Concept Paper Forensic Lab for Uganda Police 20130911 v1 PUBLIC

Africa Biosystems Limited 2013. All rights reserved

AFRICA BIOSYSTEMS LIMITED Member Of The United Nations Global Compact Initiative

Regional Forensic Referral Center

Uganda Police Brief Concept Paper

Africa Biosystems Limited (ABL) 1

March, 2013

1) ABL is a provider of Life Science Technology for Eastern Africa based in Nairobi, Kenya. For further

information please contact us at [email protected]. Note: ABL wishes to recognize contribution of Julius Muhwezi, Uganda Police Force, D/ASP, MSc Biomed Lab

Science, student of MSc in DNA profiling at University of Central Lancashire, England

1 Africa Biosystems Limited (ABL) 2013. All rights reserved ABL is a member of the UN Global Compact and subscribes to the Universal Princples & Core Values

Table of Contents

Motivation ...................................................................................................................................................... 2

Introduction to Forensic DNA Technology .................................................................................................... 3

Uganda Police Perspectives ......................................................................................................................... 5

Crime Overview in Uganda ....................................................................................................................... 5 Application of DNA Forensic Technology with No DNA Database ........................................................... 7 Application of DNA Forensic Technology with DNA Database ................................................................. 7 Case Study: UK DNA technology and Database 2000-2005 .................................................................... 8 DNA Database Global Trends................................................................................................................... 9 Implications for Uganda Police ............................................................................................................... 10

Legal Perspective ........................................................................................................................................ 11

Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 11 Key decisions (Non-Exhaustive) ............................................................................................................. 11 Implications for Uganda Legislature ........................................................................................................ 13

Scientific Perspective .................................................................................................................................. 14

Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 14 Implications ............................................................................................................................................. 14

Quality Assurance ............................................................................................................................... 14 Defined Processes & Communication ................................................................................................ 16

Africa Biosystems Limited (ABL) ................................................................................................................. 16

Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 16 Tools: Technology Choice....................................................................................................................... 17 Processes: Work-flow for DNA Human Identification ............................................................................. 18

DNA Line 1: Reference Line ............................................................................................................... 18 DNA Line 2: Casework Line ................................................................................................................ 20

Capability Building ....................................................................................................................................... 23

HID Professions Services ................................................................................................................... 24 Gordon Thomas Honeywell Government Affairs (GTH-GA) ............................................................... 27 Center for Forensic Excellence at University of North Texas (UNT), USA ......................................... 27 Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics, UNT, USA ........................................................ 28 Africa Biosystems: Local On-site Expertise and Technicians ............................................................. 28

Conclusion................................................................................................................................................... 30

Contact Info ................................................................................................................................................. 30

Appendix 1: LIFE Technologies Customer List (Partial) ............................................................................. 31

Appendix 2: Sources ................................................................................................................................... 32


Motivation The East African region has been exposed to terrorism, drug trafficking, human trafficking, explosives

movement, illegal trade and piracy. All these offences leave being evidence for laboratory analysis.

Article 124 of the Treaty Establishing the East African Community highlights need for peace and security

in the region as a pre-requisite for social and economic development in the region. Partner states have

agreed to enhance co-operation in handling cross-border crime, provide mutual assistance in criminal

matters and exchange critical information to combat crime.

On August 24th 2012, EAC Secretariat announced the development of EAC Regional Forensic Referral

Center (RFRC), based in Kampala as a mechanism to achieve the regional security and peace goals, as

stated in Article 124. Although joint security initiatives, common policing standards, joint investigation and

exchanges of information are in place, a forensic laboratory will enable greater coordination between

police, security and forensics groups and the gathering of the right evidence in the right manner for

effective and speedy court prosecution of alleged criminals.

Overall, the RFRC will enable the EAC to speak as one voice to fight crime, enabling regional peace and

security through effective information sharing reducing EAC regional risk, enhance the quality of life for its

citizens and stimulating economic development.

RFRC located in Kampala will establish Uganda as a leader in this critically important and technologically

cutting edge field, and at the forefront in the regional and international battle against terror threats, human

trafficking, narcotics trafficking, gender violence and other major crimes. The RFRC will complement the

existing Government Chemist in Uganda, and add critically needed DNA Forensic capability to the region.

Uganda, in conjunction with other EAC countries, needs to develop tools, capabilities and processes to

be able to effectively implement the collection of and the use of forensic and DNA-based evidence in

court.

Africa Biosystems Limited based in Nairobi Kenya, believes that through the use of world-class life-

science tools, capabilities and processes we can enable the EAC to leapfrog older crime-fighting

techniques to enhance the capabilities of our police forces, legal system and scientists, bringing peace,

stability and justice to our citizens.


Introduction to Forensic DNA Technology

Recent years have seen dramatic improvements in forensic technology. The speed of analysis has

increased, while the cost has drastically decreased.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules contain the information all living cells in the human body need to

function. They also control the inheritance of characteristics from parents to offspring. With the exception

of identical twins, each persons DNA is unique which makes DNA sampling useful for solving crimes,

identifying victims of disasters, and locating missing persons.

The first step in obtaining DNA profiles for comparison is the collection of samples from crime scenes and

reference samples from suspects. Samples are commonly obtained from blood, hair or body fluids.

Advances in DNA technology enable samples to be obtained from decreasingly smaller traces of DNA

found at crime scenes.

Using forensic science methods, the sample is analyzed, resulting in a DNA profile that can be compared

against other DNA profiles within a database. This creates the opportunity for hits person-to-scene,

scene-to-scene or person-to-person matches where no previous connection was known.

Unsolved crimes can be linked together, and DNA from known offenders or arrestees can be placed in

DNA databases and compared to outstanding crimes. Crimes which have been previously unsolved can

now be solved, and perpetrators apprehended early in their criminal careers, before they graduate to

more serious crime.

Since 1980s, the use of forensic DNA as a tool to conclusively eliminate and identify perpetrators of crime

has become commonplace, well accepted in the scientific community, and well as in the court system.

Many wrongfully convicted suspects have been exonerated through forensic DNA. Likewise, previously

unsolved crimes have been solved using this technology.

