Comrie, Bernard ASPECT (Fragments)

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ASPECT

AN INTRODUCO HE SDY F VEBAL APC

ND E OLEM

BNAD CO

DEPRMENT O INGUISCS

NVRSIY OF OUHBR CALFORNI

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CONTETS

Prefce v Abbre v tons ix

Itroduto0.1 Den tion of as pec 0.2 Meanng and orm3 Te m nolo gy0.4 Strucure of the book5 Generl read

pge 1I

6113

14

Perfecve ad ierete 1.1 Perect e 16

I.1 Dnio of pefectty 62 Pfviy nd ohe aspectu value 2

2 Imerfectiv 24'1 Habu 6

121.1 btu nd he aspcl lue 30122 rogre ss v 3

2 Asec nd hen meg 41

21 untul an daive 412 n e 4 2.3 te nd d ynm c iuio 48

3 Perfc 52

3 es o peec 6

3•1 erfct o esut 5632 Experien perect 83.3 eect of prsisn siio 63.14 eect o eet pas 60

3 fect n ot sps 633 Prospectiv aspct 6

4 Aspc ad en 66

1 erecve, presen andre 664.2 As pect al dcton t cted to cen n 71



·3 Nraive esen page 74·4 ombined tene/pec oposins 845 spec and i ec in enseles langue 2.6 Apec and voce 4

Foal expressin f pect pss 5.1 Morphol o pec

5· Pexing in Balto-Slavic, Gergan, and Haian

5·.2 Combined sepec mrphlogy 452 Syncic expes o asptual ostions 9

52. Locative expres o pectl opsions

5.2. rogresive d impeetive pec 52.2 otiet tate 105.2..3 Drectn d aspec 06

5.2.2 Perfec s resen plus pas 0652.2. Pec nd ertal 10

Makedess III kess and seaic I22 Mak ad morphlgy I etralat I6·4 Marke a fequy 66 akedss a ctex 6.6 Degee o makess 22

Appedix A Language gde 2. Genetic cascati01 f las cited 232 Aspectal te nl ue 2

.2. Els 2A.2.2 Savic (Rus ulgaria Old Chc 2

lonic)A.2 Ronce Frech Spnis 26.2 Greek (nct Greek Moern Grek) 2.25 Ciee (anda) 22 Oth lau (Tuh Ciem)

e B Re apahs pe 2BI cas tery 29B Feature y 0 B Mel-thret es 2

Re 34Ide 39



ABBREVIATONS

In exple sentence nd gl ose, the a bbreviations fv., fomerectie n Pv., f eectve, are se thruhu.

A arisk bore a entece or othe fm ndcae ungramma-tcaity ; a questo-mrk dctes dubs rammacaly

I



Introduction

O. I Dno of apSne e em ' aspe ens o be es faia o sude

of ngscs an ae es o oe veal eoes suh asense o moo s as wel, bfo gvng eno o aspec, toconse some exape o peca sncons n anguage liey obe aa o eae ode o povde so aual aeal agantwc w be possbe o e oe eoeca t o e ds-CUOn.

Sens o usan an oe Saon languags ae faa whe sncon ee eece and peecve aspec as n on

c al (Pv.) a n cta l(Ipfv. bo ansaabe no Engs as ead', aoug soe a o eence ca be ge y transaingthe Ieeve as as a, he ued to ad ; s only aapoxma aaea , ad a moe deaied dsusso wl befound n e boy o e bo. n at e stto wee h rad

he wa e d n g ad he ud to e Esh equally a asetualsco o ase s a eo even n a amlar a language aEs. Say e oane aggs the erene etwe,o nsance Fenc ll ad ll, pansh 6 an (l ea ala nd eggeva is one o aspe despte e adiiona teology,w speas o e mpere (sait ea eggeva a a tn an equllyo Spe Pas (ut ly ese) aso caed e at Den, Hto,

o Reoe as a se.Pauay n o s enoogca and onpual, confso

o ense an aspec s worth nsg now tat the meag of teoe aa e ene s uesood beoe embakng on dsus-son o e lss faa m C aspe . Tense rlate te te of te

1 An explnation fr th trdionl conusn ben apc n nse nekng f e Romance as ns oms s uggee n cto S.1.2

I



no

stt fd so othr i uy o he oe os h cs ss oud s oh o s ss s h tss o idd dsuish e

st s ft

sto descibed i he rse is ct to s tus wit th e o sek sigg); dscbd e s ctd ior o het f s John sg, John w ngng); o descbd ft s ctd sst t th of sk . Jhg Jo w gg).2 c ts cts t f sittio t stt o ttc w y dscbe e scc

h ss fered to s td h ti o he iosc the st . ch ess e rfered to bsoss thr ssb fo of e refee i ie refeeh std o th te of to bi cd rie o hes t i is ted tie of se othe tiot tc csco i s r isce vovet h sut t th sc w walgwn h o of m H d b wh n alg he oa, I on H the st cie walkg i boh se de stt octd sts ith he t of he i vb epee o t ts o veb. I he sce he osc by wlk s h set e h ese ese ee,h i th sc i hed i te s i he s e et

h fct i e coice o he rse cie s hu rev

t rfc t bste i reece iy he oedfct tcie i such ote i oscio idtie e refec e. ha et ay eale, o eeo see h n rsus hang et H ea I ' t ee t ee gan. ycy i eb or he boe s d b he retve s eco 44 h ee

ritt b d Mdr hie e re erb o

ss ti rh t bsoe se hoh he be oy secctio o iepo riv o hich he e reer d hs teoi is k o b the se oe.

J For futhe sso s o nnc n (6 30-6 so t tns of n nu dl wl as ene

value; hi k ii 'r ' ueogh it hold b bo n nd th this s ten c md n. L 6 5-



o. I Denitio f aspec

Aspc s qe deen o s Te deence in French bewee l at an l lu, or in ns beween he was readg he ra, sot one of tse, snce both ae we ae bolue at tese. It s i

this sns a we spek o et bein dsnct rm tene, insi o uc oosion as that between efectiv an erfetiein teaed as aetua eve where te ramacal termioogy of dividal anguae ha tadiion of rferi to te te

s the geeral denito of aset may te the formulato taaspecs are drent way of viewn e teral teol ostituy of situaio. We ay isra thi enio rey eturi to

oe daied exempcaon e body of he ook, b onsidern oe of the derences bewe te aspecual form ve abo asexaples of aspecal dincions i vrious languges, a illustte ih following transaio equivaes:

Enish: Jo wa eaig we I entredRssan: va ita kogda j voe!Fenc: Jen lsat and j'entr

Spanish: Ja la ado en.tia: Gn legev ando eta.

I each of es tee th rst veb reet e go tosome vet, i tht vet itse itrodue y t o r2h econ veb reset th totaiy of the ituto referre to (erem entry) wou referee to s ier eora otiuey thewhoe of te sao eete a le ab o wthbeginnin, mdle an nd role ino one; o attet ad todivie ti ao o te vrou inividu e tha m ute acion of ny Verba fo wth th e a to aeerecve eann, an where t language uesto alverba os to indca ts, e hal y tt it ha erfete st.3

1 This s based on t dnon gvn by Ho (1943 6): ' manrs

diss d concv lcoumn d poc m . drn wasof concvng te o of procss sf d a bn

gnalsd sm so a t do o f o o rs, alo for nstanc o stts; s fr a z.

2 s s a stabsd dagoca cq o nun

cncp of aspc n tecng ndvda lanag w pss knd S fo nstc Klein 7 8-00.

