Computers Fundamental

8/8/2019 Computers Fundamental

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Amity Business School

Computer Applications


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An Overview of ComputersAn Overview of Computers

A computer is an electronic device that process raw data

to generate information with speed and accuracy

The worlds greatest and most advanced computer is the

human body. Our mind is much faster and far superior to any

computer in existence.

A computer system contains:

Hardware (equipment)

Software (programs)

People (programmers and end-users)


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SOFTWARESOFTWARE

Software is intangible;. A user can only experience software.

Software is the instructions that are given to the computer.

HARDWAREHARDWARE

Computer hardware is anything that

is tangible in a computer machine .

Anything that you touch is

considered hardware.


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Input DevicesInput Devices

Accepts external data and commands

Sends data and commands to the processor

Processing UnitProcessing Unit

Also known as the Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Executes computer instructions

Process input data into information

Output DevicesOutput Devices

Show the processed data in understandable terminology


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Bits &

BytesThe computer only understands two things; those two things are ON and OFF. On is

represented by the number (1), while off is represented by (0). This is based on the

Binary number system, these digits are known as bits. The wordBIT is a contraction

of the words Binary dIgiT.

The wordBY

TE is a contraction of the wordsB

inarY

digiTs Eight. This means thatone BYTE consists of eight bits..

Kilobyte Approximately 1,000 bytes. A kilobyte can store up to 1,024 characters of

information.

Megabyte Approximately 1 Million bytes. A megabyte can store up to 1 Millioncharacters of information.

Gigabyte Approximately 1 Billion bytes. A gigabyte can store up to 1Billion characters

of information.


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Your Personal Computer HardwareYour Personal Computer Hardware


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CPU

RAM

ROM chips with BIOS and start-up programs.

Drives: Hard disk(s), floppy drive(s), CD-ROM, etc.

Ports, buses and expansion slots.

Expansion cards: Graphics card (video adapter),

Network controller, Sound card, video and TV card.

Internal modem

List of the PC ComponentsL

ist of the PC Components


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The ProcessorThe Processor Consists of circuits that interpret and execute program

instructions

Communicates with the input, output, and storage devices

MemoryMemory

Holds data after input and before processing

Holds data after processing but before release to the output device

Holds programs needed by the CPU

Secondary storage devices such as disks store data and programs


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RAMRAMRandom Access Memory is temporary spaced which can be changed or

erased. The RAM being referred to here is the onboard memory that the

CPU uses in order to store information temporarily. When the computer

is turned off the RAM is completely erased.

ROMROMRead Only Memory is permanent memory and cannot be erased, whether

or not the computer is turned off or on. ROM cannot even be changed.The information stored in ROM can only be read and not updated, It

contain instruction for the booting process.


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Chinese introduced ABACUS around 3000 years B.C.

In 17th century, A French mathematician Blaize Pascal produced a mechanical

digital calculator, which was known as adding machine because it could only add

and subtract.

Charles Babbage, a professor of mathematics gave the idea of a Difference Engine

in 1812. Theoretically it could solve diff. equations. In 1833, he came out with

Analytical Engine. Later thismachine proved to be the basis of Modern Computer.

HistoryHistory of Computersof Computers


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First Generation (1951First Generation (1951--57)57)

Vacuum tubes

Large computers

Lot of Heat generation

Extremely slow by todays standards

Prone to frequent failure

Software used: machine and assembly language


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Second Generation (1958Second Generation (1958--63)63)

This generation begins with the first computers built with transistors

Which are much smaller, use less power, and create less heat than

vacuum tubes.

As much as a thousand times faster than first-generation computers

More reliable, less prone to h/w failure and less expensive

1959, introduction of the removable disk pack, providing users withfast access to stored data.

Improved I/O devices, COBOL and FORTAN languages

IBM 1620, IBM 1401


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Third Generation (1964Third Generation (1964--69)69) In 1964, computer manufacturers began replacing transistors with

integrated circuits. A integrated circuit is a complete electronic

circuit with Hundreds of transistors packed into a single

integrated circuit on a silicon chip

Dramatic reduction in size and cost, portable

Significant increases in reliability, speed, and efficiency

Mass production techniques to manufacture chips inexpensively

OS available with time sharing and multi programming concepts.