The Uganda Police can access DNA Forensic Technology, using modern equipment, trained staff,

appropriate facilities, kits and utilities.


Key advantages would include:

Quickly identify suspects and link them to a crime scene

Early exclusion of those not involved

Early identification of serial offenders

Significant savings on the time and cost of investigations, particularly serious offences

Improve police resource management

Enhance the peace and security in Uganda, enabling economic development and branding

Uganda as the first country in East Africa to adopt DNA Profiling and develop DNA Databases

The cost of specialized equipment, lab space, and chemicals are offset by the social impact and cost

savings of reducing crime, saving lives and preserving human dignity.

Forensic DNA profiling is simply the result of combining specialized skilled labor and capital (building,

equipment, supplies, and utilities) to provide a service that is used globally to fight crime.


Uganda Police Perspectives

Crime Overview in Uganda

Uganda Police is to be recognized for decreasing the crime in Uganda for the sixth consecutive year with

crime reduced by 3.8% from 2010 to 2011. While several categories of crime reported a reduction, critical

areas such as terrorism, narcotics, human trafficking and homicides have seen a significant increase.

Compared with 2010, five times as many terror attacks were investigated. With success of AMISOM

forces in Somalia and reports that ADF forces may be recruiting and reorganizing in DRC, Uganda and

EAC may need to brace for additional terror attacks.

In 2011, Narcotics crime increased by 79% versus 2010. Drug trafficking is having a major impact on the

society targeting not only the tourist market but more so the Ugandan youth. The narcotics industry in the

country is part of a larger international network of narcotic traffickers who long have an established

distribution to existing clients and local sources for hard drugs. Critical attention is needed here to prevent

the source of narcotics in conjunction with defensive programs from parents, schools and government

agencies.

Human trafficking is on the rise. Girls are being lured by organized crime rackets to countries as distant

as Malaysia, China, and Egypt. In 2011, 69 incidents of child trafficking were reported. Combined with

child stealing this amounted to 330 incidents, a 10% increase from 2010.

Homicide overall increased by 13% versus 2010. Death by mob violence (7% increase), domestic

violence (14% increase), poisoning and assault (9% increase).

The Ugandan Police has planned to tackle crime through

Collaboration with local and international government agencies

Engagement of local public as a supporter to crime fighting

Enhancement of Police services through training and equipment

This includes developing a modern forensic laboratory, where DNA and genetic material from crime sites

can be traced back to suspects, enabling effective and rapid justice in all the fields of increasing crime.

Notably: Narcotics, Human Trafficking, Homicide and Gender Violence.


In 2011, a study conducted by Centre for Domestic Violence Prevention (CEDOVIP) and Makerere

University's Economic Policy Research Centre reported that the Ugandan Government loses ~sh36b

(~0.5% of the national budget ) annually in response to domestic violence. That year, there were over five

million episodes of violence against women.

Currently the Uganda Police relies on the Government Chemist for DNA Forensic testing. However, due

to lack of sufficient technology, processes and capacity, many tests cannot be performed and significant

backlog exist, placing a strain on criminal enforcement.

By building capability backed by modern technology and well-designed implementable processes in the

Uganda Police, we can stay ahead of crime fighting to ensure peace and security, not just for Uganda

and but also as a role-model for the EAC.

Uganda Police took 43,813 cases to court in 2011 which resulted in 12,029 cases with convictions. This

highlights a 27% success rate for convictions in court where there is a known suspect. Please see Figure

1 below:

Figure 1

Source: Uganda Police Crime Report 2011, Africa Biosystems Limited analysis


Application of DNA Forensic Technology with No DNA Database

These cases are ideal applications for forensic laboratory technology where the subjects DNA is

available, as he/she is standing trial, and the crime scene can be searched for his DNA imprints to match

the suspect DNA to the evidence found at the crime scene.

If DNA forensic laboratory was in place with supported policies and procedures from the Police and

Judiciary, Africa Biosystems estimates that the conviction rate in Uganda could increase from 27% to

51%. Please see the Figure 2 below:

Figure 2

Source: Uganda Police Crime Report 2011, Africa Biosystems Limited forecast with DNA forensic technologies

Hence, developing a modern world class forensic laboratory will be critical to fight crime across all

categories.

Studies from Journal of BioLaw & Business indicate that DNA databases in USA save $12.9 billion

annually, which translates a return on investment of 3500% for Forensic DNA testing i.e. for every dollar

invested on Forensic DNA Technology, $35 is saved in terms of expenses to victims and society

(Source: Ray Wickenheiser, 2004, Journal of BioLaw and Business)

Application of DNA Forensic Technology with DNA Database As DNA forensic capability develops in Uganda, it is critical for the Uganda Police to lead the effort to

develop a DNA database. DNA profiles can be indexed using CODIS (Combined DNA Index System)

developed by the FBI and can then be used to create the DNA databases, allowing crime scene DNA

profiles to be compared to each other and to databases of known individuals


The DNA databases would aid in the early identification of potential criminals who tend to be repeat

offenders. Many criminals tend to start with petty crime and then relapse into more serious crime. For

example: on average, 90% of rapists have had previous convictions, 85% of criminals commit their first

offence between the ages of 14-19 and over 50% of armed robbers have had prior criminal records.

This capability now provides for a new application of forensic DNA, which is the ability to find suspects for

a crime where there was none previously known. Before, if a crime lab did not have a known person to

compare a crime scene sample to, a case was unsolvable. Today, the DNA database can be used to

match evidence from the crime scene to a database of possible suspects. This capability can also be

used to identify missing persons and victims of human disasters.

The DNA database would contain DNA profiles of known suspects, arrestees and perhaps even data

from citizens; for example those who register during an election, applicants for work permits, national

Identity cards or citizenship in order to expand the size of the database.

