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CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR IN THE NEW YORK TIMES POLITICAL
HEADLINES
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Bachelor Degree (S1)
MIRFA LAILLA R.
NIM. 11140260000031
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2018
i
ABSTRACT
Mirfa Lailla Rahmaniyah, Conceptual Metaphor In The New York Times
Political Headlines. Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities
Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2018.
The aim of this research is to categorize metaphorical expressions and to
analyze the meaning of metaphorical expressions in The New York Times
political headlines during December 2017. It is a qualitative research based on
conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) according to George Lakoff and Mark
Johnson (1980) and by using the cognitive semantic approach from Charles J.
Fillmore (1982). The elaboration of correspondence or mapping the metaphor
concept is used to conceptualize the relations between the source domain and the
target domain to understand its literal meaning. There are 30 data that are
analyzed and collected by data reduction that consist of twelve structural
metaphors, ten orientational metaphors and eight ontological metaphors. The
mapping process produce the words and the sentences is easier to understand.
Keywords: Semantics, Conceptual Metaphors, Source domain, Target domain,
Political expressions
ii
APPROVAL SHEET
iii
LEGALIZATION
iv
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to be the best of
my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written
by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for
the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institutes of
higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jakarta, July 2018
Mirfa Lailla R.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillahirahmanirahim
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful, the most Beneficent
May peace and blessing of Allah be upon all of us
Alhamdulillah, all praises to Allah SWT the Almighty and Magnificent,
for Allah blessing and guidance that has an enormous miracle in every struggle
for the writer to accomplish this thesis. Blessing and salutation be upon the most
honorable Prophet Muhammad SAW, his relatives and followers.
The writer’s deep gratitude goes to her beloved parents, Mirtam and Ria
Juhairia, for all their love, prayers, patience, and support both moral and material,
also her sisters, Mirna Rahmadinna and Mirta Rahmatilah, as well her lovely
cousins, Haliza and Haifa, thanks for the cheers and laugh. The writer also wants
to give her deepest gratitude to Mr. Abdurrosyid, S.S., M.EIL, as her thesis
advisor for his guidance, helpful correction, cooperation, and time until the thesis
done well.
The gratitude is also dedicated to Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M. Ag., the
Dean of faculty of Letters and Humanities; Drs. Saefudin, M. Pd., the head of
English Language and Literature Department; Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum., the
secretary of English Language and Literature Department; and all the lectures of
English Language and Literature Department who had taught her during study at
UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
vi
In addition, the writer would like to give appreciation to the most
meaningful people that the writer assures for her work would not finish without
their support and aids. They are as follows:
1. All English Letters’ Student Class of 2014, in Linguistics and B Class,
especially Annisa Elfiana, Laila, Alysa, Ray, Anggia and her scooter,
also Arcci who have been mutually telling each other to finish the thesis.
2. KKN UINESCO 2017, who always give support to the writer, thanks for
all precious moments spent together in Kalong Liud.
3. Genk Orang Kaya, who always give the writer ammunition. To Putri Ayu,
Trisna, Madel, Novia L., and Dita, thanks for the joy and your kindness.
4. PT Robert Bosch which provide the writer facilities during processing the
thesis and the writer’s friend in there. To her besties, Mutiara, Overia,
Cornelita, Yanuar, Eqi, and Nomo who always supporting and
accompanying her. Thanks for the fun and jokes.
5. All the people and friends who helped the writer in finishing her study
indirectly that cannot be mentioned one by one.
May Allah bless and give greatest award to them. This thesis is expected to
give many benefits and be useful for the writer herself and all the people who read
it. However, the writer realizes this thesis is not fullly perfect, the writer would
like to receive any critism and suggestion for the sake of better work.
Jakarta, July 2018
The writer
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ i
APPROVAL SHEET ............................................................................................ ii
LEGALIZATION ................................................................................................ iii
DECLARATION .................................................................................................. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... vii
LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................. ix
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1
A. Research Background................................................................................... 1
B. Research Focus............................................................................................. 4
C. Research Questions ...................................................................................... 4
D. Research Significance .................................................................................. 4
E. Research Methodology................................................................................. 5
1. Research Objectives ................................................................................. 5
2. Research Method ...................................................................................... 5
3. Research Intrument ................................................................................... 6
4. Unit of Analysis ........................................................................................ 6
5. Data Collecting and Data Analysis Technique ......................................... 6
CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK…........................................ 8
A. Previous Research ........................................................................................ 8
B. Types of Meaning ...................................................................................... 10
C. Metaphor in Semantics ............................................................................... 11
2.1 Conceptual Metaphor ............................................................................. 13
viii
2.1.1 Structural Metaphor ........................................................................ 15
2.1.2 Orientational Metaphor ................................................................... 16
2.1.3 Ontological Metaphor ..................................................................... 17
D. Analysis of Conceptual Metaphor .............................................................. 18
2.2 Source Domain, Target domain, Correspondence/Mapping .................. 18
2.3 Hightlighting and hiding ........................................................................ 21
2.4 Image Schema ........................................................................................ 22
E. Metaphorical Expressions Function ........................................................... 23
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS…............... 25
A. Data Description......................................................................................... 25
B. Data Analysis ............................................................................................. 32
CHAPTER IV : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION…............................... 53
A. Conclusion ................................................................................................. 53
B. Suggestion .................................................................................................. 54
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 56
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 60
ix
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 Conceptual Metaphor Mapping ‘TARGET is SOURCE’..................... 19
Table 2.2 Conceptual Metaphor Mapping ‘ARGUMENT IS WAR’ ................... 20
Table 2.3 Conceptual Metaphor Mapping ‘LOVE IS JOURNEY’ ...................... 20
Table 3.1 Conceptual Metaphor, Types, Meaning and Function .......................... 25
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
Every text has a communicative purpose, including words, phrases or
sentences. In everyday language, people are always surrounded by words and
languages that have a certain meaning (Keraf, 15). Semantics is one which
carry out lexical items that contain in their definitions variables not found in
the expressions that contain them. These variables are relevant to the semantic
interpretation of wssssssssord, phrase or sentences, because there are
situations in which metaphorical process involving these variables (Fillmore,
22). The New York Times is one example of a daily online newspaper that
contains various information about the current situation in the society. The
topics of politics in The New York Times is determined in this research
because it was a hot issue in 2017 in which American people paid attention
about the politics issue. It is possible that the use of metaphor occurs in the
headlines but its use makes the readers feel difficult to understand the meaning
of its headline especially the use of political ideas will be too complicated for
certain people. However, some communication techniques are required in
order to deliver message efficiently.
The transfer of meaning, image, or the quality of an expression to another
phrase is called a metaphor (Classe, 941). According to Keraf (15) metaphors
are included in the style of figurative language. In Metaphor We Live By,
2
Lakoff and Johnson state the use of metaphor is not only in the literary works
but in a conceptual systems. Metaphors are presented in everyday life, such as
time, circumstances, actions, cause and effect (Lakoff & Johnson, 3).
Moreover, the concepts of metaphor govern the thought not just matter of the
intellect. It also govern everyday functioning (Lakoff & Johnson, 4).
According to Koopman et al (21) all words have some general meanings
which means independent of the language study. Radford states the formation
of words, phrases, and sentences adjust the principles of its interpretation.
Words represent categorizations of experience, and each category is underlain
by motivating situation occuring agaisnt a background of knowledge and
experience (Fillmore, 112). Therefore, the idea are delivered by metaphorical
process. Boers argues that the metaphor accommodates the mapping concepts
both abstract and concrete (in Gibbs, 4).
Metaphoric language depends not only on the choice of words, but also on
particular grammatical constructions. The important part of metaphoric
language is a selection of words, yet a specific grammatical context in order to
be interpreted metaphorically in these words must occur (Sullivan, 3). For
instance, bright idea is explainable partially because the the target-domain
“nonmetaphoric” noun idea is modified the source-domain predicating
adjective bright (metaphorically meaning “intelligent”). A similar phrase with
a target-domain adjective and a sourcedomain noun, such as intelligent light,
lacks the meaning “intelligent idea” (Sullivan, 2).
3
It is noteworthy to have an insight into how metaphor concept govern our
everyday functioning, down to the most common details. Particularly in the
eveday life, we have found that most of our ordinary conceptual system is
metaphorical in nature. And we have to find a way to begin to identify in
detail what the metaphor are structured, how we percieve, how we think, and
what we do. Besides, some previous research has revealed that the majority of
research studies on metaphor belong to the field of semantics and syntagmatic.
