Computers Rev3

7/28/2019 Computers Rev3

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Computers: How They Work1. What is a Computer

2. Components of Computer3. Worlds First Computers4. 4004 First single chip Microprocessor5. Transistors in integrated circuits (ICs)6. Review of MOSFET transistors (how they work and how they are made)7. Basic building blocks from transistors8. NANDS, NORS, Latches, Adders9. Simple components using basic building blocks10. Integrating the components to create a 4-bit Microprocessor11. Scaling up and Moores Law12. Machine Code and the processors Instruction Set Software13. Memory types (ROM, DRAM, SRAM, FLASH)14. Mother Board

15. Hard Drive16. Keyboard17. Monitor18. The Mousehttp://www.labsanywhere.net/SlideManager/slides/Computers_rev3.ppt
http://www.labsanywhere.net/SlideManager/slides/Computers_rev3.ppthttp://www.labsanywhere.net/SlideManager/slides/Computers_rev3.ppt


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Demonstrations

PC Mother Boards

Plain and Etched Wafers Silicon Ingot ICs with lids removed Masks

Memory Hard Drive Magnetic Tape Punch Cards CDs

Cathode Ray Tube Monitor LCDs Keyboard CCD chips


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What is a Computer?

A machine that storesinstructions and operateson information/data.

A calculator that executesa stored program(sequence of instructions)

http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu


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Jacquards Loom

Circa 1804


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Charles Babbages first attempt ata Computer

The Analytical Engine, c. 1822 Designed to use Jacquard

punch cards to store and runa program

Mathematician,

Augusta Ada Lovelace,created programs

Steam Powered 25,000 parts

15 tons and 8 feet high

Never completedhttp://concise.britannica.com


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Difference Engine II

Designed tocalculatepolynomials and

compute trigand logfunctions

C. 1847Crank operated

http://www.computerhistory.org/babbage/Now on Display at the

Computer History Museum!
http://www.computerhistory.org/babbage/http://www.computerhistory.org/babbage/


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Herman Holleriths Census Tabulatorc. 1890

Census recording performed in six weeks in 1890 Census recording took 7 years in 1880

Also on Display at theComputer History Museum!


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Data entered onpunch cards

Card reader usedmercury to close acircuit whichwould advance adial by one tick

http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/census-tabulator.html

Holeriths Tabulator


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ENIAC in 1946

First electroniccomputer

Designed for theArmy

$500,000 >17,000 VacuumTubes

150 KW of power Filled multiple

rooms (700 sq. ft) Soldered and

constructed byhand by theUniversity of Penn.


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IBMs Accounting Machine

Introduced in 1949

Punch cards used to store Fortran

programs up until about 1980.


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Individual Parts

Manual hand wiring

IBM 402


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The birth of the integrated circuit(IC)

1947- using silicon as a transistor is discovered

1960- TI put 10 transistors on one piece of silicon

Used in Apollo Space Program lower power and weight


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Intel 4004

The Worlds firstMicroprocessor, made in

1971

Computer on a chip!

It had 2300 transistors and

ran at 740 KHz.

It could execute 45

instructions.Could execute 96,000

instructions per second

As powerful as the ENIAC


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Wheres the chip?


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Microprocessor

Alogic machine thatcan execute acomputer program.

A Central ProcessingUnit (CPU) integratedinto a single chip

(i.e. constructed as an

integrated circuit or ICon a single piece ofSilicon) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit


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Busicom


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Moores LawIn 1965 Gordon Moore predicted thatthe number of transistors on a chipwould double every two years.


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http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/

Wiki di


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Wikipedia

micron = 10-6 meters

The feature size of an integrated circuit is indicated by the width

of a "wire," measured in microns (one micron is one millionth of ameter).Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits (4th Edition)


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Components of a Computer

Processor Memory

Input/Output

Processor

Input

(Keyboard, MouseUSB Drive, DSL,

Touchscreen, Microphone,

Hard Drive)

Output

(Monitor, speakers,

USB Drive, Printer,

DSL, Hard Drive)

Memory(ROM, RAM,

Registers, Cache)

USB Universal Serial Bus DSL Digital Subscriber Line


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4004 Processor

http://en.wikipedia.org


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Whats Inside a basic CPU?(Central Processing Unit)

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

Instruction Decoder

Program Counter

Instruction Register

Data Registers

Accumulator (place for storing a sum)

Clock for sequencing operations


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CPUs are made from Transistors

Transistors are tinyswitches that canopen and closevery quickly.

A negative voltagewill turn thistransistor on.

http://www.answers.com


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http://www.ugrad.cs.ubc.ca

nMOS Transistor (n-channel)

A positive voltage willturn this transistor on.


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http://www.britannica.com

Chips can have millionsof transistors built on a

small piece of silicon.

CMOS stands for Complimentary

Metal Oxide Semiconductor. This

means CMOS chips contain both

pMOS and nMOS transistors.


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Transistors are used tomake logic gates

http://www.iclayoutonline.com


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Making the Inverter Logic Gate


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http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/electricCircuits

Making the Exclusive OR gate (XOR)

N h t b d ith


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Now what can be made withNAND, NOR, & XOR gates?

1-bit adder(Full Adder)

A multiplexer selects


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Multiplexer

A multiplexer selectsone of many sourcesto send to the output.

http://users.ece.gatech.edu


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1-Bit ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

http://www.cs.umd.edu/

Comingfrom theInstructions


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4004 Processor

http://en.wikipedia.org


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Cascading 1-bit ALU to get a 3-bit ALU

http://www.cs.umd.edu/class/spring2003/cmsc311


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Memory A Device thatremembers a previous input.

Registers are the high speed memory onthe CPU chip. These registers are used

for storing data that is frequently needed.