3 Of th anas ced r a u Engs av rv asp n

s sns In Engs rlatn bn Progssv g. was

adig and no-os ( nterQ s a r comx b

3



Inttion

T ote om .e ose efeng to he suaon o Johs eadgo o pesen h uo n h wa bu he ma epl t th nea empoa onstuey o the suao In

xales ata efen s ad o a nnal poon oJons eadng hle the s o ept e th oo t o h eag hs i h he enes a npet anng ta m ey s a ee tat oe ung h peod tJoh wa eadng Johns adng bo peedd and folowed th ay xai th c tn etive admeetive a s t say ta the tve lks te stati

fo tsid, itht cssay stiishi ay th italstct th stati, has th fci lks the statim sde, d as sch is ciay cc th e ita stct th sitati sc it ca bt lk backads tads th stat th sitatin a s t th t stati, ad ds ay aat i h sati th asts th al ttht ay bi a tht a e

Indis

ussi

g asp

i

s

pa

o ap th e deebwee pefey ad mpefy s no neessal a oedee btwee suaon no s neessay a een ha spested y th speae as ben obev It qute possbl o sam pa to efe o he sme suao on wh a pefv the wh an mpefee whout ny wa beng elfonado be llsttd b as stcs lik John book esty ; wil ws ing i, postman , its qits Fe Jn lut c i pn qie i, l c vin) Rssia (vn pou knigu v o v, kg l,pel poon) it s th v o d e tth sa stti ai. th st cas hvr h'sdig is std as a te vt, itht th sbdiisto sccssi tal hss; th sc as this t isoed that th sak is i th dl o the stati

os ei, says that as th il f this sitatw e d sly d t s th ith ctia that th vt th stas aial tk ac.

rvided e resri uselv to nottve erb nd exlud hbitulmenn, n e dieren ewn th two form e o ierfeity vrsu erfecivi, in te eme o. F urer iussie eci n e ressve



I D i sect

ro t isio o t prvio paras, it ill vitat as ot o , a t radr a troor tr t o ot itiat sitio sist o aov

aspt a ts. ovr ato o ap a ts aor t t, t ar or it t i irtas A ot ao ts i ii aory, at itaio ti, sa rr to t prs ot, to also irr to otr itatis At i o or rlati tti o t itato to ay otr tipoi ratr t tratpoal osity o t o statio o ol sta t iras o t sitatral t s) a itatio-xtra ti (ts) a stn J was readg we ed i ts tat r or do srv a iti tio o oai t ital to os r t tis apart t tio isol a soar osq o t drt a t it ital ostt o siaios rr to was edgplas s itra to rai taio, tor atral ar t t aotr itatio v to s a a i olitot itral ost, ts sato is at tporal at tat oi i ti r ara a al tall to oran. lal, a s o ors ti a illora t to nia sq o vs e wd re te snad e s, d brgt d e ple-reei a o t tr aios s std t ra to tiral osi, a atrl rt is to ta t a tstat orr so a o ol i o tyll oral t o r i t arprst i tt vr, t s o a ss trtatio. s q ol, nll, o ll r s to a siltaos, a t osit a a xlii y aia apropriat aral t st h wi sultael

Aotr sst s t s is o itrd i rlaivor o t t vn s tg s osvato o ovral rst t nd , n as a ot ot aal or o vnt

s tii o tn ad ast i artlal orta in osn , l J as ad e b (s

1 this bok 'perfcv and pr n qui n om on ; ion lw.



Intouction

sed John ea he book Spi Jua h lo el lbo s sdt Jun l6 el lio) Tis e is discssed, wi eeece, inha n e ec adiinay, n wk ha ake disicin

eten tens and asc, he efec as sy, wys, ennsed n as, ug i df wee te deii fas gi b cn e eed cde e fec secw, e ec is ey s s, ic i dies in enng e us ese fs Sice e eec is ey fe eeed s n sec, discssin f i s ee incded pesn k3

0

M formS fa, sc as ee seed esseni senctes, wit eeece t t inte sce in, iuta dscssin f fa essi f spec A ef cisit es wi be seu ee ee is e senic cnce f eece abse a), wic ay be gsed i anguge, ie ngg ve gica cegy eesssie eee, in wic case we sy e angge as ess anygues ak eses, ie d n v gicised i efec,uh bay agage c eicse i efeence, .e. aeea debias a ce ituais i ie, suc gishtoda th ya boe lat t e oclock ees sec, is s unfiy f eg, s a e e • sec is used efe te gen eic siin ssi, eiced aicu gamticised siin sed ese ecdistincis in indiidu gges te ese k e seak

6

n ot f e te ae ngag a at n pen frte ale Prf ect (o Compo P) o not neeari ae -t mea te ppoto a prne Span an ot av te opon fr n eanng ee in re PrJ lu le vT vr at Dne nonperft) Jan ut iT.

S tn a of e y to em fro a tn ne ape en

ge r tn fe to al vral agore t are neen no moo aec. T e o t p fr ah savaag a acomn h of rm as a n over a ay o r n of nio

4 on e sp om n a e of e akon pa: akonsan) a Germa o ma n acn a to e ve n no am n ag qal no e a me geney ape e



02 g o

en sul dsns u s en e ec nng, sp e ey e gle leclsed n ndul lng e nun s

nly n n e ll e lys, e es o eengo pcl l cegoe n nddul lnges sp n nen ec specl dncn dn. esln o enlogl pl le nd ll undn o n e ug onc y e pn s pe uld n oso cn.

Cel n ny dcn p peee ll b gen

el nue e exss s gl cgc c lngugs d ls xe e n dussn e snn ung gl ege Tus n sussng ee d eenn, es exe o nsn,Ru d Sn (n Spns n e ense ) e n y Engls e p ps s n ngled n e p oon ce ney ween gesse nd ngessenng ol o /eec dsn eln o ld e o e (nse es) nd en nly l enng cde

s s e lngges do n gcls e enc g

dson bn s d osrt s dr n t ls folloto ue dt wys e rst dscto s tw sct sgrmmcso of rlv s sncos wl osrprss cl s o of sos v of o tdcos a lcls s s of osrt s smlr o otoof rnt m rld to t rl sm do of s bov dscssd n pr 2 scond dsco c s tusd by most Svs d of by scolrs Slvo cous o otr lgugs s b ast grmmtcso of sm dscto d tosr s lclso of e dcprodd lclso s by ms o driton morolo

( or a rl dsusso o drvo morpology s M(97 cptr wr s rrrd o as c moolog srsrco of t use of e rm 'tosrt n Slvonc lscs srdcd by l (08 copresve accout of osrof usn s s s v by s�o 962 3 88 forug s vov (7 vw of confuso c b usdby tse to rher det sss of ost s trm wl not busd prst boo

S fur sco 2 on te pros.

7



t

ense so some anguages do n gammaase seman aspeadsnons o ge pes. n e oms o eman nsanename ose wh he Smpl ast (e.g gg 'I wen) as been

sppaned ompete b th Pee (e.g b gegg 'I haegone n hese oms o eman aso wen ) hee s no gamaa-saon o aspeual dsnons1 hs does no mean hat n ee omof Gem t s mposbe o epess h eanng deenes ha aeepesed b means of aspes n hos languags hat do hae aspeshe deene bewen Engs e e e b and e eb a o some en be apued n eman b e deen

beween ls s (whh oes he seman ang of boh o heEngh snenes) nd m lea he ead nhe bowhh has epl he meanng he Engsh ogse s gHowe hs patua wa epesng he seman deene snot geneasabe beond e md set of ebs n nnsh hdeene bewee hee wo senenes an indeed n hs ase mus bepessed b a deene n he ase o he de objet: n he s

senene he de obje w be n he ausae e l j ead he boo' he n he seond wl be n h pe . j he was adn th book Howee hs s no eneasable o a nnes he dsnon s ompee nappable whebs ha do no ae a de obje whe n man senene pas hado hae a e bje he deene beween he on h ausaede bjet an he one wh pae det bje s no a semanaspeua dsnon a .2

So fa we hae no plaed any esn on how seman aspeuadstnons ae o be gammaased n ode to ua as apes and