The first previous research is Syntax of Newspaper Headlines: Semantic and
Metaphorical Shades by Msc. Elda Katorri and Dr. Aida Gjinali (2014), the
second previous research is Conceptual metaphor in syntax: sentence
structure level by Svetlana Kuzmina (2013), and the last previous research is
Sport Metaphors in Political News Headlines by Nguyen Thi Thu Hang
(2016).
It is significant to analyze the metaphorical expressions which involves in
the news headlines, so the readers will understand the literal meaning of the
expressions. In order to gain deeper understanding of metaphor in field of
semantics. Moreover, this research will apply conceptual metaphor theory and
by using semantics frame to analyze the data. Furthermore, This research is
expected to categorize metaphorical expressions and to analyze the meaning
of metaphorical expressions in The New York Times political headlines based
on conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) according to George Lakoff and Mark
Johnson and by using the cognitive semantic approach from Charles J.
Fillmore. Therefore, metaphor language is important to be discussed for the
4
general public so that people will be understand the certain meaning of
metaphor especially in a political headlines.
B. Research Focus
This research limits the data collection on the metaphorical expression in
The New York Times political headlines during December 2017.
Furthermore, this research will be focus on the categorization of metaphors
and the analysis of the metaphorical expressions in words, phrases and
sentences to find its certain meaning based on conceptual metaphor theory
(CMT) by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980) and Charles J. Fillmore
(1982) on cognitive semantic approach.
C. Research Questions
Based on the research background above, the issues that will be discussed
of this research are:
1. What are the types of metaphor in The New York Times political
headlines?
2. How does the types of metaphor affect the meaning in The New York
Times political headlines?
D. Research Significance
This research is expected to give a positive contribution in linguistics
study especially in semantics field in term of conceptual metaphor and
5
semantics frame. Moreover, this research can be used as a reference materials
for the next researcher who are interested in conceptual metaphor.
Practically, the result of this research hopefully give the knowledge
about metaphorical expressions especially its literal meaning and its
function contains in the news headlines.
E. Research Methodology
1. Research Objectives
Based on the research questions, this research intends:
a. To find out and describe the types of metaphor in The New York
Times political headlines.
b. To analyze the meaning of metaphor in The New York Times
political headlines.
2. Research Method
This research uses qualitative method with cognitive semantic
approach. Qualitative method is used to describe phenomena related to
other phenomena (Farkhan, 4). According to Elliot and Timulak (5) all
analyzes include describing and checking the data as a part of qualitative
method. From this descriptive data, the writer will make a generalization
by describing the metaphor based on its mapping.
6
3. Research Instrument
Instruments are tools or the way to obtain data or information that
needed in a study (Farkhan, 52). The instrument of this study is the writer
herself as the main instrument for obtaining data by reading and searching
for words, phrases, and sentences which contain metaphorical expressions
in The New York Times political headlines.
4. Unit of Analysis
The unit analysis of this research is a political headlines which contain
metaphorical expressions in The New York Times during December 2017.
5. Data Collecting and Data Analysis Technique
The technique of collecting data that used in this research is
blibiographical technique as this research uses written sources to obtain
the data. The data will be collected through thre following steps:
a) Accessing the website of The New York Times politics section
(https://www.nytimes.com/section/politics);
b) Identifying words, phrases, and sentences that contain the
metaphorical expressions in The New York Times during
december 2017;
c) Reducing the data by data reduction process that represents the
analysis;
7
d) Marking words, phrases, and sentences that contain the
metaphorical expressions on a data card;
After data is collected, all data is analyzed. There are some steps as
follows:
a) Describing the source domain and compile the data into the type of
metaphors;
b) Explaining the relation between the target domain and the source
domain;
c) Explaining the meaning of the metaphorical expressions by using
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary;
d) Making the conclusion based on the theory that had explained.
8
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research
To start this research, the writer will explains some previous researches
that contained a related theory and a related data analysis with this research. It
is used to avoid any similarities toward the analysis.
The first is the research of Syntax of Newspaper Headlines: Semantic and
Metaphorical Shades by Katorri and Gjinali (2014). Katorri and Gjinali use
syntax approach and sociolinguistics and focused on the characteristic of
linguistics from the newspaper headlines, especially in syntactic, lexicon, and
stylistics from four different publications during 24 October 2014. Katorri and
Gjinali’s research reveal the categorization of the two domains of linguistic
structure type, consist of two segments and divided by comma or colon; the
headline of noun, consists of noun determined by attributes or extensions of
meaning; the headline which is consisting of verbal sentences, and the
headline which is containing of direct speech, with or without the use of
quotation marks.
The second previous research is Conceptual metaphor in syntax: sentence
structure level by Kuzmina (2013). This research discussed about a tool of
conceptualizing real-world situations through the peculiarities of conceptual
9
metaphor instantiation in English syntax and focuses on concept of metaphor,
both physical and abstract, and as a factor determining the syntactical structure
of an utterance about a circumstances. The result of Kuzmina’s research is the
interpretation of circumstances through concept of metaphor has been shown
to consist in several types of regular mappings between source domain and
target domain, to be grounded in experiential resemblance of situations and
cultural tradition and to be limited by compatibility of the situations’ generic
structures. The conceptual metaphor is supported by ontological metaphor.
The last previous research is Sport Metaphors in Political News Headlines
by Hang (2016). This research investigates sport metaphors in the context of
politics and focuses on the sport metaphors. Hang’s research also elaborates
on a single kind of metaphor, that is, structural metaphor with the concept
POLITICS IS SPORT. The result of this research shows, among 100
appropriate news headlines found, 35 titles which contain sport metaphors,
there is a logical relation between the source domain and the target domain,
sport concept is not only express and give a politic message, but also illustrate
comprehensively understand the cognitive mechanism of American people
when they use sport terms to refer to political matters.
Unlike the three research above, this research is different in terms of
research problem and corpus data. Katorri and Gjinali’s research is focus on
syntax and sociolinguistics term while this research is focus on semantics
term, then Kuzmina’s research use article in news headlines and the writer use
the headlines as a corpus data. Furthermore, to address the research issues
10
related to the type of metaphor as well as the meaning and function of the
metaphorical expressions which is contained in the political headline in The
New York Times, the conceptual metaphorical theory (CMT) of Lakoff and
Johnson and with the semantic approach from Charles J. Filllmore is used by
the writer for the analysis.
B. Types of Meaning
According to Bloomfield (139) meaning is divided into two types, the first
is normal or central meaning and the second is marginal or metaphoric or
transferred meaning. Knowles and Moon (14) state literal meaning refers to a
concrete thing. While the marker that refers to the other referents is called the
connotative meaning (marginal meaning). The non literal meaning refers to
the abstract thing. Furthermore, the explanation of the quality of meaning
explained by Keraf who divides the meaning into two types, namely the
denotative and the connotative meaning (17). The denotative word has no
additional meaning whereas the meaning which contains additional meaning
beside the central meaning is called connotative meaning. The tranfered
meaning is the use of lexem with the strange meaning (Abrams, 63). Study the
example below:
(1) ‘my cat smells a rat’
(2) The Corruption Eradication Commission did not hear any more from
KAPOLRI prespective. They began to smell a rat.
11
In example (1) the first reference is smell or sniff a rat while in the
example (2) the reader should refer to something else because we know a
institution or someone will not smell or sniff a rat. If the reader imposes
the first reference is smell or sniff a rat, it becomes illogical. However, if
the reader refers to the sense that something is not right, the sentence will
be acceptable. The marker is referring to the other referents are called by
the marginal meaning (connotative).
From the theory above, it can be concluded that the central
meaning refers to a literal reference which is concrete and denotative while
the marginal meaning refers to the other references, abstract and
connotative.
C. Metaphor in Semantics
According to Langacker (15) semantic structure is a conceptualization that is
used to express a meaning. (Langacker, 2) Semantics seeks to analyze
structurally and explicitly describe the meaning of abstract entities such as
concepts and thoughts. The unity of mental knowledge and experience associated
with the language symbol representing, it is called meaning (Darmojuwono,
121). According to Fillmore (111), frame semantics is offering a particular way
of looking at word meanings, as well as a way of characterizing principles for
creating new word and phrase, for adding new meanings to word, and for
assembling the meaning of elements in a text into the total meaning of text. The
discussion of meaning is closely related to metaphor. The relationship between
12
words and meanings lies at the core of the metaphor. A lexem or word can be
determined if it is in the context of a particular sentence.