Case Study: UK DNA technology and Database 2000-2005 The UK started their National DNA database in 1995, initially collecting samples from convicted criminals,

or people awaiting trial, however in 2001 this was changed this to allow DNA to be retained from people

charged with an offence, even if they were subsequently acquitted. Recent data from 2000-2005 from the

UK Home Office DNA Expansion Program showcased 78% successful trial outcomes for sexual assault

cases, 71% for Homicides, 49% for Burglaries and 51% across all other crime categories, as a direct

result of having a DNA database. Please see the Figure 3 below:

Figure 3

Source: UK Home Office 2005 DNA Expansion Program


DNA Database Global Trends Not only have Western countries established a DNA database, emerging markets have come out strongly

to develop their own DNA databases as shown in Table 1: Western Countries DNA Database

Development and Table 2: Developing Market DNA Lab / Database Development

Table 1: Western Countries DNA Database Development

Country Population Database Size % Comments

USA 311,000,000 9,000,000 3% Arrestee incl. on database

Canada 34,000,000 200,000 1% -

UK 63,000,000 5,000,000 8% >60% crime hit rate

Germany 82,000,000 600,000 1% Arrestee incl. on database

France 65,000,000 1,500,000 2% -

Table 2: Developing Market DNA Lab / Database Development

Country Population # Labs by 2014 Comments

Mexico 112,000,000 8 US Govt Aid will assist

Russia 142,000,000 40 DNA Database law, 2009

Brazil 196,000,000 14 DNA Database law pending

India 1,241,000,000 50 DNA Database law pending

China 1,344,000,000 300 Database >10M samples

Uganda 35,000,000 1 (Gov. Chemist) DNA Database law pending


Implications for Uganda Police

Uganda is poised to fight crime in line with international standards and emerging markets with the use of

the both DNA technology and eventually the use of a DNA database.

Uganda Police will need to develop internal capabilities, tools and processes to effectively use this

technology in conjunction with the Uganda Judiciary.

Figure 4

Forensic Lab Technology Aspiration for Uganda


Legal Perspective

Overview

Specic legislation is not an absolute requirement to start DNA proling, collecting DNA data, establishing

a national DNA Database or exchanging data internationally. National laws in Uganda already allow the

use of DNA evidence in court and collection of samples for national identity card applicants for DNA

profiling.

However, most countries established specic legislation prior to the installation of national DNA

Databases. The details of the legislation are essential, as inadequate laws may condemn a national

database to be unsuccessful.

The key trade-off lies between enhancing security while protecting the privacy rights of the individuals.

Key decisions (Non-Exhaustive)

Several key decisions will need to be taken from a legal perspective to ensure success of the DNA

Forensic Program. The following highlights five critical key decisions to highlight the type of work that the

Uganda legislature will need to undertake.

1. Key Decision: Which DNA profiles will be included in the Database?

Key Questions: Can reference samples only be taken from convicted persons? Or can they also be

taken from suspects and arrestees?

If only convicted persons proles are included, then society might perceive that potential criminals can

commit rst crime with no risk of being caught by a cold hit, as there will be no reference sample present

in the database. However, including proles of potential criminals and suspects may cause society to

perceive that a sample taken from an innocent person could later be used to incriminate that person for a

different crime. This dilemma, as to which proles to include, is one that has to be resolved.

Best Practice: An overview of national databases worldwide clearly shows that all successful DNA

Databases include proles of suspects and convicted criminals.


2. Key Decision: What kind of crime which warrants the taking of reference samples?

The simplest and most efcient method is to include all crimes that may lead to an arrest. However

another option is only to take samples for crimes carrying sentences of more than a certain minimum

period of imprisonment. It would also be possible to draw up a classication or list of crimes, for example

all serious offences, and only take reference samples from selected class or classes.

Different countries have different methods

Best Practice: All countries with successful databases take samples for all crimes, including volume

crimes e.g. Burglary, Theft, and Vehicle Crime. The reason is that DNA proles from serious crime

scenes mainly produce matches with reference samples taken from suspects or offenders who have

committed volume crimes prior to or after committing the serious crime.

3. Key Question: Should DNA profiles be removed from the Database?

If suspects or arrestees are included in a national database, an additional exit mechanism should be

included, for example if a person is no longer a suspect or if an accused person has been acquitted by a

court, then the relevant sample is removed.

Inclusion of a deletion mechanism as described will not have a negative inuence on the success of the

database. However it may be helpful in improving the acceptance of the DNA Database by the

population, as it diminishes some of the general population concerns.

The spectrum of rules ranges from proles never being removed, being removed after a certain period of

time, or else varying, depending on the crime, on an individual prognosis for the convicted, or on the age

of the person.

Best Practice: Most countries keep crime scene proles as long as they remain unsolved or when a

court order demands their removal. The procedures for removal of proles from the database and sample

destruction need to be dened. The authority required to order removal should be addressed.

4. Key Question: How should taking of reference samples balance procedure versus efficiency?

Legislation should also dene who is to be allowed to take a reference sample, and on what grounds. The

procedural requirements must be followed to safeguard the legality of the sample.

Best Practice: In constructing this legislation it is important not to introduce unnecessary obstacles into

the sample collection process that will impact on the efcient collection of samples. The most efcient


solution is that a police ofcer or appropriately trained professional should be able to take the sample and

it should not be necessary to obtain a magistrates or mandatory court order.

Multiple databases may need to be developed based on use of the DNA Profiles and care must be taken

not to mix the use of the database. For example: the missing persons database should not be mixed in

with the criminal database.

5. Key Question: How should information be shared regionally and internationally?

Any national law on DNA should also include regulations on regional and international DNA data

exchange. Simple legislations to enable sharing can have major impacts on crime effectiveness. The

INTERPOL DNA Gateway can provide a mechanism for international exchange providing enormous

benefits in terms of matches that could never have occurred otherwise.

http://www.interpol.int/INTERPOL-expertise/Forensics/DNA

Implications for Uganda Legislature

Overall, legislation has to nd an adequate balance between the interests of the individual and the

interests of society. It must be in line with constitutional rights and other legislation, including privacy and

data protection aspects, but without unnecessary restrictions.

The most important resource in the use of DNA in most countries is legislation. Many amendments in

national legislation in other countries have been done to enable the success of the DNA Databases.

Whilst not typically covered in legislation, it is also important to give a similar level of detailed

consideration to sampling and analysis strategies with regard to crime scene attendance and evidence

recovery. It can be shown that increased overall success of DNA Database programmes results from an

increased focus on both crime and person sampling.