8

1 hese rs f ean d hve tn lefet an tre erfwever ntd n etn tes fs d nt nesly ndateee eann, a sly nde ltv st te eferene

The s enn f th tv se n nn s th nly a f thejt fered t s aeted y the statn were ntas twenartv and nnprtv s sse, the nnrttve ans tha thewl h bje s aeted One se elsatn f dtnn tht etween efetve nd erfeve enn sne eretve s sttn n e, t elly ntls he nleteatn the rt jet wevr t s sle r te drt jf a ver wt erfetve eann t e ny ary td, as otti ruoka e t se d f he t al th d wth the asatve), am p pyrst ' nt the d n h t , where ny r f t d t t It.r dt tve n nnsh, ee nn (7



0. Mning n o

ndd nt ng n uc ddtnl tctn, tugny ot t o sct v ttpt o o o T pc gt ctey l ny ot tcl cgy, y

xped y n t nctnl opooy o t lngug nutn, wt S ZY Z ce ; y xed y n , wt ns w en , stc Pg pd o t pl v o edFut dt o t tcu l devc ud xes sctostn n u lgu ng o e g ts nddl lngug nd nt t nl o n pct; n cpt 5,

, etn unt l n lnguge n t pen o tu tn l dcud nd intepeIn ctc, t n tn gmtcl ctgs o inddul

lnguge d nt ctg vn o c n i gtd y t ptc e ntc cg tt tegtcd n n u nug n n ngug-tcu ctege ten cn t o ctgy, ot u ene T Spn pct, o ntne, s iJu Z n dg un ue to d ', cn t pt nn n p eenc, con t n nt T t t clld Pect n ttn cn 44 c cbn ctv nn nd etv t t n o nd, on otn nd lnguptcg tt cnd ly, u no ty tc dtnctns n tn nn, e l Egl Pg tcy s gss g tg t g n

1 Ts K 7 6 crcs niss cosr t Elsogss t b n pc ne t a vrb piphs t s o c pssbl b tt t do bt the prblmt iss f how t sch ca t English Pog essv e pl smtl e ssemt ppos t nogessve forms, b re exprssd by f ppa Ther is r r probm hre wc cocrn mpog sytx s a

l tn s spct n t s ot ala t rws odrs btw vonl (lx d t mopl btwe pol d stx t E Pgrssvb cs ont t s sl t cn th ch cnt train t n t pos f ntctc c nrctn xp pos t s grmt cg of nc athug it is n xc w th b -lne ld bdw bw h nd t gl Sps ogss c ll osrd a gmtcl cg.

9



ntdt

c soh de is eced he gen setc dniioo ges ning To od consi eee ngg-ticcegoies d senic distnctns deed indeedey

tic gge i i ok picy s e dd f sig nii ci o n f g-pic cegies, eeeeing cego s c o os eng ceoywie sn iii cis f ggidede sicdsincs. is gic coei sd e nod cey ioking g k.

n eig ngg-ic cgie ggideedesentic cceisios i is ssie i pic, ie o o e nggepc cegoies d ssoci e i eienig enings o s f senc dsicis dsee o, if , hse e gcsd i indiid gi don psi coiio of e cs). k eng th sc fo h viei gee igisics, second och, o nig o o is o esi sic cene o iees i o e pic f h is i tic nge. h pese , eefe, vios gesic disinctions e idcd d ised y es fgge·ic cegoes cesond e ess cos ohe seic disicins sised s des, co e ii no ys he cs pic gge sd i se gee oi v a egy coesod c snic disncio inoed e s does e cs is o ecs eog o s ee do ois fsg cocening gepic cegoy ny eis s e k cpis ve

igh e og d od to esis ecggeic tego a gee chceisti is iguc th ec e of i indiid se oud e edice isee chceiio d, ey e d e dic

hen ot to se e i es) d he d o eed sk ny i cesdnce eee o cegie dsic dstinctios. e his s ne's sigi s cose,o eg e esi f e degee f coeiy f eine cgois d eni disicios. An ne

a Gmn t gdtg en



0.3 Tmolog

ul e y n e e le se en eltn n ses e ee genel enng ll nddul ue e ede en ndeed e te

es esn e eln, u de neuge e uen ee n ee ngl genel enng In e ee , en, e e k gven teg ngsvel enngs, sy n exluded seqen ky ee vu enng e n deen nen ne genel ng, le le e enng

ee d ve e n n enng, t en ee ne ee enng ee e enl, e y n te n e u ek en nng e nng In e exene nen enng n e n e te e eee e enng gn enng endenng e een que exen ogn eng,en edng ely e qng ew enngu de tn g enng, n npotn ne e gnlly endy enng One ee o dsused en 3. n evepe Pee n nRne lgges u e e P, v g e e equeen een evne e Pee eeo n l poe n oeve n We, fnne, ee gnl e w geenng gdull ete n n e

l eev enng n e een ne, een nl e v ve

03 Terminoogy le nted, n o e, opoe

n e e ngs, e n genely e engy een n w ne e e

k, n p on o ngye eel el le o neng eeeen e enlge e e l eg ll eene e eng n ny e ee eeseed neu deene ge

1 Gr r sbdir meis ar e rrr b Ger rm bbedu (sga bbedeuu

I



Intct

sns dn s uy n ny On n nddnt bs usd o s pnonn, wln t nd, d n usnly, s b s tn

pd by dnt ngsts dlly dn nptsIn s b ts p n t us n ydnt snss n n p onss w v os s vw s n w nn stn p s o s stn w s psn , nsn psnsu ps n ( s s bee be Ts n

dsnn s us n dsssns f s y Cnnn nss,nd s nsstd n by ss w o w ns un nd Od u Svn w t s stns, nd ptnn t, tsd Iny n wks by Ens-spn nsts, wv sn unn ndny o s s • p s ndny s puy unun wn s onp nsn su s w w Sss s s s p n, sy ngls n pt s nss s • s n dn nos so ns, ow s s st o py ps ns Bun,n, s s s n Sns n to s pssbnson s no n sd s p nusn

dsusson sudsns ptty, st s wn s pss n • nuus , t n sdsn tt (ssvss s n osnss w nsty In dton dsussns Ens, s f s Pss (g Jh s eg ss d s ntnus, s t dsno d wn s sud y nd

suss o nu-t s nns s s n ln nn su n Ts s n n n ss usn ns nu-pul s pss ss

Ae Gek te Art s th d rmril ese, th it ds h ss I e mds d e s e As s el secl, n eress ese



0 Sruu o th boo

n nos c Ao Ps D o pcvp Bgn n nc pevy nd e lcosly ng don s d no cospond o

gn lngc nolog n ook (g Pecw pec p nd d no s eecnnpcnn A Pv wc ev plog e only t pcl le. Covon o s o nl cpl sld pvn ny coon

n csng spe o ncssy o dncewn ss ns pcs scss o lyn cp

owve le ony nonecncl lngg povd

w e n o ysn elngg o vo dvon o no povd ny ge o e ll n pn wo n d gencovee on y e o n vn o pocs o s vn pos scs e n cn 3 Fo p n w y k sno ollows: co o nl ngw vn n po y conl npo gy no o co o ; vn y onvw op wol (pvly) pos o v poe o n pevy)

0+ Stcte o he book ol o c o oo w n

o n w o y o s w o o ok o p o 3 n wc o

concp ld n o pc no n scss.Cp scu n non w pcvn pcv y n con ; so dcs yo o sn ccsons dncn pp n l pcl lo o o es

l o n c . p n o on ods vo dvso pecvy pc yconn n pne ncon o npc c o ne n v o ge loscss n .

1 kled', d.