According to Ogden and Richards, the meaning of a word is derived from the
relationship between symbols of language or symbols, mental images and
referents or references. The meaning is a mental image that arises in the human
mind when they are hearing or reading the sign of language. In the metaphors,
there are two meanings, namely the literal meaning and the metaphorical meaning
(Searle, 520). The metaphorical meaning is the meaning that is diverted from the
meaning of the actual word to the meaning of another word. The metaphorical
meaning significantly concerns the non-metaphorical and the construction of
metaphorical usage related to non-metaphorical usage (Sullivan, 27). The
metaphoric meaning is somehow related to non-metaphoric meaning. That is, the
metaphoric uses of words and constructions are related to their non-metaphoric
uses. Semantic frame is use to identify how these uses are related (Fillmore, 3).
Semantic frames have appeared mostly in analyses of metaphoric language.
Conceptual metaphor theorists have suggested that frame structure is preserved in
metaphoric mappings.
Steen (as cited in Mouraz1 et al, 99) argues that all metaphor can be treated as
analogy. There are two metaphorical approaches, the traditional metaphors and
the metaphors based on a cognitive approach or called a conceptual metaphor. The
explanation of both approaches is in the following.
13
The traditional metaphor is one of a figure of speech and gives another
meaning to words as an implicit comparison. The scope of traditional metaphor is
in the discussion of the style of language. According to Parera (7) and Laksana
(51), the metaphor is a comparison of equations that does not refer to its literal
meaning. It can be concluded that the metaphor is an implicit comparison between
two things without a conjunction and it does not refer to its literal meaning. The
two things in the traditional metaphors are not a comparative concepts but a
comparison of two terms.
The metaphorical process in traditional approach is not systematic but based
on a partial shift in the component of meaning. For example, in black or smear
campaign. Some components of the meaning of 'dark or black', such as ‘no light,
dark, not bright' are shifted. In the metaphorical process, the literal meaning is not
‘no light in the campaign’, but ‘an attempt to damage or question a person's
reputation, by issuing negative propaganda.’ However, in the traditional approach
there is no conceptual system underlying this metaphorical choice.
2.1 Conceptual Metaphor
According to Lakoff and Johnson (3) metaphors are not merely integrated in
the language but also in the actions and thoughts of everyday human life.
Metaphorical theory is known as the conceptual metaphor theory (CMT). The
study of linguistic metaphors or CMT is not quite simply; it aims at settling
crucial cognitive problems: e.g., how do people understand abstract domains
such as morality, politics, and mathematics. It is thanks to bodily experience,
14
approximately shared across humans and metaphorically projected onto abstract
domains, making them understandable (Fusaroli & Morgagni in Bundgaard et al,
2).
In the CMT, there are two conceptual of metaphor domains, the source
domain and the target domain. The source domain is used by humans to
understand the abstract concept in the target domain. The source domains are
commonly found in everyday life and are more concrete, while the target domain
is abstract. The relationship between the objects create an understanding of the
meaning of a particular object through the understanding of the meaning of the
other objects is organized by metaphor (Lakoff & Johnson, 3).
For example, people often argue with the other people. Based on the
experience of the argument, the term ‘I have never won an argument with him’
comes up. This sentence is considered to face the war. It produces a conceptual
method in the human mind that ARGUMENT IS WAR. The concept is the base
of the emergence of the other metaphorical terms, as in the following sentence;
‘he attacks in every weak point my argument’ and ‘you disagree? Okay, shoot!’.
The words of attacks and shoots are part of the WAR concept, where the actors
in a war attack each other and shoot defenses.
Humans observe and treat the things they meet, feel and apply in the form
of metaphorical language through their daily speech and conceptualize it based
on the example with the concept of ARGUMENT and WAR. Kovescses (16)
states the conceptual metaphors are at the level of thought processes, which are
15
used to understand a conceptual domain by linking it to a different conceptual
domain. According to Ortony (208-209) the main principle of cognitive theory
by Lakoff and Johnson is that the metaphor takes place in the level of thought
process.
According to Zaltman and Zaltman (77) there are three levels of metaphor.
First, the structure of metaphor called the surface metaphor, is a form of
metaphor commonly used in everyday language. Second, the metaphor that lie
beneath the surface metaphor, the shape is almost similar to the surface metaphor
but there are in the human thoughts. Third, the deep metaphor, is a metaphorical
form that reflects a reflection of the basic view at the third level.
According to Lakoff and Johnson (15) the metaphor consists of three types
of metaphors: structural metaphors, orientational metaphors and ontological
metaphors. Here is the explanation of the three types of metaphors.
2.1.1 Structural Metaphor
A concept is formed metaphorically by using another concept called a
structural metaphor. The structural metaphor is based on a systematic
correlation in the experience and everyday life. This metaphor is an abstract
metaphorical system in the overall complex mental concept that is structured in
the sense of several other concepts (Hurford, 333). This structural metaphor is
based on two domains, the source domain and the target domain. Thus, the
source domain explains the origin of metaphorical expression formed while the
target domain explains the application of the metaphorical expression meaning.
16
In the example of ARGUMENT IS WAR, the source domain is WAR while the
target domain is ARGUMENT (Knowless & Moon, 15).
2.1.2 Orientational Metaphor
Orientational metaphor is a metaphor that reflects the different spatial
concepts and it is based on the physical experience of humans with the
orientation of space. The spatial orientation, ie up-down, in-out, front-back, on-
off, deep-shallow, central-peripheral is related to orientational metaphor.
Example can be studied below.
(3) HAPPY IS UP; SAD IS DOWN
The physical basis of this space is a drooping posture accompanied by
sadness and depression and an upright posture with a positive emotional state. In
the expressions, you’re in high spirits, my spirits rose, I’m feeling down, I fell into
a depression.
(4) CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN
The physical basis of this space is the general capture of humans and most
other mammals lying in sleep and standing awake. In the expressions, wake up.
I’m upalready. He dropped off to sleep. He sank into a coma.
(5) MORE IS UP; LESS IS DOWN
17
The physical basis of this space is when one adds more matter or physical
thing to a container or pile, the rate rises. In the expressions, his draft number is
high, my income rose last year, his income fell last year.
It can be concluded that the basic human concepts are structured on the
basis of one or more space-oriented metaphors, there is an internal systematic for
each orientational metaphor, and the orientational metaphor is rooted in physical
and cultural experience (Lakoff & Johnson, 18).
2.1.3 Ontological Metaphor
Metaphors that see events, emotional activity, and ideas as being and
substance are ontological metaphors. In other words, this metaphor considers the
abstract nouns as the concrete nouns. Ontological metaphor is not as a comparison
of two concepts but as a transfer of the nature of the source domain to the target
domain. The structure of human understanding of abstract concepts and
experiences with physical objects and substances in the reality helped by
conceptualize this metaphor (Hurford, 336). This metaphor understands human
experiences through the objects or the substances which drawn from some certain
aspects based on the experience to make a distinct entity (Lakoff & Johnson, 25).
As long as humans can identify their experiences as substances or entities,
they can refer to something, categorize it, incorporate it, and measure it. As an
example:
(6) INFLATION IS AN ENTITY
18
In ‘inflation seating up his profits’ and‘inflation has attacked the foundation
of our economy’expressions. The sentence implies that inflation can perform the
activities that are often done by humans. It provides an understanding that the
ontological metaphors overshadow personification. In the personification of
nonhuman entity can do activities as did by the humans (Lakoff & Johnson, 26).
D. Analysis of Conceptual Metaphor
According to Lakoff and Johnson (7) the analysis of meaning in this approach
can be described by systematizing metaphors. The systematization metaphor is
divided into three elements that is the source domain, target domain,
correspondence or mappings, highlighting and hiding and image schema. These
elements can be revealed a certain scheme that will show the metaphor system.
Here is an explanation of the elements in the conceptual or cognitive metaphor
analysis.