Introduction of ARPANET and the beginning of the internet.


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Fourth Generation (1970Fourth Generation (1970--90)90)

The most significant advancement during this generation was

the use of the microprocessor

LSI and VLSI circuit technology (quarter of an inch square was

enough to contain as large number as 300,000 transistors.)

Complete computer on a chip, very small in size

Very reliable, much faster

Radical change in the appearance, capability and availability of

computers


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Amity Business SchoolFifth Generation (1991-Present)

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence,are still in development, though there are some applications, suchas voice recognition, that are being used today.

The use of parallel processing and supercomputers is helping tomake artificial intelligence a reality.

Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology willradically change the face of computers in years to come.

The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices thatrespond to natural language input and are capable of learning andself-organization.

The rapidly expanding Internet, World Wide Web, and the intranets havecreated an information super highway, that has enabled both computerprofessionals and home computer users to communicate globally.


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Fifth Generation (1991Fifth Generation (1991--2000 and beyond)2000 and beyond)

Our current generation has been referred to as the connected

generation.

The rapidly expanding Internet, World Wide Web, and the

intranets have created an information super highway, that has

enabled both computer professionals and home computer users to

communicate globally.


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COMPUTERS

DIGITAL HYBRID

Super

ANALOG

Mainframes Mini Micro

ClassificationClassification of Computersof Computers

Size and Performance wise

Embedded Special

Purpose wise


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Software

System Application

OperatingSystem

Languages LanguageTranslators

General Purpose ApplicationSpecific


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System Software releases to the set of programs which areprovided by the manufacturers and include the operating

system, languages, compilers, data management programs

such as disk space allocation and utilities.

System Software


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Operating Systems: Hidden Software Operating systems tell computer hardware what to do

An operating system is a set of programs that lies between applications

software and the computer hardware

The supervisor program loads other operating programs into memory as and

when needed


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Operating System

An Operating System or OS is a software program that enables the computer

hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a

computer Operating System a computer would be useless.

An operating system is similar to a government. The components of a computer

system are its hardware, software and data. The operating system provides the

means for the proper use of these resources in the operation of the computer

system.


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Types of Operating System

GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface a GUI Operating

System contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated

using by using a computer mouse. Below are some examples of

GUI Operating Systems. Windows 98, Windows 2000

CUI - Short forCharacter User Interface a CUI Operating System

contains command prompt. And we use text commands for doing

all the things. Below are some examples of GUI OperatingSystems. DOS, UNIX


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Multi-user - A multi-user Operating System allows for multiple users to use the

same computer at the same time and/or different times Below are someexamples of multi-user Operating Systems. Linux , UNIX , Windows 2000

Multiprocessing - An Operating System capable of supporting and utilizing morethan one computer processor. Below are some examples of multiprocessing Operating

Systems. Linux, UNIX , Windows 2000

Types of Operating System Cont


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Multitasking - An Operating systems that is capable of allowing multiple

software processes to be run at the same time. Below are some examples of

multitasking Operating Systems. UNIX, Windows 2000

Multithreading - Operating systems that allow different parts of a software

program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this

category are: Linux,UNIX,Windows 2000

Types of Operating System Cont


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Generations ofLanguages1GL Machine language Coded at machine level in

0s and 1s

2GL Assembly language Replaced 0s and 1s with

symbols

3GL High-level language Procedural language

COBOL, FORTRAN, C

4GL Query language, User Friendly language, Object

Oriented Language

Non-procedural languageSQL

5GL Natural language intelligent language

experimental stage


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Machine Language (first generation)

This is a sequence of instructions written in the form

of binary numbers consisting of 1s & 0s to which the

computer responds directly.

Adv. : Fastest (since the computer directly starts

executing it.

Dis. Adv. : Difficult to understand & develop


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DatabaseManagementDatabaseManagement

Software used for the management of a collection of

interrelated facts.

Useful for professions keeping record of large numbers

of related facts (i.e. Billing, crime detection)

GraphicsGraphics Software used to create visual images

such as:

drawings,

graphs,

charts, maps

Documents

Computers Fundamental