Scientific Perspective

Overview Laboratory Scientists who perform Human Identification and forensic testing are under constant pressure.

Each test performed can have a profound impact on the criminal investigations with coordination from all

stakeholder involved in the Forensic DNA investigation process. For this reason, laboratories are required

to use validated technologies and procedures that consistently produce high quality, valid and reliable

results.

Scientists therefore need to ensure that the equipment used provides the most comprehensively validated

products, with well-defined processes and easily accessible to training, local expertise and application

support available for the forensic labs.

Key scientific tools for Human Identification (HID) testing include Extraction Kits, PCR machines and

Genetic Analyzers and best-of-class LC/MS/MS instrumentation for forensic toxicology applications

used for Food, Drug and Narcotics testing.

Implications

Quality Assurance

The DNA Forensic lab in Uganda needs to be accredited or in compliance with International Organization

for Standardization (ISO) guidelines relevant to DNA profiling processes, such as ISO 17025. These

guidelines focus heavily on traceability and chain of custody integrity issues, and enable Uganda Police to

upload DNA profiles to national DNA Databases. Other standards can be found on the CODIS website,

the FBI Directors Quality Assurance Standards for Forensic & Database Laboratories, and the European

Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI) website. These standards cover different factors that

affect quality including training and proficiency of personnel, the physical environment in which the

analysis is completed, the equipment and methods used, and the handling of items under analysis.

Quality principles need to be applied in every step of the law enforcement chain, so that from the crime

scene, through the process of analysis in the laboratory, to the courtroom, the validity, reliability, and

reproducibility of the DNA profile is ensured as much as possible. DNA profiles are loaded onto national

and even international DNA Databases to maximize the efficiency of the investigations, some countries

even share their entire national DNA Databases.


Three key factors will affect the quality of the results from the DNA Forensic Lab:

1. Contamination

When identifying, collecting, preserving and analyzing DNA evidence, particular care should be taken to

avoid contamination. As trace samples of DNA can be used as evidence, any minute contamination,

genetic or non-genetic, can alter the results. Procedures need to be put in place to reduce contamination,

for example: making the analysis automatic, using controls and checks, wearing personal protective

equipment, having separate and designated work areas for post and pre-amplification processes,

controlling air flow in laboratories and even restricting the movement of staff and equipment to designated

work areas.

2. Chain of Custody

The chain of custody refers to the process of documenting how evidence is collected, preserved,

analyzed, stored and protected from initial collection at the crime scene all the way to introduction before

a court of law. The chain of custody verifies that the evidence was handled carefully and has not been

damaged, tampered with or changed in any way. All procedures regarding crime scene preservation,

control and recording should be fully documented and available to the Uganda police.

3. Data Integrity

Normally a DNA profile is loaded into the DNA Database as part of a record which may contain a unique

bar code reference number, information about the crime and the laboratory that analyzed the sample, the

persons name, and identification number, the gender and the sample type.

The possibility of errors can undermine the usefulness of the DNA Database and the reliability of DNA

evidence. Errors in data handling occur when samples are mislabeled during processing and result in

incorrect information being submitted to the DNA Database so that a DNA profile is incorrectly attributed

to a persons record, giving the wrong DNA reference for that person. This can lead to false matches

where an innocent person is wrongly accused of a crime (false positives) or even where a criminal is

excluded from suspicion (false negatives).

Many laboratories have introduced a modular approach in which robots have replaced manual

involvement in a number of the key stages. The use of robots minimizes human intervention and

improves the processing time. However scientists are still required to review and validate the

interpretation before it can be officially accepted.


Defined Processes & Communication

The standard operating procedure (SOP) for this should be an integral part of the facilitys standard

operating protocol. The SOP should address security issues to ensure that the chain of custody can be

identified at all stages. SOP will include procedures for First Attending Officers at Scene, Crime Scene

Investigators and Laboratory Personnel. Training and capability building will be critical.

Africa Biosystems Limited (ABL)

Overview ABL has operated in East Africa since 1999, and is a member of the UN Global Compact, having

subscribed to the 10 principles encompassing four key areas: human rights, labor, environment and anti-

corruption. We believe that through innovative life sciences technology, Africa can embrace peace and

security, where our countries can improve their economic development and all citizens of the EAC can

enjoy a high quality of life.

ABL enables the life sciences revolution in East Africa through developing solutions using state-of-the-art

life sciences equipment and consumables for the Eastern African markets. We provide our customers

diverse range of products, excellent sales, technical and application support focused providing working

and cost-effective solutions. ABL has served governments, international research organizations,

academia and NGOs.

ABL is in a unique position to provide the Ugandan Government with the world's leading equipment for

DNA technology and forensic toxicology applications supported with world-class capability building,

training and support. We are the distributors in the EAC, for Applied Biosystems, part of Life

Technologies, who are recognized world leaders in the forensic market.

ABL can do the following to help successfully establish a forensic laboratory with a highly specialized

DNA / Human Identification Unit and Forensic Toxicology Unit:

Assist in setting up the correct workflow and ensuring international validation

Assist in the selection of the right mix of equipments for the forensic laboratory

Enable capability building across legal, police and scientific staff

Provide on-site rapid application support and service

Our goal is to build internal capabilities and knowledge in order to develop the right tools, systems and

processes for the Uganda Regional Forensics Referral Center (RFRC).


Tools: Technology Choice Applied Biosystems Inc. (ABI), part of Life Technologies, has over 20 years of experience in developing

DNA detection and analysis technologies. ABI is the only company in the world that designs and validates

its reagents, instruments, and data analysis software together as a complete, integrated system for

Human Identification (HID) testing. ABI equipment is the defacto standard equipment.

ABI has developed a complete end-to-end workflow, see figure below, with equipment, reagents and

software across extraction, quantification, amplification and detection. ABI is the gold-standard and de-

facto choice globally for forensic labs.