Instructions are pre-fetched and stored in

registers too so that they are ready whenneeded.


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Registers


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1-bit Latch (Flip Flop)

Static Ram and registers are constructed with this logic.

The state of Q is retained as long as power is on.


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Clocked LatchAlso known as a D-Flip Flop

http://www.cise.ufl.edu


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Cascading Flip Flops to buildan N-bit register

k h dd b


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Now we know how to add binarynumbers and store binary data

Use Flip Flops to store instructions whichare coded as binary (base-2) numbers

Use an ALU to add numbers together

Scale this concept up to accommodate

larger numbersAdd more functionality to the ALU


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Microinstructions are coded andstored as binary data

Microinstructions are the controls that

make the hardware operateMicroinstructions are coded in 1s and 0s

Microinstructions are unique to the

processor (each processor has its owninstruction set)

The clock sequences operations and keeps

operations in lock step

00011011 Add C #1


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00011011 Add C, #1

To avoid large decodercircuits, the codes are

broken up into fields.

In this example there

are three fields, each

field has dedicateddecoding circuitry:

1. The command

2. The data to be used

To Registers A, B, C, and D

http://webster.cs.ucr.edu


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2 to 4 decoders

http://users.ece.gatech.edu


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Software commands Hardware

while (amt2


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Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle

Fetch an Instruction:

Fetch instruction at address stored in addressregister

Increment Program Counter

Load the Instruction Register with thisInstruction


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Decode

Decode the Instruction

Fetch the operands

Execute

ALU or other logic performs the operation

The result is then written to memory or to a

register.

M Hi h


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Memory Hierarchy

http://www.surriel.com/lectures/hierarchy.gif

Cache Memory


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Cache Memory

http://content.answers.com


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SRAM

Static Random Access Memory

Retains data in memory as long as power is on

Uses flip flops (4-6 transistors each)

Fast but more expensive due to more chip real-estate needed for each memory location comparedto DRAM

Used for cache memoryAccess time 10 nanoseconds

DRAM d SDRAM


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DRAM and SDRAM

Dynamic RAM

Dynamic refers to the need torefresh the data

Synchronous DRAM (Timing of memory chip is

synchronized with CPU clock)

Data is stored as electricalcharge in a capacitors

Capacitors will dischargerequiring that memory berefreshed every fewmilliseconds. This slows downthe DRAM

Dense therefore leastexpensive form of memory

http://www.electronics.dit.ie/staff/tscarff/memory/ram.htm

10 byte DRAM


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The word random means bytes can be accessed randomly.

Data access is not sequential like a magnetic tape.

http://www.cse.scu.edu


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SIMM & DIMM

Single In-linememory module

Dual In-line

memory module

These cards areDRAMS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMM

ROM of three memory locations


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ROM of three memory locations,each word of memory is 3 bits

Read Only Memory Data contents can not

be changed Data retained even

when power is off Manufactured with the

data Used for booting up

computer and loadingOperating System Device Driver software

http://www.compeng.dit.ie

Diodes
http://www.compeng.dit.ie/http://www.compeng.dit.ie/


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htt : tams-www.informatik.uni-hambur .de


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Flash Memory

Type of EEPROM(Electrically EraseableProgrammable ReadOnly Memory)

Using Floating Gate

Transistors to store bits Non-volatile (power not

needed to maintaindata)

MP3 Players are flash

drives with extracircuitry to decode datato analog music signals

http://electronicdesign.com/Articles/ArticleID/16383/16383.html


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Hard Drive50-80 GBytes

Data stored magnetically

Permanent Storage, Non-volatile memory

Fast - Spins 4,500 to 12,000 rpm

Dense and Inexpensive

Data easily erased and rewritten

Iron Oxide or very thin magnetic film applied with

a sputtering process stores magnetic data

http://www.metallurgy.utah.edu/


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Actuator

Actuator Arm Spindle

Read/Write head

Platter

Multiple Platters


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Read-Write Head

wikipedia

Multiple Platters

How Stuff Works

www.hddtech.co.uk

Head 20-50 nm from platter surface

A human hair is 100 nm

The voice-coil actuator controls the movement


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The voice coil actuator controls the movementof the actuator arm

Positions theread/write heads

Similar to a speaker! Uses a coil and

permanent magnet

Converts electricalsignals into mechanicalmovement

In this picture, magnethas been moved to theleft during disassembly

to expose the coil Coil moves freely

under the magnet

http://www.storagereview.com/guide2000/ref/hdd/op/over.html

Small Tolerances


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Small Tolerances

5-80 Mbytes/sec media transfer rateScaled up to size of Boeing, tolerances are

equivalent to traveling at 65 mph at an

altitude of 1.5 mm

As an analogy, a magnetic head slider flying over adisk surface with a flying height of 25 nm with arelative speed of 20 meters/second is equivalent to

an aircraft flying at a physical spacing of 0.2 m at900 kilometers/hour. This is what a disk driveexperiences during its operation.

Magnetic Storage Systems Beyond 2000, George C. Hadjipanayis

A C t i h th


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A Computer is much more than a processor.

Processor Intel Core2Q6600 Quad-Core (8MB L2cache,2.4GHz,1066FSB)

Video Cards 768MB nVidiaGeForce 8800 GTX

Memory 2GB* Dual ChannelDDR2 SDRAM at 667MHz - 2DIMMs

Hard Drive: 500GB* -7200RPM, SATA 3.0Gb/s, 16MBCache

Optical Drive Single Drive: Blu-ray Disc Drive (BD/DVD/CDburner w/double layer BD write

Monitors 20 inch E207WFPWidescreen Digital Flat Panel

Documents

Computers Rev3