2 f section



nrductil

C s t w nn n o n c t s cbs o c c n snc ss, nd w s n n nc w

u cgs ndd ng Dncon dcdu s nd dnc son t dvd u sns, bw n n t o poc ng s o c nd n s o poc n wnus c ov wd oc cono c nd o nt

T t dscssd n cp 3 c v p os nds ct conssn w t gn cco cnss sn vnc o o n

Cs 4 nd s concp cgon pov t cs. Ct 4 nv nco o pct nds n vs g n o pc nd voc. cp ns psn pc dcd w pc dcs sd cs nk t nc nconssd d od wdow ono t nc sncons

6 dsus concp o dn pp o scsn n n n wc dn o Pg Sc d ow wd ns n n on gsc .

y, ndc v ntc con o ngc n b b ccon o pc ss os ggs tt n t non o d

by b nd odc d o coc t ns o pct

5 Geeal ead y w wos on ct o vwpon

g gc, n n dvd n nc k n dd gu ond n ppnd A nd n

s o nc t t nd ook. An nn n wok H 1 9, ss on vonc n Ancn t

wo ds c n nmb o cs bo ot nddsc 12 nd co 974. A c ns , d's duon sov 962b Rus s n S 1974 nd En 's nd sn n . Ao



05 ee

d del my Egl Pg l u ducy cl c lgu e, n y gl

n eF n y ue ndcy cy vou oud e, ee eeen 92 2869 u dee emlg m l

lo h on d g llw rrg o "c "sro b b rssly sy tt dr ha whch he bot or e h cl thee o cl hl ot fo a pl o n be lae gthe 28.



I

Perfective and imperfctie

1.0 e dtnton n pefetty and peftity haseady n on, n eton pefec idca h vew suan as a n le whoe wtout dtinton o h ro sepa phases t mk ha sn; whle he ieece pa eenenin o e a sucue of he siaon. he peent haptewl loo at t dtn uhe deta xas an aious lnae

. . Peectve Den cvy

iusr o etl wt s meant by pe-fetty t ma be sus be ome feuentl ted butnia nadequte aatetons o ts noton: ny o teeae ute weead te ee lut teatue on apet and nmas o idu ue and lead equeny to noet

asn o te oe o apet!I s soees caed pefee o ndce sions o

sho t, ree os n suaons of ongo t s esy to nd exp o nvda a a hnad his sson pehs h ceaes bng whee bo pe-fev n mrfe fors n e n eerng t th enh o e ho y necesay pon o he aion

6

Sice e a o coc ith the itoy o heoe o ac, xccta, ded eeece a ot ge o h o h aiochaactatio c b A -e mma o th tcadeomet o cct o ectity ( imctiy), ipaca ead to Saic i y Dt 1954: IQ Someo h a acco patica thoe om th ith ,thoh iadqa y ate k, tl y a pao h o o h t aect



I I Pfectiv

sh lng in Rs, oo he o a hou c ber itr i Irv, a soa a s or i la lowig o eectve oms : a posoa a s, ooa a as

o e xn o s gv n ndc pero td lo or r rce vr wposoa) uggs scte) od d e onPciv vn (wh oso) sus ve) logd, wl I l) u Silr l, Frn i gn Dni) tene ans a gna () n ans h gnd f h rs ' o oeo obve r ubce t iod e i ; r e w d t s i a ge oo, orrod rl o Esh rg f rtr , . o in n Vi d rr np o r o r d gni i cnnc wh r gn d u b r a krod m cio ndduleve a ur ed dr Sr k Ar (rcv s) basiluse k , o r ' , r t m Ir c pt s{ a r r ' , o o xl r egn rien a

ql, he pece cnn be e s descbng a siuaioi e a op o nled duon; an ho, en ea , a e4 peos, b as he e ae shob pfv pe b o e suchdui

Rel he nce pefeii as dig or od ie is i chaaeiin s ndc a uu ie. oi-ike oona siuaon Ee s �d sv dconr i ve o v, s i ec y o ed v g se o v , l Whle coe h bas ncin o hepeece is o epesen an even oena o pnual hee i h n v a ev, b no gvn d pson o he nenal sce o uin, irrece octv

S furr ecton



Pf n

o hs he ct o edig it t sing on. n o , s cv n e ome wici o sca o o wi

gc nd ycic op o ivi l e, d s yids c o e o n, R n p e od c o oo nii,k on o ' c , iiy o o s s o d i in Enis opoa c css i no ci o wi s o so ocg o doosSce te oo point ses o pcld intenl omple, r pl metapor wou as b t say tt t ft sito o a l, he h to a point: ob s trdmesion obj, and c theor av t plxiyo i eheless snge bj t b

A e euet aacerisio f prity s tt t idics

ompleed c. O soud not o a t �o is oped not 'opt i t sete the to ods te an rant smati stcio wrs out o discssg aspt. T v s nddeo a compet stuion, wit eging i, ad end. he eo cole , hoevr puts too u empass o he enoo h situn, hee t s of t ptiv t no r passncesiy, on th of sto tn o y o p of

o h as of tuao t s sn wo!e xisnc o i F i R o ns g au s yo o oi efcie o wiiv f n Ai , o is, g.o/ o po e i o o s, i Aois ni, doss i o o , no, s cciin o n Rssan, o

18

n a ar rd y nly anyi e. g Czc dokoQVY, Plish oOny Lanju al which rv v ann l

Irtg gh -a n r, s an di pd san s n he r n, vn ans id as p; s futher i +



Prject

b a a s ca cca c a s ags znat' (I .) u otznat' s s s tol'ko ct ozn

s s s s sc c at c s poa, s my oz ole polno as a g, g , s ci e e of sii s bes oe of e poibemenis o pefecve om eny o s eig eue. A p feie fm ofe ice he pi i wen sepll onse h n peece m sce he mpeevenie si ess sice e fc e ice son hc s en he ny e semi eeme iuced bye fc mi f ua s Rss dogo govaral (I) menj, e gvor (P) ua() g , bu sa () , i lg ua , bu cual sua

n mny ges h he sicion peecve imperecive os he eeve os o some vebs n ul o sme se eb cn be e ie e bei o sio ingsve eig c G, f a, s (ci ) b asle I g ca e

c g, a eaies dk t g f a ag ys, u a s a g eaes I bc ac c

(c a easieon ' a g Slal nk ca , al p nto Tot eein ne(is) bu lag ca, as s , l sa sua bas s , sac, b s ono ( b acqua ) (f c, c) S as (c s ebs f cas s, as ono (S

Ped hae mho ao I a g I Russa, onat' ci fonmat sa s as g u gs , s nakone o onl m elo a las as a a u aa C,

h rk xmps r fom Good 1889: 6 ss g he way whh sp s xprssd opogcay

e . fen l dde whh macllylr mpv or r r sp



Pec·e efece

a n o dcts ot djc nd vs, t om a o a stt n v gess ng n t Pct, g. s ol P.) c t, s c t. Cla on

cannt ay at ch piv rm dic com tion o asan ty rer t ts incin.A oss ais o ts ssv nng wod to s

vs cn ne ir sttiv o ingrssiv i ng it to t o o n into t s nstn Engs c c n t sitng o adot stng posii co so Egs n ly he s

h s haeng, w nng s so gssv. n codt ca tt t coc tn ngss d stv nton s dend t conte tn n spc povsott sc ctv os n v ingss g. t tsc cn ntned s owv dot, snc t is a dc en s, istan on t on nd a t otvs sd : s c usd ll s wt t nn dota sitig pst ncuig os w ctv m anig .g. Pgssv h sg o n cnot, ov s n i ts (hes ng as hg t s os o ot lags. Kno ts ds o ese w es pto nt ino nw stut nd sd n t Pogssv hessoy esg has haeng Tr s ss i sntt sc t a ll t scri y rfcv os tn n (incldg ntis it stts) n tr is m fnival in lig t piv orms f stiv vr to not tvt f nry no aroiat stt sn otis ol bi fr t pfiv os o s vr t sc planat io

is t prnt sclaivS t f te efecte s f a cee

c is et n ue, .e. nn e cccpion o on. It i tue tht erective rm f certi

ndvidul veb do eectiely dice he ccefl cmpleon f aio, with Rs ja oo go ver ja goaa(Ipfv.) go whch cod e endeed to Eg ' I cceeded n

ors o te me r r dret er at reted te daon m n e ce opot' /ponjt', oe er o s arempoog atten re aeua a e nt/a' enmt/znt' ccup ugt a pot'/pon

Cp xn 15 1



fiv

peri i rid o per i '. euv s onoe p oe p o pereiv an e e rave i pe pus nner p on e n o

suion on oa in, e k Spni s red, c ' o ab ko ' cdic i eciit idic cc co te en rdo y t uc co f i o e i refre oy saMa I ' if yti, e revre , it te itonree o y ice { ein e re o e evereere o up.