Figure 5

Complete end-to-end work flow with reagents and software

Note: All Equipment is ISO 13485 Certified

To support the end-to-end workflow, we will provide to the Uganda Police Validation and Professional

Service Program from Life Technologies which is used to ensure installation and performance of the

equipment across three key areas:

1. Process Mapping, Efficiency Improvement and Design used to define laboratory workflows utilizing

Six Sigma methodologies and to develop chain of custody for collected samples

2. Human Identification (HID) Training through the HID University

3. Robotic Validation and Implementation Support for high throughput labs

Key applications of interest to the Uganda Police would include:

Human Identification Testing (DNA fingerprinting or profiling)

Drugs & Toxicology Testing (Analytical processes including use of LC/MS/MS systems)


Processes: Work-flow for DNA Human Identification

ABI offers the most trusted and integrated Human Identification Solutions. Precise results, consistent

performance, and proven success cases. As the worldwide leader in DNA typing solutions, ABI delivers

the most comprehensively validated products, expertise, and application support available to human

identification laboratories. From the trusted AmpFSTR kits to, high-performance genetic analyzers and

software to in-depth training and on-site technical assistance, it all works together to help ensure success

and maximize productivity.

To achieve this, we are proposing two separate DNA lines created one geared towards reference

samples and the second focusing on processing crime samples including bone and teeth samples as well

as other human remains.

DNA Line 1: Reference Line

This line will be based on a direct amplification technology to type reference samples which will be

collected in the form of blood/buccal sample deposited on Copan NUCLEIC-Card a specially treated

paper that allows convenient collection of samples and rapid direct PCR amplification. This line will

comprise of a semi-automated punching system and with minimal handling steps.

Figure 6

Reference Line Workflow

Step 1a: DNA Collection Blood or Saliva is collected on Nucleic-Card paper (Figure 7). The Nucleic-Card matrix is chemically-

treated to enable cell lysis and protein denaturation. Doing so, nucleic acids are immobilized and

preserved for long-term storage at room temperature. These cards are certified free of DNase, RNase

and amplifiable human DNA.

Figure 7

Nucleic-Card and Nucleic-Card collection device from Life Technologies


Step 1b: Punching

A disc of 1.2mm is punched from the Nucleic-Card using a Manual Puncher (Figure 8) or Automated

Puncher like BSD systems or Hamilton easyPunch (Figure 9).

Figure 8

Manual Puncher to be used with Nucleic-Card for Direct Amplification workflow

Figure 9

BSD Puncher and Hamilton easy Punch to be used with Nucleic-Card for Direct Amplification workflow

Step 2: DNA Amplification

AmpFlSTR Direct & Express PCR Amplification Kits are used to amplify directly from this 1.2mm punch

without the need to perform any DNA extraction or purification. This step is performed on a GeneAmp

96-well PCR system 9700 Gold or Veriti 96-well Thermal Cycler that are the only validated Thermal

Cycler for HID application on the market (Figure 10).

Figure 10 Thermal cycler from Life Technologies validated for HID. 9700 Gold (left) and Veriti (right)

Step 4: DNA analysis

Covered in Casework Line workflow. Please see below.


DNA Line 2: Casework Line

An optimized process will be implemented that combines advanced DNA analysis techniques such as:

DNA Extraction using sensitive PrepFiler and PrepFiler BTA Express technology.

Quantifiler Duo based quantification of quantity and assessment of quality of DNA extracts to

help decide the best option for downstream DNA analysis

High performance STR typing technology, AmpFlSTR Globalfier which includes highly

discriminatory markers and some of them are mini-STRs allowing thereby recovery of valuable

genetic data from compromised samples.

Figure 11

Casework Line Workflow

Step 1: DNA extraction

The AutoMate Express Forensic DNA Extraction System (Figure 12) is an easy-to-use, robust benchtop

instrument that utilizes the PrepFiler Express and PrepFiler Express BTA (bone, tooth and adhesive)

chemistries packaged in prefilled, foilsealed cartridges. Life Technologies has designed the PrepFiler

kits specifically to improve the quantity and quality of DNA isolated from forensic samples, thereby

increasing the potential to obtain maximum information from downstream STR analysis.

Once off-line lysis has been performed the AutoMate Express will be able to process from 1 to 13

samples in about 30 minutes. The enhanced BTA buffer will allow lysis from Bone and Tooth in about 2

hours.

Figure 12

AutoMate Express Forensic DNA Extraction System

Designed to improve yield, reproducibility and overall purity of DNA, AutoMate Express enables recovery of high-quality DNA free of PCR inhibitors and suitable for downstream applications.


Step 2: DNA quantification Forensic analysts routinely encounter a variety of challenging biological samples, many of which contain

mixtures of male and female DNA, and/or have been exposed to environmental insults. To aid selection

of the most appropriate STR chemistry and maximize the chances of obtaining an interpretable STR

profile in the first attempt, it is beneficial to efficiently determine the relative quantities of male and female

DNA and detect the presence of PCR inhibitors.

The Quantifiler Duo DNA Quantification Kit enables forensic laboratories to simultaneously obtain a

quantitative and qualitative assessment of total human and human male DNA in a single, highly sensitive

real-time PCR reaction. This guides selection of the optimal STR chemistry (autosomal, Y-STR or

miniSTR) and streamlines the workflow while increasing downstream analysis success rates.

Figure 13

The 7500 HID Real-Time PCR System

This step is performed on the 7500 HID Real-Time PCR system (Figure 13) which is the only Real-Time

PCR instrument validated for HID application on the market.

Step 3: DNA amplification The AmpFlSTR Next Generation Amplification Kits have been developed specifically to address the

needs of forensic casework laboratories and to enable a new level of performance, data quality, and

efficiency. This helps forensic analysts recover more interpretable results from challenging casework

samples with increased confidence.

The next-generation PCR amplification kits have been designed to overcome high levels of PCR inhibition

and improve sensitivity from low-level samples.

This step is performed on a GeneAmp 96-well PCR system 9700 Gold or Veriti 96-well Thermal Cycler

that are the only validated Thermal Cycler for HID application on the market (Figure 10).


Step 4: DNA analysis

This step is performed on a Genetic Analyzer where PCR products obtained previously will be analyzed

by their sizes.