2.2 Source Domain, Target domain, Correspondence/Mapping
Knowles and Moon (24) state that the conceptual metaphors equate the
two domain of concepts as in ARGUMENT IS WAR. The source domain is used
to declare the concept area where metaphor is used such as WAR. ARGUMENT
IS WAR categorization based on word choice used to express ideas in debate. The
expressions such as attack, win, lose, shoot, strategy are in the field of meaning in
the domain of concept WAR. Therefore, the naming of this metaphor has the
domain of the WAR source, while the target domain is the concept area where
metaphor is used such as ARGUMENT.
19
Among the two areas of the domain there is a relationship called
correspondence or mappings. Correspondence or mapping is used to understand
and categorize the relationship between the two concepts (Kovesces, 7). The
relationship is created by the existence of experential bases in which the source
domain and the objective plan are incorporated into the appropriate structure or
the metaphor category which the placement is in the capital letters or it indicates
that the concept is intended. Lakoff and Johnson stated that the correspondence
and mappings are not based on the equations but the correlations both the source
and the target domain.
To simplify the understanding, the writer gives an example in a tabulation
format. By the tabulation, the characteristic in the metaphorical expressions and
the characteristic that support the metaphor categorization can be displayed
outright.
Table 2.1 Conceptual Metaphor Mapping ‘TARGET is SOURCE’
Target Domain Mappings Source Domain
Metaphorical interpretive
understanding in the
source domain.
Non metaphorical
interpretive
understanding in the
source domain.
The tabulation when it is applied to the ARGUMENT IS WAR concept.
20
Table 2.2 Conceptual Metaphor Mapping ‘ARGUMENT IS WAR’
Target Domain:
ARGUMENT
Mappings Source Domain : WAR
In the debate a strong
argument as a defender
In the war, a strong
defender is needed
In the debate, there is a
conflict or contradction
In the war, there is a
resistance or opposition
In the debate, the weak point
of the debate is a weak
argument
In the war, the attack on
the opponent's weak point
In the debate, there is an
agreement
In the war, there is a
fellowship
Another example of the mappings tabulation, as in the LOVE is
JOURNEY concept (Evans in Bundgaard et al, 78).
Table 2.3 Conceptual Metaphor Mapping ‘LOVE IS JOURNEY’
Target Domains: LOVE Mappings Source Domain:
JOURNEY
Lovers Travellers
Love Relationship Vehicle
Event in the Relationship Journey
Progress Made Distance Covered
Difficulties Experienced Obstacles Encountered
21
Choice about What to Do Decisions about Directions
Goals of the Relationship Destination of the Journey
In the tabulation above, it appears that correspondence and mapping
clearly show the structure of a concept domain that is illustrated through the other
conceptual structures. The metaphorical content is produced by mappings an
image-schematic structure of experiential content from a source domain onto a
target domain (Faur in Bundgaard et al, 110).
2.3 Hightlighting and hiding
Lakoff and Johnson (10) suggest that not all aspects of the source domain
can be mapped into the target domain. When a source domain is applied to the
target domain, only a few aspects are applied. In the conceptual metaphor, the
selective mapping of the characteristic of the source domain into the target
domain is called highlighting, whereas another characteristic not shown is called
hiding. When the source domain reference changes, the highlighting and mapping
character changealso. In the ARGUMENT IS WAR concept, some characteristics
of the source domain ‘WAR’ are not reflected in the target domain
‘ARGUMENT’. The characteristics highlighted in this metaphor are attack,
defense, strategy, and victory. The characteristics of the source domain ‘WAR’
are hidden like peace, compromise and agreement.
Accordingly, the relationship between the concept of source domain area
and the target domain is an applicable partially. The source and target domain
22
aspect may have a mapping that can represent a range of different concepts in
each mapping. As if the relationship is absolute, a concept becomes another
concept, but not simply understood in terms of other concepts. In other words, the
metaphor represents a different set of concepts in accordance with the source
domain. If the concept has several aspects and metaphors focusing on one or
several aspects, other aspects will remain hidden. Highlighting in the concept of
metaphor is necessary to highlight an aspect so that humans can focus on other
aspects.
In other words, the metaphor represents a different set of concepts in
accordance with the source domain. If the concept has several aspects and
metaphors focusing on one or several aspects, the other aspects will remain
hidden. The highlighting in the concept of metaphor is necessary to highlight an
aspect so that humans can focus on the other aspects (Lakoff & Johnson, 10).
2.4 Image Schema
The concept of mappings is a correspondence between mental spaces that
assigns to each element in the first a counterpart in the second. Image-schematic
structure make mapping possible (Brandt in Bundgaard et al, 51). The important
form of conceptual structure in cognitive semantics is an image scheme (Saeed,
372). Image schemes explain the abstract things through the physical things.
Image schemas are bodily motivated by relatively abstract conceptual
representations thatact as regularities to orient future experiences (Fusaroli &
Morgagni in Bundgaard et al, 2). In people’s everyday interaction with the world
23
around them, the specific of kinesthetic image schemas, recurring action paths
formed through time (Evans & Green in Bundgaard et al, 2). Johnson (in Saeed,
373) explains the path schema is the one of image scheme type that is often used
in linguistic research. This scheme has a starting point, an end point, and a set of
locations that connect both the starting and the end point.
To explain the abstract concept domain, this path scheme is used to highlight
the purpose of metaphorical usage. In other words, this scheme can be used to
show the system of the metaphorical structure. This scheme consists of sources,
paths and targets. Johnson (in William, 208) states the source is the starting point
of a movement. The path is a series of interconnected locations passed by moving
objects. Targets are the end point of a movement. Thus, this scheme provides an
understanding that every conceptualization involves a movement. The process of
conceptualizing metaphors and the interconnected between concepts.
E. Metaphorical Expressions Function
Language function would be to expound knowledge and pass information in
order to facilitate cooperation between members of society. Information can be
conveyed by using metaphor through implication and connotation, than through
straightforward or literal language. Listeners or readers might interpret less
narrowly than they would literal language when using metaphorical expressions
(Leech, 47). Moreover, meaning is communicated between speaker/writer and
hearer/reader in a less precise way. According to Leech (49), there are five
24
functions of metaphorical language, such as information, direction, expressions,
aesthetic, and phatic.
The function of metaphorical expressions can be used to convey infomation
which everyone tends to assume it is important that deliver. The charecteristic of
this function in the implicit message that conveyed. The expressions function
usually contains an idea, belief, certainty, and emotions. The direction function is
influencing the behavior or attitudes of others. The characteristic of direction
function is shown by command, request, and instruction, treat or question.
The expressions function in the metaphorical language is to express the
speaker’s or writer’s feelings or attitudes, swear words, and exclamation. It
contains the desire and expectation of speaker to hearer. The characterictic of this
function is the implicit intation that indicates direction, expectation, and
suggestion. The used of aesthetic metaphorical expression has the function to
create an artistic effect while the phatic function is to maintain social bonds
meanwhile its characteristic is keeping the communication lines open between
social member and keeping the social relationships in good condition.
Based on the explanation of the theories above, Conceptual Metaphor Theory
by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) will be used in the mapping of the source domain
and the target domain while the cognitive semantics by Charles J. Fillmore (1982)
will be used to analyze the metaphorical expressions to describe the type of
events, participants and specific instruments in the New York Times political
headlines.
25
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Data Description
The data for this research was collected from Political Headlines on The
New York Times during December 2017. The theory used to analyze the data
is conceptual metaphor theory by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson and
semantic frames by Charles J. Fillmore. The writer analyzes the corpus data to
obtain words, phrase and sentence that contain metaphorical expressions and
classified it based on type of metaphors by using tabulation. The research
found from 246 headlines, there are 119 metaphorical expressions founded
and the writer picked up 30 metaphors by data reduction which consist of 12
structural metaphors, 10 orientational metaphors and 8 ontological metaphors
that represents the analysis so that there is no reduplication on the data.