Fnll, e onse a e pre e

een n pr n pe ou an aona overones n c

c cti m ny pecpoiion o iit e tr to qetion od it rn o pct opiti (ce 6) r e e it i uc o e ee e e pfeci i d ( e rcie i e Svce n u e pctie e e. Dn in Fec e oi i n ri Grn) d dto do o eidenen dento o eecii d o nge oe di e peci c e inretenin pc, u o ti of tpeecie ud o h iti ciiecie

I Pftivty t ata aF e iin o perevi ien ve i fow

pereciviy nve c eic reerence e inena pornsien oa o rr n pit yn ck o nen o on Tus ie poe r pefecivr d o ton e nen oe, uc

r coer p er e o ue a ner n nerna e r ove oy oe on e snge . er nen rcu f uctin n b ee i ci o a pecivo se is ciey peeve or nn n rrn cn e pic y n uc

S



t v

ecl o b volved o oe asecal ooso

oe faces o co sco ll l vosm h lluse s e e c

le efecv s e cble h ovs of e f su s fll emed f covec all of c coa pefecv vb foech g tet s Ace ek ss e ee s ' Rus o ostooso s e sod e fo hou ls e add ese g xU-f t e e led f ve s e Rs as

e es ee e sl fuco of f o d o vebs o s clss s o dc aem d bu o ucul su e ee s ecl me f e veb o o elcl eesua

Sa he es s Sml as esusImeec c eesed deede f os o es e fo b e fo of he veb b us use of e couc es s se c e ec ucul os t s ese ace ee efecee suc s estvo eo e eed e ed ce suh fms do ccu al ae s o tsuv to vs all e vsos ke a'

lr Pr rr mp v F r P T d h uxli u pls ii r ly Pt T u Fr r P -P T ip r soj ' Pr j su d ig', dur so l d hl e tg Th prdb poso d prosojat -P, ly w a pos 'I l d hil, a poso ' I l r l h) ; s "a u poo r ·a

u posoj Thus stot s Imprf whil posoat d poso Pri

Jx 1 9 : 7) hr � 962 39-3, , h s

r v i po-, d h p r sh ri -

Th l y 1970: 63 h m i r r h



. erectie

h uaton descbed o ha std thouh ( c, hh o h atenoo, d cots o nube o dstnct phase (thaou avas), hc th Poessve ; ov, h hol cope

s uay psented s coet ho, hc th SpPas Sa use ud n Potuues, e e esee ledo emcs 0 d itro h se h ho dy ho a

ua, aa n the st ese, t a o ophooicalopostos coeso o h ect vu nonpeecvdstcto, a tat ben Peect d peecte, ad hateteen os a peect O o h a se o h ae

se-cotac ectv ost s pecsey to dcae an actonhc peete a a e hoe (hec the os as ae oeecvy, ut th ea colexy (hec th pectv ae o eectv), n the oon exape: ed ogikoi oe o t od (v ot) d Ndk Te se six (vost) s Nkol dotoec . . ed ozte xgete l . athe Stphen ed (pv ost) od Neo ot o an othe cos Ty tped (pv ot) beo Stchos t hauatue, , bo th aes o th achagea ad che

usa, h ts less ous aecual ophooy, no noaya to ve c xpsson o sn ho th tena tuctun :e te stut s pesened a a s he (Peectve), o t sunoded to s coon pats (eecte) ove, heete suctu ca cate othe than y h Peectve!peectve opposto, he ussa to ca decty xpes tuatoseed he e hve een dscuss Wh h ectveet oc , e ca hav setece o e de' h oced hdoo, o z se dei h loce al doo ; th atte splin that h loced a do, thout vg y caton ato ho (n ha od, o phap ll at onc y puh a onolutto) the do ced u h i alo th vatoay elate

oms 69 E ledo s litlly ml Pt) ig i gli t or o o Sile P rgr c oghtot y fco rg o Sim P spt a t rgri forrag. sim omiio o is o Eg orcios o th y: hppmed ri oe ay tat wa wak m ao the treet . , I hapee oe a be ak ao the eet

2 zi (9 9



Pcv an erctv

v ozaat in n ozaa vs ve ic cit oo ockd idviduy o t t ot: tot fctv ct t t uto a copt o,

t ibut c a o ti vb i oato a to ti cottucy o actio. oa ao vse ovsaa ssv ms ty a j o t at (o at t ot

vu vs vso so svo s ty jud u o ti t(poiby o) .

T oo obi it Ru b k eatsa(/een' ( ca to o aot, c to a c o c c ao eegvatsa (/eregn's (P i t o ot, ut tca ofik Wi th Pct i t k et n tcn c o on aot t ita a of ituion o by ica o t vb t Pcti t ot a a o a a Ruia a, yconi ostte ones gaz v nt tt y tt, t itobou ot o d to oo.3 Pct onanes ica gadua poc y c o th to ot ou ito t o ui t a cd coidao of d a b ccuud i th oo i y cot t t tcay o uta osete nes gaz'

nat ito out u to t oo.

Ipeecte

From e ove diso n on oferfctiv wl b nt, ny xlc reeree t nte tempr o a sitution vwg a sition frwthn; s wll b ener pin tht imereti s nmt be wit peett nd tht oth cn be expressed n on osssses te orm n to o so, s emls o n ion

i n o v a o o p mr-fetity ere ae thr agu es were meret s sednto umber o distnt os n t ts there s om

1 Se n 6Z 494), w s e t sb uc

2 s 196 9 w se t t ( 96 395 w ss t cmutedstb



Imeecv

o opond o p on o nn o piTo up oa, ay sent h ot ypca bvson o peity n abl

Table Classicaon f spectul oppsns

Perfctive

IImpcv

Hahual Conns

I

N ge

W loo b o lnu hi a spc pesinden oupn o sant ncions Enh, o nce, pa ba c hoh oly h ps ens, Je ee h so p Poes, g J as (e eee oths h us h Spl o, ihno uth ncon o pe, nde n he oonly o hbiua Apec n Esh enc J Tk y avbtl ein, h ecld osblt bn poi nn. n p n Spn, o, nonbn pciv d peeciv, n t Spl Pspiinction eg pl Ps) on v su Jaegab pec on s , ohn u to v ;

pa o o J esb e John inhou h o i oo n J eg o no udpossiv n Vls, n ec h en ysen p n, thouh nc o a Sp P t pevnn oon o al al, g ais i Y a

The Bane n Sou Wl hi con t h on, pa,o e i ae Y ae ' dn Te o se to Te Bnn Noth Wsh ov, t o e i ' Y Fn' nonhbua, i s di Te he p bia o, h ocllp, le i ' Y e u o ad Te e. nLhunn, oo, h o-cald pc inc bualy, .