The 3500 Series Genetic Analyzers HID (Figure 14) are the latest advancements in the Life

Technologies industry-leading product line of capillary electrophoresis (CE) systems, recognized for the

highest levels of data quality and reliability. The versatile throughput system (481200 samples per day)

supports a wide variety of applications using its DNA sequencing and fragment-sizing capabilities and,

unlike its predecessors, has been designed with a specific feature set and workflow for Human

Identification (HID) applications.

Figure 14 3500 Series Genetic Analyzer for HID

Applied Biosystems Genetic Analyzers are the only HID validated Genetic Analyzers instrument on the market.

Software used for analysis is the GeneMapper

ID-X Software: an automated genotyping software

solution for forensic DNA analysis applications.


Capability Building ABL in partnership with ABI, part of Life Technologies, is committed to building the internal capabilities

and knowledge of the Ugandan Scientists, Police and Legislature in order to facilitate a successful DNA

Forensic program.

Training is essential to ensure that the highest quality of results is achieved from all stages of the

investigation. With several different personnel often being involved from investigation to prosecution it is

necessary for them to complete different kinds of training specific to their individual roles. Four key

categories of stakeholder have been identified: Police, Legal, Scientists and General Public.

However, there will be some overlap in their knowledge, as the same basic concepts must be upheld

throughout all stages including continuity, integrity and reliability.

Figure 15 DNA Stakeholder Framework

Through our partnerships, we are able to provide training, access to extensive knowledge and experience

of ABIs dedicated forensic support team, access to training resources and access to external

consultants.

These include: HID Professional Services part of Life Technologies, Gordon Thomas Honeywell

Government Affairs Consultants, Center for Forensic Excellence at University of North Texas, Department

of Forensic and Investigative Genetics and Africa Biosystems: Local On-site Expertise and Technicians.


HID Professions Services

Supporting Implementation. Enhancing Productivity

Target Audience: Uganda Scientists and Police Force

HID Professional Services enable forensic laboratories to overcome critical implementation challenges

through a collaborative partnership with ABI part of Life Technologies - the worldwide leader in validated

human identification solutions.

Unlike any other solutions provider, ABI has developed an HID Professional Services team that will

validate new technologies and protocols, integrate forensic solutions, develop trouble shooting

capabilities and provide targeted courses for Human identification.

HID Professional Services utilizes the highest level of genetic analysis and forensic application expertise,

as well as the most extensive service and support network available. The result is not only a more rapid

implementation leading to improved productivity, but also enhanced quality assurance and a thorough

understanding of new procedures. Thus, the laboratory is better equipped to meet the ever-increasing

demands of the forensic biology discipline.

Unique offerings from the HID Professional Services team include:

Most in-depth knowledge of the entire system, encompassing instrumentation, reagents, and software

since ABI is manufacturer of the equipment

A tailored Forensic program for Uganda created, implemented, and supported by forensic scientists

with over 100 years of combined forensic laboratory experience

A dedicated team of industry-leading scientists with extensive developmental and internal validation

experience for forensic DNA applications

An extensive network of Field Service Engineers to provide on-site technical assistance with

instrumentation

Utilization of VALID Software, an innovative program with numerous integrated tools to define,

execute, and manage 5-dye validation projects

Please see attached Integrated Human Identification Training Brochure and Africa Forensic School in

South Africa.


Track Record:

HID Professional Services (HPS) has been developing and delivering validation services for the forensics

community for the past 6 years. In that time, HPS team has delivered over 175 validation/

implementation/ integration projects in the U.S., U.K., UAE, South Africa, Namibia, Singapore, Malaysia,

Europe (Poland, Germany), and in Australia.

These projects encompass all of Applied Biosystems Human Identification extraction, quantification and

autosomal and Y STR chemistries, third party robotic validations on a variety of robotic platforms,

performance checks, and LIMS integrations.

A partial list of customers is attached in Appendix 1. Over 50% of HPS business comes from repeat

customers and the team is seen as a trusted advisor to the clients by offering best in class professional

consulting and services. In the last 3 years, this team has successfully undertaken turnkey projects to

implement medium-high throughput production lines for processing scene of crime evidence samples as

well as reference samples for database applications. Current turnkey project customers in the region

include:

South African Police Forensic Science Laboratories in Pretoria and Cape Town.

Forensic Genetics Laboratory for Ministry for Affairs of the Families of the Martyrs and Missing

Persons, Libyan Government.

Namibian Police Laboratory.

Ministry of Interior Laboratories (34 in total) across Russia.

Polish Police, Warsaw

The South African Police Forensic Science Laboratories (SAPFSL) in Pretoria and Cape Town are

currently undergoing modernization in which Life Technologies is the primary system integrator and a

turnkey contractor to supply state of the art technology infrastructure as well as scientific services to

validate latest chemistry for DNA analysis.

This project encompasses both semi-automated case work and fully automated reference sample

processing lines in multiple locations. The scope of this project included:

Laboratory design

Construction work

Installation and Management of Biometric access controls, CCTV, Environmental controls etc.

Design of Casework Laboratory Workflows, Custom design of robotic platforms for DNA Extractions,

writing methods and integrating the equipment with LIMS

Validation and Performance Checks the chemistry and the workflow


Training of personnel to operate and manage workflow

Supporting SAPFSL in the development of SOPs and manuals for operators

The Ministry of Missing Martyrs Project (Libya) involves setting up a complete laboratory system in Tripoli

to perform DNA analysis from victims and their family members in an integrated and validated workflow.

This work is conducted in partnership with Dr. Art Eisenberg at the Centre for Forensic Excellence,

University of North Texas. Again, in this project we have included extensive trainings at Life

Technologies facilities and at UNT in the USA.

In Namibia, we have implemented robotic workflows for both Casework and Reference index samples in

the Namibian Police Forensic Science Laboratory. Casework workflow include Robotic extraction of

DNA, automated set up of qPCR and STR and CE Set up and Capillary electrophoresis. For reference

samples processing line, we have integrated robotic punching system with STR set up and downstream

workflows. These workflows were validated under ISO17025 guidelines and the laboratory is currently

preparing for its accreditation through an external body.

A complete list of customers can be provided on request. A partial list is shown below in Appendix 1.