Table 3.1 Conceptual Metaphor, Types, Meaning and Function
No Data Conceptual
Metaphor
Types Meaning Function
1 Trump’s Red
Line Is
Holding Up
Tax Cuts
(Dec 01,
2017)
HAVING
CONTROL
IS UP
Orientational Trump’s Red
Line Is
Remaining
Strong Tax
Cuts
Phatic
26
2 Documents
Reveal New
Details on
What Trump
Team Knew
About
Flynn’s Calls
With Russia’s
Ambassador
(Dec 01,
2017)
POLITICS
IS
PHYSICAL
STATE
Ontological Documents
Make Known
New Details
on What
Trump Team
Knew About
Flynn’s Calls
With
Russia’s
Ambassador
Expressions
3 A Hasty,
Hand-
Scribbled Tax
Bill Sets Off
an Outcry
(Dec 01,
2017)
UNFORCE
IS DOWN
Orientational A Hasty,
Hand-
Scribbled
Tax Bill
Trigger an
Outcry
Direction
4 Heading
Toward Tax
Victory,
Republicans
Eye Next
Step: Cut
Spending
(Dec 02,
2017)
POLITICS
IS WAR
Structural Heading
Toward Tax
Triumph,
Republicans
Eye Next
Step: Cut
Spending
Expressions
5 G.O.P.
Pushes to
Avoid
Government
Shutdown,
but the Path
Is Tricky
(Dec 03,
2017)
UNFORCE
IS DOWN
Orientational G.O.P.
Pushes to
Avoid
Government
Temporary
Closure, but
the Path Is
Tricky
Information
Direction
27
6 G.O.P.
Pushes to
Avoid
Government
Shutdown,
but the Path
Is Tricky
(Dec 03,
2017)
POLITICS
IS
EMOTION
Ontological G.O.P.
Pushes to
Avoid
Government
Shutdown,
but the Path
Is Requering
care and skill
Information
7 Kennedy
Center
Honors Evoke
Politics, Even
Without
Trump
(Dec 03,
2017)
POLITICS
IS
PHYSICAL
STATE
Ontological Kennedy
Center
Honors Bring
To Mind
Politics, Even
Without
Trump
Direction
8 Tax Bills
Could
Expand
Private
School
Benefits and
Hurt Public
Education
(Dec 04,
2017)
POLITICS
IS
PHYSICAL
STATE
Ontological Tax Bills
Could Make
more
extensive
Private
School
Benefits and
Hurt Public
Education
Information
Phatic
9 Tax Bills
Could
Expand
Private
School
Benefits and
Hurt Public
Education
(Dec 04,
2017)
POLITICS
IS
PHYSICAL
STATE
Ontological Tax Bills
Could
Develop
Private
School
Benefits and
Harm Public
Education
Information
Phatic
10 Fed’s Kaplan
Says
Technology
UNFORCE Orientational Fed’s Kaplan
Says
Technology
Information
28
Is Holding
Down
Inflation
(Dec 05,
2017)
IS DOWN Is Success in
keeping
Inflation
Direction
11 Trump’s
Endorsement
of Roy Moore
Points Up a
G.O.P.
Problem:
Chaos (Dec
05, 2017)
HAVING
CONTROL
IS UP
Orientational Trump’s
Endorsement
of Roy
Moore
Indicate a
G.O.P.
Problem:
Chaos
Phatic
12 Bannon Finds
New Fight
Backing Roy
Moore, but
Risks Are
High (Dec 05,
2017)
MORE IS
UP
Orientational Bannon Finds
New Fight
Backing Roy
Moore, but
Risks Are
Exteding
above the
normal level
Information
Expressions
13 Tillerson
Suggests
Cuba Could
Have Stopped
‘Targeted
Attacks’ on
U.S.
Diplomats
(Dec 06,
2017)
POLITICS
IS WAR
Structural Tillerson
Suggests
Cuba Could
Have
Stopped An
instance of
fierce public
criticism or
opposition on
U.S.
Diplomats
Expressions
Aesthetic
14 Flynn Said
Russian
Sanctions
Would Be
‘Ripped Up,’
Whistle-
Blower Says
(Dec 06,
HAVING
CONTROL
IS UP
Orientational Flynn Said
Russian
Sanctions
Would Be
Tear
Something
violently
Whistle-
Expressions
29
2017) Blower Says
15 Republicans
Move to
Resolve Tax
Bill
Differences
as Cost
Concerns
Loom (Dec
06, 2017)
POLITICS
IS
MOTION
Structural Republicans
go in a
specified
direction to
Resolve Tax
Bill
Differences
as Cost
Concerns
Loom
Direction
16 Al Franken’s
Improbable
Political Rise
and Sudden
Fall
(Dec 07,
2017)
MORE IS
UP
Orientational Al Franken’s
Improbable
Political
increase in
level and
Sudden Fall
Expressions
Information
17 Al Franken’s
Improbable
Political Rise
and Sudden
Fall
(Dec 07,
2017)
LESS IS
DOWN
Orientational Al Franken’s
Improbable
Political Rise
and Sudden
decrease in
level
Expressions
Information
18 Liberal
Activists to
Democrats:
Protect Young
Immigrants or
Shut Down
Government
(Dec 08,
2017)
NATION IS
PERSON
Structural Liberal
Activists to
Democrats:
Protect The
people who
Existed in a
short time to
live
permanently
or shutdown
government
Direction
19 Inside
Trump’s
Hour-by-
Hour Battle
POLITICS
IS WAR
Structural Inside
Trump’s
Hour-by-
Hour
Aesthetic
30
for Self-
Preservation
(Dec 09,
2017)
Campaign for
Self-
Preservation
20 Treasury
Defends Tax
Plan Cost
With One-
Page Analysis
(Dec 11,
2017)
POLITICS
IS
VALUABL
E
COMODIT
Y
Structural Treasury
Defends Tax
Plan
Valuation
With One-
Page
Analysis
Direction
21 For
McConnell,
Alabama
Senate Loss
Is Bad News
and Good
News (Dec
13, 2017)
POLITICS
IS AN
ABSTRAC
T
ENTITY
Ontological For
McConnell
Alabama
Senate Loss
Is
Unsatisfactor
y News
Information
22 For
McConnell,
Alabama
Senate Loss
Is Bad News
and Good
News (Dec
13, 2017)
POLITICS
IS AN
ABSTRAC
T ENTITY
Ontological For
McConnell
Alabama
Senate Loss
Is
Unsatisfactor
y News and
Satisfactory
News
Infomation
23 Republican
Tax Bill in
Final Sprint
Across Finish
Line (Dec 13,
2017)
POLITICS
IS SPORT
Structural Republican
Tax Bill in
Campaign
stage Across
Finish Line
Expressions
Aesthetic
24 With Billions
at Stake in
POLITICS Structural Lobbyists
make a no-
Aesthetic
31
Tax Debate,
Lobbyists
Played
Hardball
(Dec 15,
2017)
IS SPORT nonsense
attitude or
approach to
getting what
they want in
politics.
25 House
Intelligence
Panel Is
Rushing to
Complete
Russia Probe
(Dec 15,
2017)
POLITICS
IS
MOTION
Structural House
Intelligence
Panel Is
Moving with
urgent haste
to Complete
Russia Probe
Direction
26 Poor Vetting
Sinks
Trump’s
Nominees for
Federal Judge
(Dec 18,
2017)
LESS IS
DOWN
Orientational Poor Vetting
Submerges
Trump’s
Nominees for
Federal Judge
Direction
Information
27 House
Secretly Paid
$115,000 to
Settle
Harassment
Claims Over
Four Years
(Dec 19,
2017)
POLITICS
IS
VALUABL
E
COMODIT
Y
Structural House
Secretly
gives money
with the
amount
$115,000
Direction
28 With Tax
Overhaul,
Trump
Fulfills a
Campaign
Promise and
Flexes
Republican
NATION IS
PERSON
Structural With Tax
Overhaul,
Trump
Fulfills a
Campaign
Promise and
Flexes
Republican
Expressions
Aesthetic
32
Muscle
(Dec 20,
2017)
Strength
29 Right and
Left React to
the Passage
of the G.O.P
Tax Cut (Dec
21, 2017)
POLITICS
IS
EMOTION
Ontological Right and
Left Respond
to the
Passage of
the G.O.P
Tax Cut
Information
30 Tax Cuts
Buoy
Republicans,
but They’re
Swimming
Against an
Undertow
(Dec 21,
2017)
POLITIC IS
SPORT
Structural Tax Cuts
Buoy
Republicans,
but They’re
Alert to or
actively
engaged
Against an
Undertow
Information
B. Data Analysis
The analysis begins with three kinds of metaphor based on its
categorization using capital letters. Then, analysis continues with the mapping
from source to target domain of conceptual metaphor that leads to the analysis
of meaning and its function. From all the headlines that has been analyzed,
structural metaphor is found and the writer will explain the data by using two-
domains metaphor to find the meaning and its function.