Pfv d v

v I se o e u e us bgdv (Imefec) I use css e oe s se bg I , I su f ues e a mefece fom,

c ss h ss (s soss fms o efecve e s ; e seecs ss s e s e, us e Ld, R Td , B : ech (Imefec) L Rss n (If) vdu (f Ifc) n e eek d(If s) d N eo �b (f Iefec)

I mms f m lus ceo cee mefec, e ess s e e eel eo mefc mus se o qu sc cce ou cuousess us s he mefecefo esss ee bul su o uo ee suo he em meecve ' s osse s coob '( ueu s poc uk es bk, fs o ecse es vou sss o co oee fm s e coce, s s sese umbe of ues e sle ce o eessme s e esece of sc subss s cusess

scss pcv w o posl o pecveo o eer o o he ie ce Fm h

dei pcv hever i ow m pectv sc ed ree iuis ckig ier rcure Tqei t remi is eher here re siuis sric uc i he h he o vw ig i, o evrl usive phes e sll o sques seco

Habtl 0 I scuss bu csess, s ess o

s b s eo o u e csss e ee e s meec s o us s sec , eee e cceed e eo ou

her ternle uavy



1 Imfective

so dsussos o hbuy s assud h habuay ssseay h sae s ey, . h pon o a sao hsucssv ouec o sa sas o h n son. Ths

ooy s sad n o sss. h e po o suao s o su o ha suaon o d o y spay haba (o, dd, p) o. son spad a ed nbe o s he a o hes nsn o hsuaon a b d as a s suo, ab h nnasu, ad eed o by p o an o nsn ase he a eu sas up, ouhs v s, ad he os o o

dev hs cue Ensh h od b dscbd s oosthe

ecter stoo up coh v times n si . . . oud o posbo s he specay habu o h se t .. no the ectrerstoo , se to coh v times n si n eh, sy, onoud xpss hs by s h pv Ps D houho e confencie se ev touss cin fois et t • ssan oo a s hPeecve h oki vst, kaanu t' i sz • eody,a suao a b eed o by a habua o ho he ay avy a a a snc te Teme o in se to stnt Ees h s o ssay pcaon h h ocaso on h o hch hs p sood a Ephsu h g peos h d n; h hs pacua s, h naepao s pecsey ha h pe sood phsus hooa se pod, ho nsso. sa s o ho ses Smon se t eeve in goss Jones use t ive intagona, ad o h ussa s ego znva • usd o noh .

v caed h c hay nd y, ay no u o he eo o habuay s. t ll hbal, hh he e a hey ds aon hch he n

Soc gc hta fom e often efeed t te e'v (R mnogokanYJ), eg. Rn pva' :va, thehbl coear op drnk Ina . ( Rs opposedto oe er Soc lgage (eg ech) ea habta esed re at ls he re agage aek 1 962 : 05) ; the ys e placed b the ohba Imefective.) thana the pefet s le b z a , e 'ps ve ee

Dse he r emoy hc reers �kl/n 'g sem ve Ln el 'oce ) .

7



Pectie d merecte

po of i f siti eeed t . viw o i pp of o pi

i f of wo e f

ne po t tme, ten tere s nd fo o ov the e Diana e tostand at Ephe), tg q t s n xdd n polieaned t stand the cr f w hus eah y. f t sitti e tt n ted ro tpt onw o vi (s the l pfe ed always to lae

T o js wt ntis rrst et f endd rd me n n dn n s , t gs itae g Say d t th stn at m ind i the moi eay i sew stoe wo o e ie o eec i oite it s oi ove pio o v ea ew stoesa y o v oig; ee es o es it io d o emi ie o ote ad it wa dgee o

gaity (o fw oigs ou ss thou stoeSa o v o o tos o ake i o tteaIn e wd n w e tt nies rers n w s x e , t t desn a iio isi s nt e s

sssi of Egsh abi Past (eg I ed t it

hs end at the ace ad keise o te ussa itua Pse a nx ia c asa t s ote caed t a utee o eaig o tes os s ta te statio dscbed ooge s . i h a ot o og t fo ou i p Ts t od b cato seence Bilsedt e t a sbse raatin ta o ge eog o vsi osaio ts ee a cato te t sese

a y adto to t te a oadce s iaio wo poc a cotaitio t is cea atio o ed t e t a serie ranat t i as a so to o ogd sbvev ogato so t if sooe say i to bog o svesi ogiio t as

8

Cp. Ia�no ( 1 962 : 4°7), whej eg o z n i Eng tantion

I used to kow re said to impy that o one know him



1 2 mectie

n blon o sbs onson, n s ncct hs W y o s h puvplc th atul a, l ha h suaon dscbd no

lon hlds s an n sc sns n c t uns ouo o b, snc on n u sonl s ou slconcon,n ns o ueso o n ll s o b eb o sube s onsn : s, he se t e mee serseoraatio, a h is Equally, on could nse: h e e . . , w hthr r he s (s oppos o he sed e, w whhr he er hs en Eull, o couldns: he se t , er meer, ou bn lyp (s oppos o he sed e, a has sme time e memer bersie rai c pt, n o n h scon clus s e cl n h s on) Ts scnno b n plcton n s sns sc p plcon cn b cncll by n pc al o

Suppose o, h n pl uson o o l us o b b sbsv onson ns spy es, e, he t be. Spps o no ll sll s b o suc n oason Tn uston, onc odsc d l ths knole, coul ll ccus o nsldn, n o out lyn n bsnc o n scl o cont, sec se e member bersierastio ll b t by h s con o spsp h ll s o ln ebe ll s ll b n

n h sp s ply s h o no l s sll b, cn asabl pc o sp l so suc dscle, oths sp s n lbel sln n cn lnusc o poposo s er memer serse raisati s o dscbd s n plh n pcon, o i se t e mer ssierat. An plcu s hus a n n plco

plcu o snnc cn b en, n c s does no ol,u no n, o suspnd b n plc h spo os n no o o ls, llb o ol Wth hs ls pl on c cop ollo uss pl h n h plcu o h buls sia s cncelld e ollo : t, Veonka, ato

Cp ce

9



Pv and fv

s' svala tt i stan'a ou otn ud to t , ka, u can ust sta h

.

atua nd o pu vui an itatio tat b oat uity int, o can tat a nmer o e oe a onnouh od - t n , o any suio xpd iu i oos hiu i o-n iou ote emant au vue, m y osepop o h nd of iuo h oon o ee oa ucu o th ngu oon o oveke o ous i u, h hvos h v ove o oh o hu nd o so ohaspu vu

E, o ntanc, th Hu pct (sd t cosuctonc c f th Pov ct, o v uch o d b lg. Sc povn ha t n dat t n dta a c ou o ot to t oo tp octat btn ogv n no-Posv, akn ntstnc n h uu n, h th no pc hatu: (a whn vt Jn, e t latst s ; hn vhn h be tng s latt s n (a tnc, t th nonov vb w te n an cu, t pcaton taton cta occu t va at s ou, a i thb ntnc t pcaton tat cta av tatd o

v, d cotnu o at pat o th t at a th t ca, th, th ncat tuaton (on ctn po ha anoth tuaton (y av h thnonog cu t nptaton no put h ann no Hu Ae, n pcy h dncbtn og n noPov n: (a wn I vsd Jnh d t t latet , ndng on c occaon nt o

n and oy he oy , vsus I vdJn sd t tng s last , ch p tat o ac occasn vtd oh ad h a ad ad n ct s po

1 Th exmpe from 90 16 s y pss t s t Ht te rae ce o

cr : when I lISed to vst Jol, e ued to ecte/be reciti his latest poems.