Throughout all of the projects executed, to date, by the Life Technologies team, we ensure that we follow,

and are in accordance with, all of the following global compliance standards:

1. Revised SWGDAM Validation Guidelines (July 2003)

2. ENFSI Minimum Validation Guidelines

3. SWGDAM Interpretation Guidelines for Autosomal STR Typing by Forensic DNA Testing

Laboratories (Jan. 2010)

4. FBI Quality Assurance Standards for Forensic DNA Testing Laboratories (Sept. 1, 2011)

5. FBI Quality Assurance Standards Audit Document for Forensic DNA Testing Laboratories (Sept.

1, 2011)

6. FBI Quality Assurance Standards for DNA Databasing Laboratories (Sept. 1, 2011)

7. FBI Quality Assurance Standards Audit Document for DNA Databasing Laboratories

8. ASCLD/LAB International Accreditation

9. ISO/IEC 17025:2005 Requirements


Gordon Thomas Honeywell Government Affairs (GTH-GA)

Target Audience: Uganda Government, Legislature

GTH is a dynamic group of individuals offering comprehensive professional consultancy services

including governmental affairs, government research, and association management to a diverse client

base.

ABI can engage consultant Tim Schellberg (President, Governmental Affairs Services). Tim has consulted

with the African governments including South African, Kenya Libya and internationally, for example:

China, Turkey, Netherlands, India, Italy, Philippines. His expertise in forensic technologies, particularly

DNA, makes him a sought consultant in ensuring the right legal framework is developed to ensure

success of the DNA Forensic Program. In addition, the GTH Team brings strong capabilities on

international legislation concerning DNA databasing.

This team can enable the right legislation needed to Uganda to ensure the Forensic DNA Program will be

established and effective.

Center for Forensic Excellence at University of North Texas (UNT), USA


The Life Technologies Center for Forensic Excellence at the University of North Texas Health Science

Center was established to accelerate forensic DNA database lab start-up, accreditation and operational

efficiency. Through this first-of-its-kind certification program, researchers obtain in-depth knowledge of

DNA profiling and gain extensive laboratory experience in single-source sample processing, data analysis

and data review for use in criminal investigations and identity verification. Upon completion, trainees

possess the necessary skills to support the new Human Identification laboratory in Uganda.

Center is led by Meredith Turnbough, Assistant Professor Please go to http://www.untcfe.org/ for more details


Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics, UNT, USA


The Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics offers a program of comprehensive training in

analytical and computational methods necessary for studies in the various fields of applied genetics.

Students participate in seminars and teaching, and receive extensive training in techniques of

contemporary molecular genetics. Research track students perform original, publishable research and

present their research findings at national and international scientific meetings.

Doctoral studies in Forensic and Investigative Genetics are broadly interdisciplinary. Students may

undertake research in areas such as forensic genetics, clinical genetics, computational genetics and

evolutionary biology, microbial forensics and many other interrelated disciplines.

Three main centers exist;

Center for Computational Genomics

Center for Bio-Safety and Security

Center for Human Identification

This world-class facility have ASCLD-LAB and ISO accreditations and provide access to FBI CODIS

laboratory for missing persons, which routinely processes ~15,000 samples/year.

Forensic Genetics advanced degree program are granted through successful completion of the academic

degree and required curriculum

Africa Biosystems: Local On-site Expertise and Technicians

Target Audience: Uganda Scientists, Police Force, Legislature

ABL has 10-year established track record of proven delivery, and on-site rapid support in East Africa. Our

professionals have deep technical and strategy expertise, enabling us to engage with forensic scientists,

lab managers, police directors and legislature. For example: we have successfully worked with Public

sector clients: Government Analytical Labs in Uganda, Government Chemists Kenya, Tanzania,

National Reference Labs (Rwanda), enabling training, applications, trouble shooting and data analysis for

Human Identification testing (HID).


Our team has deep knowledge of DNA technology and DNA Forensics, with certifications Applied

Biosystems and Life Technologies and their representatives in the region.

ABL can coordinate capability building and support from Life Technologies: HID Professional Services,

GTH-GA and University of North Texas Training, while providing on-site application support focused on

ensuring successful outcomes, workflow solutions and testing.

ABL also provides installation and service support, as key differentiator. We provide local, on-site

commissioning of equipment, user training and our engineering team, based in Nairobi is available 24-7

by phone, email and on-site.

Our team is led by Yasmin Verjee, Managing Director, who has worked in East African research

institutions, specializing in DNA technology, for over 20 years. She has published several scientific

papers related to development of vaccines and genetic analysis for cattle in East Africa. Her research has

received UN award for the latter publication. She founded Africa Biosystems in 1999 with a vision to

enable the cutting-edge life sciences research, development and application across East Africa to

improve quality of life of the East Africa community.

The ABL team has led business development activities, engaging with research institutes, governments

and private sector clients. We have experience in setting up DNA labs with the right mix of instruments as

per the end-users application. We have assisted Kenya, Uganda & Tanzania HID departments in

recommendations of workflow solutions, instruments and consumables at the time of purchase.

Our team includes several key members that will play an active role in bringing this project to light,

including: Julius Osaso MSc Biotechnology (20 years experience in DNA Technologies and Application

Support), Amy Wahome MSc Biochemistry (7 years experience in DNA Technologies Training and

Customer Support) and James Kamau (10 years experience in installation, service and support of DNA

Technologies Equipment and Consumables)


Conclusion Overall, EAC & Uganda Police are poised to develop DNA Forensic capability through the RFRC,

leveraging the existing skills, building new capabilities and investing in new technology. ABL can enable

the EAC to ensure the success of the program engaging stakeholder across Police, Legal and Scientific

community building needed capability.

Overall, the RFRC will

Solve and reduce crimes, by enabling DNA Forensics for over ~59% of existing crime in Uganda and

across the region, and more with the inclusion of the DNA Database

Exonerate the innocent, using unique DNA identifies that only provides an exact match

Save significant Govt. money by rapidly targeted criminals, avoiding lengthy investigations,

prosecutions and social costs of crime

Enhance regional security and peace, becoming a role model for EAC and Sub-Saharan Africa

Enable the EAC to speak with One Voice

Enable economic development for Uganda and broader EAC

Build internal knowledge, and capability in DNA forensics

This technology is cost-effective and requires not only equipment and trained staff, but also detailed

procedures and legal framework to enable forensic evidence to be submitted and successfully used for

prosecution of criminals.

