulating function to give the currentrequired to get the speed


Example !ashing "achine Drum


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5nother e#ample

where our principlefunctions need more

sub1functions topreform the needs

completely

drummotor

splash shield

leg

Concrete

Mix spills

out of drum

Tilt Mixer

& Frame

by pushing

on Handlestippingplate

pivot

blades

wheel

STAND

MIXER UNITframe

D. Difficulty with Conceptual DesignExample Concrete "ixing "achine

Provide and Assist Mixing

Provide Rotating Facility

Provide Start and Stop Switches

Provide Flexible Operation

Provide Mixing Volume

Provide Cut Off

Provide for Easy Cleaning

Provide Mixing Agent (Blades)

Rotate the Bowl

Provide Strength to the Bowl

Provide Support Permitting Rotation

Provide Maintenance-Free Operation

Provide Non-Sticking Exterior

Provide Power Assistance for Mixing

Provide Tilting f acility to the Bowl

Provide Non-Sticking Interior

Provide Controls

Provide Easy Loading and Unloading (Open Mouth)

Provide Emergency Stop


Example !ashing "achine Drum


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unction eans %ree whencompleted is an effective way ofshowing the conceptual design

.t is a useful method to developconceptual designs

.t essentially has twocomponents ,unctions- and,eans-

ENLARGE &PROJECT IMAGE

SLIDE PROJECTORPRINCIPLE

OHPPRINCIPLE

EDISCOPEPRINCIPLE

DIFUSELIGHT

DIRECTLIGHT

TURNON/OFF

FOCUSLIGHT

DISPERSEHEAT

PROVIDEE-POWER

CARRYIMAGE

PROVIDEE-POWER

CHANGEDIRECTION

SUPPORTLAMP

REDUCENOISE

PROVIDELIGHT

TURNON / OFF

TRANSPAR-ENT FOIL

MAINS

ELECTRICLAMP

FRENSELLENS

CURVEDMIRROR

LENSSYSTEM

FAN

MIRROR

SOCKET

MECHANICALLYCOUPLEDSWITCH

E. #unction "eans Tree


.t helps to go beyond the terminology and to (nowwhat you-re really trying to do

%hin( of the &functionsB as what you must do

%hin( of the &meansB as how you might do it

%he unction1eans %ree is a tool for listing theprimary functions of a design and various means of

achieving those functions


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3efore you start too far down the path of &brainstormingBvarious design alternatives4

Determine the primary functions that are required

Show these on the top level of the tree

=ist various means by which each function may beimplemented

Show these on the ne#t level of the tree

Determine secondary functions that would result fromimplementing each of the means

Show these on the ne#t level of the tree %he tree continues to alternate between means and

functions until you reach a reasonable termination point

E. #unction$"eans TreeExample %ighter

.0).%E=E5?

5%ER.5=S

Electrically2eated!ire

5pply heatto leafy

materials

0enerateelectriccurrent

!all1outlet1

based system

3attery1based

system

Controlelectricalcurrent

Convert chemicalenergy to

electrical current

Storeelectricity

Convertelectricity

to heat

iniatureheat pump

Resistive wire

rotectusers frompost1usage

burns

ocusedSunlight

=aser lame

Store fuelControlflame

.gnite fuel

Spar(Electricalresistance

rotectelectric

current fromflame

0enerateelectric current

Supply fuelfor flame

3utane 0asoline

Function

eans

Primary function

Possible means of achieving

the primary functionSecondary functions

Secondary means

Tertiary functions


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#. "orphological Analysis

5ims to generate the complete range of alternative

design solutions for a product and hence to widen the

search for potential new solutions

=ist the features or functions that are essential to the

product

or each feature or function list the means by which it

might be achieved

Draw up a chart containing all the sub1solutions

.dentify feasible combinations of sub1solutions

.t is a useful method to develop conceptual designs

.t essentially has two components ,unctions- and ,eans-



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Fnce the various functions at various levels are (nown$ wefind the principles at wor( for each of the functions andsub1functions %he wor(ing principle must be based on thephysical effect needed to achieve the given function basedon the flow of materials$ energy$ and information withineach function Each function may be achieved in a number

of ways

.n some cases$ there are as many as eight possible ways toachieve the same function %he general idea is to identifyas many means possible to achieve the same functional

requirement %he following igure shows a orphological Chart e#tracted

from a classification scheme once for a for(lift truc( andother for mechanical vegetable collection system


#. "orphological Analysis$ Example #or&lift Truc&

Steering Turningwheels

RailsAir

thrust

Param-eters

Possible Solutions

Moving Airthrust

Powerto wheels

Haulingalong acable

Linearinduction

motor

Trans-mission

Hydraulic Gears &shafts

Belts orchains

Flexiblecable

StoppingReversepower Brakes

Blocksunder

wheels

Drag aweight onthe floor

Support WheelsAir

cushionTracks Slides Spheres

Power Electric Bottledgas Petrol Diesel Steam

Lifting ScrewHydraulic

ram

Rack &pinion

Chain orrope hoist

Operator Seatedat front

Seatedat rear

Standing Walking Remotecontrol

Means

FUNCTION


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A Working

Structures

for a

Mechanical

Vegetable

Collection

System

#. "orphological Analysis$ Example mechanical vegeta'le collection system

(. Concepts) Elicitation5lternative concepts can easily generated from the

orphological Chart as shown@

Alt., 3

Alt., 2

Alt., 1


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*. Ethics at the Conceptual

Stage

.n your groups discuss how ethical issues ormoral theories could be relevant at theconceptual stage

a(e a list of your findings and try to thin( ofsome e#amples

!e shall discuss it after you complete your groupdiscussion

*!

Develop a morphological chart for deviceyou are intending to design$ and define the

three most acceptable conceptualalternatives for your design

Documents

Concepual Design (2-3)