ng te epren f ty s aw nc t hu rm cude ata



1 .2 Imefectiv

ae he haby doe oe ey e byob abtuay h oe apeua e poble opey he peua nae o ea a oue o h ua

on hc o oehe o ae p he he on eeed by he habual o n u, o ne, py e hee o he oe dcae habaly, poble o e e eee h abtul ea, epen e eto o uao haoud el be eeed o by te eeve n he eape ka�> a e aals, o ko-o oky (P.) oo, i e� vete (P) v boj ea te ed o e a

seone (had) pened Pv) e do e d (had) ed) n h sal ad abuaty ee eabd by eadebal : a eah e o ha he eeepeeveopn need no be ue n e ubodnae la o eablhhabu, but an be ued o dth he ape ha ould beased a ne ouee he appopae uaon hee o ohe oe ae o abaty, pssbe ua tdu u tee by yvao leal o be, hheabe abaty, en oug e apea e haud be appopae decbin ea dua ouee o heated uao

n aan t oe poue o apeual o ue a bead hee o he deene eee he o opoon Peee!peee and ost/pee e late ony n he pa enseOne o e uo o e eee pee o dbe aoha teae, and eah o oe ndvdal oene ol elbe eee o by he eee (n a he eee Aot), e.o n (P e) zoata, kavax vct avn oon da boe I ued o de h eep o" e e ee

s xmp s o Rassua 8 : As Russa no ava s luprc o ca ut con h ngsgoss ou us mp as o upec ee

Fo p s sc 4 1

Aoug Rssan a o Aos an pc s os arcompy an rom morn nguag Slvoc gs ra h Ao a mprc no a ow al oucomnaos cv At mrc Aors rcv Impc mprv pc : Uppe So o anc oh rcv or ad pectve mper xs ( w 18:18 g ectv ot kup oug Impecv Impc kpowa h g ue o u no ·kup ·kupow.

Buux lev (15 35

1



Peecie nd imectie

p nee ing o h n ing, o ndia ho h p oion oud a i, ing h v oi,to zot oon dn o . . . n i

biu oun h poin i i o apiuaing iyon he nig o h ugin pi oi nd vpe, o o hi oin pi n ipi, u no n nonyou. peiv Aoi a a uaonhi de y n ipe o pev), o gpii n o i ina opi, nd iu hiuon gvng a o o), i unon o hpiv Aoi ou did a pv o n ipv, o h Ao o h pv. Pv p,on h oh hnd, a a iuaion ih oud in diy a pv o (Pi), nd hn uppo upon hipviy, o h on o h poi uyp o ipiviy,ny uy, i i p o, o pay, hau o peiv, o h p o h Ptv. n oho, h n wn h pv Ao n h tvp dev o h dn hacha odn o auo piviy n pfivi: in o pvy donipevy, n h a piiy doina pivy.

Gogan, oo, wh h iepev and op oppoion oy din in h pa n, hiv p an u o hiua uaon aof ho oun oud in i e did y puy pv

o (Piv Aoi), g i cebm med dianes mi3oxme xrd sme midd, miibd bze xe da axedadzze o n i Slo ud on o go oud, h hnd o h , an oo oad od h ah omoi3xda, midoda, miideda, and xedad Peeivp

Prgessien h pn on h ond h ang o

iy pogiv o, uh a Engi oh snn, Spanih st cantnd aan Gianni st cntndo and Jn e as t en cndh Ahough o o h utap n o Engi, i ou o o h ou

Vogt 971 : ).



fciv

that the s essv as, aso th poessve n ay the aua, a uuuay de e. Soe o the use the Es ssv tat a nt haed by esve o n

te ues e td ads he ed ths cto. n soenus, e dtton beten rosie n nonpgressemeang b ens o ogrssve n nnp gressie rs ba,weres n oers e use o e sc esve ors s oonae e nonroressve des no ecue progrss menins s st e, s that essve ad -Pesveae t a caae, a ay ne tse eea c b te t ash a taa, on he othe hand, t s ssbe t ace th sse by the os, thut essve , that oepodn to EhJoh s sng s ve e J canado (Poesve) cat; s taa a hav Gn caano oG ca as a ca essve , an

cher, bu t ve ss u d a the pash aa sss, s J is iin a b tnsatedt c as en cnte.

De sss ud e tatona aas,ao th s sb u pss, t a to b nut te dece te essvees ad pevty. o theas, te s t set set be t xpapossvess tm t d pectvty

h s, peetvty cude a a s abiali ad

a saon an b ieed s habial hu t eng viee a roesi, as t te E -Pssve abtua n on ue owit poem s t Poesve Jon u o wtnos) ts sc, esvess s a to tnounes,hc s d ecvy that t ocasd hbtuat.s exaes J used to be writin oes ho, pssve t oa at a v tut a be veed bot

s au, a ssve, eah dvdua ocuee o hestuat s est as pssve, ad the u to o ates ccus s td s be habtual the habtu apess ov, uat n ts o t sut eque a t use o scc essv o In uae heessve a ssv a thed, ae ntstsed ty, suh as nh, the t noposve

33



Pefhe ee

imperfctv os w ay hv d g tn do th Engl h-Pogss. Tus, n F cqe jO d c eues pot(:vit Ul poe y hv th pcy mprct v pr

v smpy by v o habtalty ( ' c dy t ok pt rot a po ) o y vt o t t ta t oemtngsu s oo t v ooc ach dy 'ac y at oo t ot tng o ') th us wt ttgss ms a k ns n h ct, n BzlanPtgus tas s tes, uo ee egv (mprt) cs sas st bao (Porss) u vy evnn n htn

Im

rt , h hdn payg

(P

rogss) n

st J btlty do n en ossvness, soquay oesnes oes no en abtuay, a taoncn b ve as esve hu en v s habua, a non ws wti po t e o 'cock on the f o e An *on use to wte/us to be wt po t e o'coc

ft o f A in t sccaton f t on oasn on

s ton took pc xcu th possby hbtua g On m ht t concude, we, tat ssvnss s h sas contnosnss, sce contnousnss s ts m petvy odend b habu ty.

e contnu opang anguae t sea s v d to ou, en n evn e cle snencs abtua m eann, ag o oesene naw thaha npessve us w tk th n ntc e

s ' pat top te o cs sat or knw ', n , ak ) , ad asu onhbteto t t s osb cond v apa n Pogsv n gs (indd necessay t t houl o strpn o t n sntnc) ut o o h t vto p n th sv: ohn ew/ *s kno t he wseg too cy o t h anag wh pcay

ogssv m, n h a statn ods o stan nSpnsh ( t ovso ta nsh d t ot sca o pgss mnin, o tat t rr o s asopssb n t eco aus) : Jn c* seo Pogrss ue b (pect)/st o (Pgrssv)asao e . Tn uth exam e h s n e n ta

Th : )



ve

bs t t t st (g ss, os e esse fs ts tt t Mee, ts st ss t t btee stte stte

vebs Tus w n ie e nral do f prorsss obnon o ee i nd notti eig . Ntt, ste b t gesse frs, e t w tt bte e sttiit e eb te t s te gess.

n s ceion o t p i, g expcdie lanue w ogiv ors o agree on wen serog i o cn be s Utte, t t te ttitt e t bs, t gges i t e dees tg xt gsse f be sd IEgs s e, t ext gsi euse te ss aig, e uve , on tet , t essie f s ibe ee hgi (t *hann r ig Egs, it t in enessbe t s gssie fs f ebs it et ke ha (tg se ext w be td , i e * m u he und h ab o *y e' eaig I otges, ve,s f e efe be eou vdo bo d av ouvn tse parila ase, ean o se e a s pssle t ve ann ei arig ir a no-saes (ynai aions) : di yoa dr s o js e eep an ee no o o uppo a gg presoss e anser nieciig prceo a eer a se o a dnai iuai. Dirlanuags are r o coose esseally as an arbirary oie suc v e clie ti o no

Mo so n th er langag an Engls er an i erbsaso pea Prgse ; see fr belo

inass (: 44)