Datum 1 no. 4
Heading Toward Tax Victory, Republicans Eye Next Step: Cut Spending
The expression above shows the case of structural metaphor. The
word victory is used in an indication of a successful toward the product of
33
politics (tax). In this expressions, the word victory is in the field of
meaning in the source domain of concept WAR while the target domain is
the concept area where the concept POLITICS is used. According to
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2013), the word victory literally
means success in something.
The function of this metaphor is expression. This function is used to
express the exclamation and affect the meaning that Republicans success
in tax. The concept POLITICS IS WAR entails that politics is a sustained
campaign against an undesirable situation or activity. In this sentence, the
word victory is used to refers the purpose of politics unit (tax).
Datum 2 no. 13
Tillerson Suggests Cuba Could Have Stopped ‘Targeted Attacks’ on U.S.
Diplomats
The expression above shows case of structural metaphor. The
metaphorical targeted attacks are found. According to OALD, attack
means an act of using violence to try to hurt or kill (2013). The word
attack is usually used in the case of war, so the mapping of this conceptual
metaphor is POLITICS IS WAR. The word attack is used to indicate a
strategy of politics to try to harm a politic agent. The targeted attacks in
the sentence above describes the politic agent as a target which is attacked
by politics. In this case, the concept POLITICS IS WAR affects the
34
meaning of Tillerson suggests Cuba could have stopped an instance of
fierce public criticism or opposition on U.S. Diplomats.
Then, the function of this metaphor is expressions and aesthetic. The
expressions function is used to express Tillerson’s suggestion to Cuba that
have stopped public criticism on US Diplomat, while aesthetic function is
used to creating artistic effect that targeted attacks indicates public
criticism or opposition.
Datum 3 no. 19
Inside Trump’s Hour-by-Hour Battle for Self-Preservation
The expression shows case of structural metaphor with the concept
POLITICS IS WAR. From the sentence above, the metaphorical
expression battle is found. Generally, the word battle is used in a war. The
word battle literally means a sustained fight between large organized
armed forces (OALD, 2013). In this case, the word battle is used to
indicate a competition, an argument or a struggle between politic agent or
groups of politics trying to win power or control. The metaphor of battle
affect the meaning of Inside Trump’s Hour-by-Hour Campaign for Self-
Preservation. This metaphor conceptualize a campaign as a battle, where
the politics agent or group of politics trying to win a power.
The function of this metaphor is aesthetic. The aesthetic function is
used to creating artistic effect that battle indicates an argument or a
struggle between politic agent or groups of politics.
35
Datum 4 no. 15
Republicans Move to Resolve Tax Bill Differences as Cost Concerns Loom
The concept POLITICS IS A MOTION is found. The metaphorical
expression move indicates a movement. Move literally means take an
action or to change something (OALD, 2013). Move usually to refers the
motion or movement and represents something as moving object but the
sentence above used move in a term of politics, so the mapping of this
conceptual metaphor is POLITICS IS A MOTION.
The function of this metaphor is direction. The direction function is
used to show the command and affect the meaning of Republicans go in a
specified direction to resolve Tax Bill Differences as Cost Concerns
Loom.
Datum 5 no. 25
House Intelligence Panel Is Rushing to Complete Russia Probe
The expression above shows case of structural metaphor with the
concept POLITICS IS A MOTION. The word rushing means to try to
attack or capture somebody/something suddenly. In this case, House
Intelligence Panel is try to attack to complete Russia probe. The mapping
POLITICS IS A MOTION bottom explains the ralations the source
36
domain MOTION and the target domain POLITICS. Rushing in a sentence
above similar with the motion which human used in daily activities.
The function of this metaphor is direction. The use of direction
function shows the request or instruction and affect the meaning of House
Intelligence Panel is moving with urgent haste to complete Russia Probe.
The metaphors of motion enhance persuasion because they conceptualize
any political activity so that it is referred to as a motion with positively
evaluated destination (Borčić et al, 86).
Datum 6 no. 18
Liberal Activists to Democrats: Protect Young Immigrants or Shut Down
Government
The expression above shows case structural metaphor with the
concept NATION IS PERSON. The mapping bottom explains the relation
between source domain PERSON and target domain NATION. The word
young means having lived or existed for only a short time; not fully
developed (OALD, 2013).
The direction function is used to influence the attitude of Liberal
activists by making a request or treat to Democrats. In this case, the phrase
young immigrants affect the meaning that Liberal activists to Democtrats:
protect the people who have lived or existed for only a short time to live
permanently or shut down goverment.
37
Datum 7 no. 28
With Tax Overhaul, Trump Fulfills a Campaign Promise and Flexes
Republican Muscle
The expression above shows case structural metaphor with the
concept NATION IS PERSON. The word muscle has a relation with a
physical basis of person. Muscle means the power or strength and
influence to make others do what you want (Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary, 2013).
The function that used in this metaphor are expressions and aesthetic.
The expressions function is used to express the exclamation while the
aesthetic function is used to give an artistic effect where muscle
conceptualize power or strength. In this case, the word muscle in politics
affect the meaning of With tax overhaul, Trump fulfills a campaign
promise and flexes Republican power or strength.
Datum 8 no. 20
Treasury Defends Tax Plan Cost With One-Page Analysis
The expression above shows structural metaphor with the concept
POLITICS IS VALUABLE COMODITY. The source domain
VALUABLE COMODITY has a relation with the target domain
POLITICS. Both domain politics and valuable comodity have a
38
correlation. According to OALD (2013), the word cost means an mount
that has to be paid to obtain something.
The function of this metaphor is direction. The direction function
in this metaphorical expression is used to treat the reader by influencing
the behaviour of Treasury Defends Tax Plan Cost With One-Page
Analysis. In this chase, the concept POLITICS IS VALUABLE
COMODITY affects the meaning in the expressions above, the word cost
indicates to have a valuable comodity, people should exchange money or
something important, or to have something significance in politics, the
treasury should exchange something important, regardless of the effort
needed.
Datum 9 no. 27
House Secretly Paid $115,000 to Settle Harassment Claims Over Four
Years
This expression shows us the structural metaphor with the concept
POLITICS IS VALUABLE COMODITY. The politics correlate with the
abstract idea that is a valuable comodity, so the mapping with two
domains mapping are POLITICS as the target domain and VALUABLE
COMODITY as the source domain. Literally, the word paid is past tense
from pay which means give someone money for work or goods (Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2013).
39
The function of this metaphor is direction. The direction function in
this metaphorical expression is used to treat the reader by influencing the
behaviour of House Secretly Paid $115,000 to Settle Harassment Claims
Over Four Years.
The concept POLITICS IS VALUABLE COMODITY indicates a
limited resource that we use to accomplish our goals (Lakoff & Johnson,
8). The concept is metaphorical since we are using our everyday
experiences with money, limited resources, and valuable comodity. In this
case of politics, the concept affets the meaning in House secrectly gives
the money with amount $115,000 to settle harrasment claims over four
years secretly.
Datum 10 no. 23
Republican Tax Bill in Final Sprint Across Finish Line
The structural metaphor in this sentence is found with the concept
POLITICS IS SPORT. The word sprint indicates sport in politics. At that
time, the Republican tax bill representative of the political unit. Whether
the politics campaign is considered a marathon or sprint, all contestants, in
final stage, try their best to dash to finish line.
The expressions and aesthetic function is used to affect the
meaning in this sentence. The expressions function is used to indicate
direction and expectitaion, then the aesthetic function is used to create
artistic effect which conceptualize final sprint as campaign stage. This
40
mapping and function will affect the meaning of Republican Tax Bill in
Campaign stage Across Finish Line.
Datum 11 no. 24
With Billions at Stake in Tax Debate, Lobbyists Played Hardball
The sentence above shows case of metaphorical expression. This
expression indicates structural metaphor with the concept POLITICS IS
SPORT. The source domain SPORT has assymetry with the target domain
POLITICS. The aesthetic function is used to give an artistic effect to the
metaphorical expressions, such as the phrase played hardball as a way to
behave.
Accoding to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2013), played
hardball in politics used to refer to a way of behaving, especially in
politics, that shows that a person is determined to get what they want. In
this case, this will affect the meaning in Lobbyists are determined to get
what they want in tax debate.