The forensic lab will enable the EAC to join the ranks of multiple developed and emerging countries,

underscoring the EACs commitment to social, economic and political development of the country through

enhanced safety and security.

Contact Info Africa Biosystems Limited is an East African company that drives transformative change for the region,

through the use of innovative DNA technology. For more information please contact us on:

[email protected]


Appendix 1: LIFE Technologies Customer List (Partial) Life Technologies has engaged in over 100 HID projects globally, developing end-to-end turnkey solutions and validation for customers in both emerging (e.g. South Africa, Namibia, Malaysia, Russia, UAE) and developed markets (e.g. USA, UK, Italy, Singapore). Selected Emerging Market Experience Region Type Laboratory Country Dates Projects

Emerging Malaysia, JK Laboratories Malaysia Sept. 2012 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Emerging Nambian Police Namibia Feb. - May, 2011 Turnkey Project - Crime Index and Reference Index Lines

Emerging Warsaw Police Poland Nov. 2011 Verification of New Robotic Systems

Emerging South African Police, Pretoria South Africa March - Dec, 2011 Manual Validation of New Casework Chemistries

Emerging South African Police, Pretoria South Africa May 2011 - June 2012 Semi-Automated Non-Semen Workflow (Turnkey)

Emerging South African Police, Pretoria South Africa Jan 2012 - Dec 2012 Semi-Automated Semen Workflow (Turnkey)

Emerging South African Police, Pretoria South Africa March - Dec, 2011 Phase I - Semi-Automated Semen and Non-Semen Lines (Turnkey)

Emerging South African Police, Plattekloof (Cape Town) South Africa Jan 2013 - Jun 2013* Phase II - Semi-Automated Non-Semen and Semen -(Turnkey)

Emerging South African Police, Pretoria South Africa Jan 2013 -TBD* Reference Index Line - Turn Key Project

Emerging South African Police, Delft (Cape Town) South Africa Jan 2013 -TBD* Reference Index Line - Turn Key Project

Emerging South African Police, Plattekloof (Cape Town) South Africa Jan 2013 -TBD* Reference Index Line - Turn Key Project

Emerging CIFS, Thailand Thailand August, 2012 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Emerging Abu Dhabi Police UAE May - Dec 2011 DNA Database, Creation and Validation of Semi Automated Direct Amplification Line.

Emerging Forensic Science Laboratory, Budapest Hungary Jun - Aug 2011 Verifcation of Robotics for Casework and Database laboratory

Emerging Ministry of Interior, Russia (34 Labs) Russia Mar - Dec 2011 Turnkey Project to Set up Automated Reference laboratory and Training of Personnel in 34 Laboratories

Emerging Office of Prosecutor - Moscow Russia May - Dec 2011 Robotics Consultancy work Selected Developed Market Experience Developed Australian Federal Police Australia Aug. 2010 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Australian Federal Police Australia December, 2012 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed New South Whales Police Force Australia Feb. 2011 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed LKA Hannover, Germany Germany May, 2012 Verification of New Robotic Systems

Developed Singapore Health Science Administraton Singapore Jan. - April, 2012 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Singapore Police Force Singapore April - Sept, 2012 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Metropolitan Police, London, U.K. United Kingdom Jan. 2010 - June 2010 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Ministry of Justice, Italy Italy Jan 2012 - Dec 2012 Turnkey Project to set up Reference DNA Processing Laboratory. (Phase I)

Developed Alameda County, CA USA April, 2008 - Sept. 2008 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Alaska Police Department USA May - Sept., 2012 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Arizona DPS, AZ USA Dec. 2008 - June, 2009 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Armed Forces DNA ID Lab, Maryland USA Dec., 2011 - March, 2012 Complex Laboratory Move - Performance Checks

Developed Baltimore County Crime Lab, MD USA June, 2011 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Broward County Sheriff's Office, FL USA Aug. 2009 - Jan. 2010 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Broward County Sheriff's Office, FL USA Oct. 2011 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed City of Columbus USA Jan. 2011 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Contra Costa Criminalist Lab, CA USA May 2010 - August 2010 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed DNA International USA May, 2011 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed FDLE USA Feb. 2011 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Fort Worth Police Department USA July, 2011 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Georgia Bureau of Investigation, GA USA Jan. 2011 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Houston Police Department, TX USA Sept. 2010 - April, 2011 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Houston Police Dept. USA Aug. 2011 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Jefferson Parish, LA USA Feb. 2009 - June, 2009 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Johnson County Crime Lab, TX USA April, 2012 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Johnson County Crime Lab, TX USA May 2010 - July 2010 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Kansas Bureau of Investigation USA Dec. 2008 - June, 2009 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Kansas Bureau of Investigation USA Jan., 2012 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Kansas City Police Dept., MO USA April, 2008 - Sept. 2008 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Las Vegas Police Dept. USA Sept. 2009 - Dec. 2009 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Los Angeles Police Dept. USA Aug., 2011 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Louisiana State Police, LA USA April 2010- July 2010 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Louisiana State Police, LA USA Aug. 2011 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Louisiana State Police, LA USA Jan. 2009 - Sept. 2009 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Louisiana State Police, LA USA Jan., 2011 Validation Project for New Chemistry

Developed Marion County Crime Lab USA Dec. 2010 - Feb. 2011 Validation Project for New Chemistry


Appendix 2: Sources

The following documents were used as sources and provide useful reference material

Life Technologies:

Human Identification and Forensic Solutions, 2011, PDF

Integrated Human Identification Training Brochure, 2006, PDF

Africa Forensic School in South Africa, 2011, PDF

Interpol: Interpol Handbook on DNA Exchange and Practice, 2009, PDF

Documents

Concept Paper Forensic Lab for Uganda Police 20130911 v1 PUBLIC