3 hoas (: 20) s e f se pl a essa d erne ogon

b laag w save ves he an se w nsavvebs Te x at hs p ay ee peey rlaprogessees s deed n ts of atvi b then ake s uent dee f assg v vb as ve or nsave Ptuuee see a r t Progrev bease t s o an t sav bease t a or e rogressvHoev aget depen o he bin suel lag lass

5



Pfectve an merct

So ar, a tac assu tat o rbs ar stati, otno, . tat tis s a ttr o cication o ca ts to sjonnonolapin ) sts In Enli, o, tis s not t cas t

an s t a ta sois as stat, ot

nonstat, pd on paula a a n t gnsntnc O such vb h Esh vb b, so that n addton oFrd y av Fred beng sy. h cod of h can bpaaphasd by Fre actng n y manner, th h nnivvb act, ha ts s t posbl in th a. nncdo no py ta d do ay ly a , inddh ay b ba u by th ot t oy c tha al s s th d fs spccaly h ay d hav th ot d ak no ai byod i abo bau at t ts. Oth laua hav a o t lccascaio h taa fo stac eere • b i aiv adth Psv f ths vb, n "to essno • a bnvn Es ca s opsd o sat csscaton t vld so hat o ds yoyou o aly yoyouscstucions t o cas h Po possb ad th o, e rn rom nuenza ad e i (* ben iwt nnza 1 er s a osativ vb, and th Pssvs pssb v hn t s b ud a syoyu ih stativb. n Enis, t na u s to b tat ca ti rbs nonsat n n t Porss, nonstati r no o tr t to n t Pg ng stativ

oth nonstatv us of tav vb Esh s n t k' undertann ore bout quantu mchanc a each day goes .Nora h b nrtan s sttv, s tat f soo asks ta ay s cophsb, s possb o as ye, undertan you, bt *ye, 'm unertanng you. I pivn abv th t oss unrta, hv th

is not t a ucha sat f cso th d f cpnso b th a fo o t-pt t at but at ahan h d f udrstad ay v day udstod

f whr dr gg do g o g of

aiv If he agm d g h ri vf de k, a h i me gg a stative, he would srongly

gg rgm w wrg mp from ech ( 7 : 2)



. ecie

o abou uatu chaic han on a iou da Th h ndestand h ee no o a a, u o a dloping oe,ho ndiidua ha a nial di o o aohe

Ev i allo or oaiv baical aiv eb, he,h a ill o o h Elih oiv ha a acoedor hu u b a ve, sand in h o in i aioiion, ra han auig a oiion) a i, ad in onguag i dii ogi o a no aa in ogiv hi i �gi i ogi o a ud, a oai orpoding onpogi o, a in I ive at RaayCtt n I ii at aiway Ctts, o the Sinx stan yt Ni ad r Sth s standing y th ie n uh a nonPogeiv e o a o O n a o ai ah oiv e o a o oa u a I ie at Rawy Cutting, ha hi i noa idee, hea iI ay I in at Riway Cutings, I i ha h i onl a poy ridc (o ian, hi aai i bng oad) Smilaly i h exap ih stand: h Shinx i a aoaba xue o h ba o h Nil, hil gh pec Si o b a poa ar adig he o a idiod o i Eua, h Engih ogiv an abiuaiuaio ha hod o a laivl iie iod, n we' going tothe oe a ot thee day, at that ie was woing the night sht

n addo o i u o h ogiv in ngih, ogin ngih ha nube o ohr sci u a o no o

u gnea iio o ogi, o inan I'e onyhad sx whisie and aeady I seing n eehants og o av vb see in ns ha I a on agining hig, i ach a o lpha o o ), o se's aways buyng aoe vegetabes than th ca osib eat h h uion o hogeiv e ipy b o ad ga o eec han oudb achived by h aih he aways uys fa e egetaes

tan th can sib ea ialy, o ue e o u

asso 9 1 5 hat Icedc ny e ha oayo o occ Possve ca u ogressve f emveeect, eg " M A? ltely hy are ou ng s?t ne o eah you lve A? (srps dgt o sgss 0 me t the y ue f te pgessve ma a fo ue eote stua o ht e unepected . s ty ou ue th Pgesv gsh f mpa

37



Pfeve n fve

dosycatc : hu e oe ca say et yo look w o yourook w h as opposed o look h Poessve po e oy you w no ·yur ng w; sa th

son he appopate se: you un oar, o you unoar. x eor h i Engi he mning f

rgreiv ig i rgi ini iuu eg he ueson e ase he e Eg Pogessv houd beven oe ohe eon han h ga lgus deton opossvees, e hthe he nng o he gs Pogessv sso exeded ha e shoud no spea o a as pogesv eagth vaou usda eag, u athe o o o geea ascea ch ncude o posve ag ad h aous oheeas tha th sh Pogessv as gsugge h si mig f gi v ng iu hs oud uu ogssv ng e,and aso he use o he Pogsv o ndca epoa onge)sae, ad u o de onge aua iuao he irio i i gi rgv ingihr b a u hrerio nn n As oe n he aov duso,ee a eea dosyncae n h u o he Esh Poessveha see, a eas n he pesen sa o ee, o ta aast aeea ea en abe o acoun o e e us o hs o

oeove, ahouh ay save e can used h Possveo dcae cone a, no en he cas ha al atveves a e us h ay o sanc, he e kn o noao oato o Poe, even eee o coesate (Jon ad tat t a a bo ay ca n andfro h hee wa no a at a oon a h nt out tat whn Mry wa n th roo nwa known tat t wa o ar

r pr) dd g ur h e ph) le hi ggei i pciv, i y g wwd pvdg pl fr he ppy lfari g h h Prgrev h e fhr fe , ge

1 r cc he tht ay cc i he Prgivad he ha ay ee ech ( 97 142 ; h frwk ed i the riefe dici f he ev Qir e 72 927)



1 .2 v

wt f t ssg stt (y ! y kw"knwng b q w fc ctfc st ( kw"a knwg bt q

e y? wt fc gg g f wg Itt knw"m nwing m bt qm n yt s t xts f t Egs Pgss i stc t f ctg t tg s sgst b y w b t Egs i vg f sct s Pss s wt gss g t ts xtg st s stg stgbw s w i

cic v c wt t tgg. Is istt Pgssiv Pgsv . Pss g d is gig s sccgssv g I s f wit t s tygii s Is Pss s x s g gsv bt g d v s y m yn y i gg gs y e f yn c t P i y f b f stt s I c s gy gssv f is w y st f vbs bg fw xt v b s tt it is gg g

g f is sst ig f t gsrve e cscs t t xy b tng f s css gssi g i fc

sc ss i ycy ics st s fc wt st f t b s wtt Bw y b ( kw " I

knwg ; nne kwg t wb f Sm

mmn w r ( y w kw t y knwing ; dC kwg w t b med te tgy (. t t t d kw t

tt ed w knwng h ss is gssv s cts s c f gss g s i wkng dwn te t t n d (t b wst w w w w w w

1 C he ug�Q Sh 7 26 h ee (ev re g ie e r of e o cre em



Pfctv and ipfctv

ocioot ( t an b wakn down t tt n, p tan wo i wakin down t tt now)

, ow, t cci w ig o

d pccll ogi oc, l r v pp t c w aw t accd ta t vict d aw t accd tabbn t vct pct tab i gv ( ac, ct c i t I wd wl f tg d o iidg p topr iig, ddl d d, ptig glcopl wo) tabn i gv i t c o

v wtd t gi d d t pc l ddl, t i ll I lld o) Slal : watcd dit a wo or di notn, w Fd ttg, no t wo i td, d gl cpl tt, i ctro watcd d iti do notin

u (1974: 4) tat m mial a a apctua tci, eg hvng (impfi mag v hf (p

civ mag), cp a t pua hfs. W idd asptuadiiai i me u pa, itii etwepgsv a pgse aig

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Comrie, Bernard ASPECT (Fragments)