Datum 12 no. 30
Tax Cuts Buoy Republicans, but They’re Swimming Against an Undertow
The expression above shows case of structural metaphor. The
concept POLITICS IS SPORT is found where the source domain SPORT
and the target domain POLITICS. The metaphorical expression that found
41
is swimming. The word swimming is means to move on the water (OALD,
2013).
The information function is used to convey infromation which
everyone tends to assume and this metaphorical expressions contains an
idea of politics certainty. In this case, the word swimming in politics
means to do things in opposite way of others or an alert to or actively
engaged, the literal meaning of swimming in politics indicates that
Republicans move in opposite way of an undertow.
Datum 13 no. 1
Trump’s Red Line Is Holding Up Tax Cuts
The orientational metaphor hold up is found. This shows the spatial
orientation UP. The conceptual metaphor is HAVING CONTROL IS UP
where the source domain UP and the target domain HAVING CONTROL.
The concept HAVING CONTROL IS UP is the physically size that
typically correlates with physical strength and victor in a fight that
typically on top. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,
hold up means to remain strong and working effectively (2013).
The phatic function is used to maintain social bonds such as
Trump’s Red Line. In this case, the word holding upi litterally means
Trump’s red line is remaining strong tax cuts.
42
Datum 14 no. 11
Trump’s Endorsement of Roy Moore Points Up a G.O.P. Problem: Chaos
The metaphorical expression that found is the orientational
metaphor points up. Thus the conceptual metaphor is HAVING
CONTROL IS UP. The word pointsup means to emphasize something so
that it becomes more noticeable (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,
2013). The phatic funtction is used to keep the communication between
social member and keep the social relationships in good condition such as
Trump and Roy Moore.
In this sentence, points up means Trump’s endorsement of Roy
Moore is emphasizing a G.O.P probblem so the case more noticable. In
this case, Trump has a power to emphasize his endorsement to become
more noticeable.
Datum 15 no. 14
Flynn Said Russian Sanctions Would Be ‘Ripped Up,’ Whistle-Blower
Says
The orientational metaphor ripped up is found. This shows the
spatial orientation UP. The conceptual metaphor is HAVING CONTROL
IS UP where the source domain UP and the target domain HAVING
CONTROL. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2013),
43
ripped up means to tear something into small pieces. In this case, Russian
sanctions would be ruined by politics.
The expression function is used and contain the implicit initiation
that indicates exclamation so it will affect the meaning in Flynn said
Russian Sanctions would be teared violently, Whistle-Blower Says.
Datum 16 no. 3
A Hasty, Hand-Scribbled Tax Bill Sets Off an Outcry
The expression above shows orientational metaphor with the
concept UNFORCE IS DOWN. This metaphorical expression sets off
confront us with the conundrum of saying one thing and meaning another,
associated with less distant idea (Stockl, 189). Sets off means to make
something more noticeable or attractive by being placed near it (OALD,
2013).
The direction function is used to show attitude of Tax Bill make an
outcry. In this case of metaphor, the word set off means that A hasty, hand-
scribbled tax bill trigger an outcry.
Datum 17 no. 5
G.O.P. Pushes to Avoid Government Shutdown, but the Path Is Tricky
In datum (17) shows case orientational metaphor with the concept
UNFORCE IS DOWN. This metaphor conceptualize physical exprience
44
into position where the politics agents (Government) may in the crucial
position. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, shutdown
means the act of closing a factory or business or stopping a large machine
from working, either temporarily or permanently (2013).
The function of this metaphor are information and direction. The
information function is used to inform the implicit message that conveyed
while the direction function is used to show command of politics party
(G.O.P) to stop temporarily the other politics agent (Government). In this
sentence, the word shutdown will affect the meaning in G.O.P. pushes to
avoid Government to stop working temporarily, but the path is tricky.
Datum 18 no. 10
Fed’s Kaplan Says Technology Is Holding Down Inflation
This expression describes orientational metaphor. The source
domain DOWN has a relation with the target domain UNFORCE, so the
conceptual metapor mapping is UNFORCE IS DOWN. In this case of
metaphor, the word holding down shows that a politic agent may not have
a power in politic products. Literally, holding down means to prevent
somebody from moving, using force (OALD, 2013). The function of this
metaphor are information and direction. The information function is used
to inform the implicit message that conveyed to believe while the direction
function is used to show command of politics agent. In the sentence,
45
holding down means Fed’s Kaplan says technology is preventing or
keeping inflation.
Datum 19 no. 12
Bannon Finds New Fight Backing Roy Moore, but Risks Are High
The metaphorical expression of orientational metaphor is found.
The word high describes a physical experience to a container or pile if a
substance of something is added more. The word high means extending far
upwards or large in amount, value, or size (Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary, 2013).
The information and expression function are used to inform the
important message has to be deliver and to express an expectation of the
risk fight between Bannon and Roy Moore is high. In this sentence, the
word high will affect the meaning in Bannon finds new fight backing Roy
Moore, but risks are big or extending above the normal level (large in
value).
Datum 20 no. 16
Al Franken’s Improbable Political Rise and Sudden Fall
The expression above shows case orientational metaphor with the
concept MORE IS UP. The source domain UP has a relation with target
domain MORE which means affecting the politics when something is add
more. The physical basis is for personal well-being and the things that
46
characterized what is good for a person. The word rise literally means the
act of becoming more important, successful, powerful, etc.
The information and expression function is used to show the
cetainty of Al Franken’s Potical more increase in level and sudden fall. In
this case, the word rise means Al Franken’s improbable has politics
become more successful or powerful.
Datum 21 no. 17
Al Franken’s Improbable Political Rise and Sudden Fall
The orientational metaphor fall is found. The word fall is the
metaphorical expression where the source domain DOWN and the target
domain LESS. The physical basic is for personal well-being and the things
that principally characterized what is bad for a person. The word fall in the
Oxford means move downwards without control or become less or lower.
The information and expression function is used to show the
cetainty of Al Franken’s Potical rise and sudden decrease in level. In this
case, Al Franken’s improbable has politics become in a low position.
Datum 22 no. 26
Poor Vetting Sinks Trump’s Nominees for Federal Judge
The orientational metaphor is found from this expression above.
This metaphor indicates sinks as metaphorical expression. The word sinks
47
literally means to decrease in amount, volume, strength, etc., or to prevent
somebody or somebody’s plans from succeeding.
The information and direction function are used to inform by
treating Trump’s Nominess against Poor Vetting. The concept LESS IS
DOWN describes a relation of affecting the politics when something is
less more. In this case of metaphor, the word sinks means Poor vetting
prevent Trump’s nominees succeeding for federal judge.
Datum 23 no. 2
Documents Reveal New Details on What Trump Team Knew About
Flynn’s Calls With Russia’s Ambassador
In datum 23 the metaphorical expression reveal shows that the
politics is reflected as a physical state. Literally, the word reveal is used to
to show something that previously could not be seen (OALD, 2013) but
here the metaphorical reveal is used to politics which is politics obviously
related to a physical state.
The expressions function is used to indicate expectation of Trump
team knew about Flynn’s Call with Rusia’s Ambassador and it makes
known by documents. In this case, reveal affect the meaning in
Documents show / make known new details on what Trump team knew
about Flynn’s calls with Russia’s Ambassador.
48
Datum 24 no. 7
Kennedy Center Honors Evoke Politics, Even Without Trump
The expression above shows ontological metaphor with the
concept POLITICS IS PHYSICAL STATE. In datum (24), the word evoke
describes the politics is reflected to a physical state. Literally, the word
evoke means to bring a feeling, a memory or an image into your mind
(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2013).
The function of this metaphor is direction. The direction function is
used to influence the behaviour or attitude of Kenney Center honors
command or give instruction to politics. In this sentence, the word evoke
means Kennedy center honors bring to mind politics, even without Trump.
Datum 25 no. 8
Tax Bills Could Expand Private School Benefits and Hurt Public
Education
The ontological metaphor is found with the concept POLITICS IS
PHYSICAL STATE. The source domain PHYSICAL STATE has a
relation with the target domain POLITICS. The word expand describes the
politics is reflected to a physical state. The word expand means to make or
become larger (OALD, 2013).
The function of this metaphor are information and phatic. The
information function is used to give certainty of Tax Bill could develop
49
private school while the pathic function is used to maintain social bonds
between Taxbill and private school or public education. In this case,
expand affects the meaning in Tax bills could make more extensive private
school benefits and hurt public education.
Datum 26 no. 9
Tax Bills Could Expand Private School Benefits and Hurt Public
Education
The ontological metaphor is found with the concept POLITICS IS
PHYSICAL STATE. The source domain PHYSICAL STATE has a
relation with the target domain POLITICS. The word hurt describes the
politics is reflected to a physical state. According to Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary, hurt means to have a bad effect on somebody or
something.
The function of this metaphor are information and phatic. The
information function is used to give certainty of Tax Bill could harm
public education while the pathic function is used to maintain social bonds
between Taxbill and private school or public education. In this case, hurt
means Tax bills could expand private school benefits and harm public
education or Tax bills could give bad effect on public education.
Datum 27 no. 6
G.O.P. Pushes to Avoid Government Shutdown, but the Path Is Tricky
50
In datum (27), found ontological metaphor with the concept
POLITICS IS EMOTION. Political language or political communication
has been conducted to reveal the essence of the message politicans wants
to convey (Vertessen & Landtsheer, 1). The word tricky is from the
lexeme trick.. Both the source domain EMOTION and the target domain
POLITICS has a relation that reveal an abstract idea. The word tricky in
the Oxford means difficult to do or deal with (requering care and skill).
The function of this metaphor is information function. This
function is used to give a certainty that Path of G.O.P pushes to avoid
government shutdown is tricky or difficult to do. In this case of metaphor,
the word tricky means that G.O.P. pushes to avoid government shutdown,
but the path is delicate to deal with (problematic).
Datum 28 no. 29
Right and Left React to the Passage of the G.O.P. Tax Cut
The expression in datum (28) above shows case of ontological
metaphor with the concept POLITICS IS EMOTION. The word react
means to change or behave in a particular way as a result of or in response
to something. In this case, Right and Left respond to the passage of the
G.O.P. tax cut. The mapping POLITICS IS EMOTION bottom explains
the ralations the source domain EMOTION and the target domain
POLITICS.
51
The function of this metaphor is information. The information
function is used to give a certainty and believe that Right and Left respond
to the passage of the G.O.P. tax cut. The word react in the sentence above
conceptualize and affect the meaning that politic agent has a response to
behave.
Datum 29 no. 21
For McConnell, Alabama Senate Loss Is Bad News and Good News
These metaphor specify different kinds of objects. The metaphorical
expresion gives the differences of metaphorical models for what the
politics is and thereby allow us to focus on different aspect of mental
experience. The abstract entity metaphor gives us a conception of the
politics that refers to an idea or a general quality, not to a physical object.
The function of this metaphor is information. The information function is
used to give a certainty and believe that For McConnell Alabama Senate
Loss will give an unbenefit or disadvantage news to them. The word bad
means unpleasant. Based on its literal meaning, bad (in datum 29) conveys
the unpleasant meaning such as something unprofit, disadvantage, or
unbenefit to the politic agents. In this sentence, it will affect the meaning
in For McConnell Alabama Senate Loss Is Unsatisfactory News.
Datum 30 no. 22
For McConnell, Alabama Senate Loss Is Bad News and Good News
52
The ontological metaphor good is found with the concept
POLITICS IS AN ABSTRACT ENTITY. The metaphorical expression
gives the differences of metaphorical models for what the politics is and
thereby allow us to focus on different aspect of mental experience. The
abstract entity metaphor gives us a conception of the politics that refers to
an idea or a general quality, not to a physical object.
The function of this metaphor is information. The information
function is used to give a certainty and believe that For McConnell
Alabama Senate Loss is bad news and will give a pleasant or advantage
news to them. The word good means pleasant. Based on its literal
meaning, good (in datum 30) conveys the pleasant meaning such as
something profit, advantages, or benefit to politic agents. In this sentence,
this metaphor will affect the meaning rhat For McConnell Alabama Senate
Loss Is Bad News and Satisfactory News.
53
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
The result of analysis shows that conceptual metaphor exists on political
terms. Political headlines in The New York Times use the relations between
the source domain and the target domains to make the words or sentences
understood by people who read it. Concepts symbolized by words which can
be compared and constrasted with one another. Concepts are ultimately
defined by their truth conditions. There are the relations between words and
their corresponding concepts. Metaphors tend to provoke thought and feeling
to a greater extent than more literal descriptions do. Semantically, words and
sentences have literal meanings. A literal interpretation of an utterance in
context is an explicature that involves only literal meanings. A model of
metaphorical mapping which suggests that sense relations are neatly
preserved between source and target domain is intellectually satisfying literal
language processing depends on, and has built into it, the same kinds of
mental processes that we associate with metaphor.
First, based on George Lakoff and Mark Johnson’s CMT. The
writer found three types of conceptual metaphor on The New York Times
politics section that consist of 12 structural metaphors, 10 orientational
metaphors, and 8 ontological metaphors. This term was the target of the
54
application of metaphors. Meanwhile on structural metaphor, the writer
uses the two domain approach to know the source domain and the target
domain. Then, on orientational metaphor, the writer uses the spatial
orientation of UP and DOWN. On ontoloogical metaphor, the writer
mostly uses physical objects (experience) or substances as the source
domain and nonphysical objects or activities as the target domain.
Second, the conceptual metaphor on The New York Times
Political headlines based on Semantics approach by Charles J. Fillmore.
The metaphorical expressions support the message from the author to the
reader by representing the politics term into another form. Politics is
represented as a war, motion, person, valuable comodity, and sport while
the spatial concepts to representing the politics case such as having control
is up, unforce is down, more is up, and less is down. Futhermore, the
writer uses something abstract such as physical state, emotion, and abstract
entity to represent something concrete. The author use metaphors on
Political Headlines on The New York Times to make the headlines more
attractive.
B. Suggestion
The writer suggests to futher reseacher on metaphor with the difference
corpus such as Science, Technology, Sports and Bussiness terminologies, and
use based on cognitive approach to make analysis more deeper. In addition,
the writer suggests to further researcher to use another data that is more
55
interesting to be explored such as speech, advertisement, or talk show as the
data source. The writer also suggests to have more theory not only based on
Lakoff and Johnson Conceptual Metaphor theory.
56
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APPENDICES
1. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/01/us/politics/trump-corporate-tax-
cuts.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
2. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/01/us/politics/flynn-russia-
sanctions.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
3. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/01/us/politics/hand-scribbled-tax-bill-
outcry.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
4. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/02/us/politics/tax-cuts-republicans-
entitlements-medicare-social-
security.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
5. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/03/us/politics/government-
shutdown-republicans-congress-
spending.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
6. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/03/us/politics/kennedy-center-
honors.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
7. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/04/us/politics/tax-bills-private-
schools-public-
schools.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
8. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/05/us/politics/federal-reserve-
kaplan-inflation.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
9. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/05/us/politics/trump-moore-
republicans-chaos.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
10. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/05/us/politics/bannon-moore-
alabama.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
11. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/us/politics/tillerson-cuba-
attacks-diplomats.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
12. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/us/politics/michael-flynn-russia-
sanctions-ripped-up-
whistleblower.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
13. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/us/politics/republicans-move-to-
resolve-tax-bill-differences-as-cost-concerns-
loom.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
14. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/08/us/politics/trump-wells-fargo-
bank.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
15. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/08/us/politics/government-
shutdown-immigration-
daca.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
16. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/09/us/politics/donald-trump-
president.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
17. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/11/us/politics/treasury-
tax.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
18. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/13/us/politics/democrats-
mcconnell-jones-tax-vote-
delay.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
19. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/13/us/politics/tax-bill-republicans-
deal.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
20. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/15/us/politics/lobbyists-tax-
overhaul-congress.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
21. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/15/us/politics/house-intelligence-
committee-russia-
interference.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
22. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/18/us/politics/matthew-petersen-
judge-nominee-withdraws-
trump.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
23. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/19/us/politics/house-secret-
settlements-sexual-harassment-
congress.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
24. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/20/us/politics/with-tax-overhaul-
trump-fulfills-a-campaign-promise-and-flexes-republican-
muscle.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
25. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/21/us/politics/right-and-left-
republican-tax-cut.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
26. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/21/us/politics/tax-cuts-republicans-
politics-midterms-
trump.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fpolitics
