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Computers and computer science –
between past and future
Prof. Maciej M. Sysło
University of Wrocław,
UMK Toruń [email protected]
Warm up 1
These gentlemen are standing in front of ENIAC.
What are they holding?
Mouse
One number
One digit
Keyboard
Decimal digit: 0, 1, …
built out of 22 lamps!!! 2 Maciej M. Sysło
Warm up 2
Fridge store
Nuclear power plant
Supercomputer
Chip zoomed in
What is this?
Supercomputer Earth Simulator
(Japan 2002)
35,000,000,000,000 FLOPS Maciej M. Sysło 3
Computer – what is it?
1969:
‘A person’!!! Maciej M. Sysło 4
5
Computer – first appearance
1892
Rapid Computer,
Chicago,
produced a
computing device
called
comptometer.
Maciej M. Sysło 5
IBM PC
12 August 1981
Microprocessor Heart of the computer
Computers today
Elwro 800 Junior, 1986
Small school computers for children Maciej M. Sysło
The heart of every
device
6
Think Computer –
thinking device!!!
IBM commercial
1924
Maciej M. Sysło 7
Maciej M. Sysło
First electronic calculators
TI DataMath – 1972
4 operations TI 30 – 1977
for engineers
Elwro – Bolek Elwro – Lolek
Calculator
pocket computer
8
Human has always had to count!!!
Fingers, arms, whole body
have been used
Carvings in the wood
have also been made:
Counting a long time ago
Maciej M. Sysło
Chinese counted
up to
10,000,000,000 on
their fingers!!!
9
Maciej M. Sysło
Calculating tools
Suan-pan, China, 10th-11th c. Soroban, Japan, 19th c.
Schoty, Russia, 17th c. Quipu, South America
10
Maciej M. Sysło
Calculating tools
Japan,
school pen-box,
beginning of the 20th c.
Soroban
Writing
utensils
Soroban and
a calculator
11
Maciej M. Sysło
Calculating tools – pen boxes
Napier’s bones
1617
Modern product
Maciej M. Sysło
First calculator
13
Napier’s bones – how to use
25
x 25
125
+ 50
625
2 5
2
5
4
1
1
2
5
0
0
0
+
2 0 5 6
Traditional multiplication: Multiplication with the bones:
Maciej M. Sysło
First calculator
14
Operations: multiplication
table, carrying, addition,
writing under
Operation:
multiplication table,
addition, carrying
Schickard’s machine First calculator – 1624
Drawing from Schickard’s letter to Kepler Schickard’s machine - replica
The rods inspired W. Schickard to invent the first calculator.
15
Schickard's calculator – how it works
Bones in the form of drums, with all the digits.
Operation: • Set bones – the first operand • Set the other operand • Add the digits in windows
Maciej M. Sysło
First mechanical calculators
16
First mechanical calculators…
17
Blaise Pascal, 1623-1662
French philosopher,
mathematician, physicist
Gottfried W. Leibniz, 1646-1716
German philosopher,
mathematician, lawyer,
statesman and diplomat
Pascaline – counter mechanism Real calculating machine – step reckoner
Maciej M. Sysło
Calculators – adders
18
They only add…
All operations
as multiple additions
25
x 25
ABCDE
add 25 five times: 125
add 25 twice: 50
625
Multiplication as addition:
A B C D E
Hasbro’s adding machine
Maciej M. Sysło
Mechanical calculators – adders
19
345
– 137
208
ABCDE
345
– 137
1 00000
1 00208
Subtraction as addition!!!
ABCDE
345
– 137
99999
1
1 00208
ABCDE
345
99862
1
1 00208
ABCDE
345
862 137
99000
1
1 00208
Additions only!
Mechanical calculators – adders
20
Multiplication and division using multiple additions and subtractions
Maciej M. Sysło
Mechanical calculators – just curl!
21
Felix
(for F.
Dzerzhinsky)
Pinwheels
Maciej M. Sysło
Slide rules
Equipment of
every engineer
until 1972
30 cm
150 cm
12 m 22
Curt Herzstark (1902-1988) The perfect
mechanical calculator:
• developed at the
Buchenwald
concentration camp
• perfect design
• practically undestroyable
Maciej M. Sysło
CURTA calculator
– the miracle of technology
23
Curta calculator Perfect design, make and materials
M.M. Sysło
Leibniz ‘stepped drum’ – 1694 Disassembled into individual parts:
Maciej M. Sysło
Curta calculator – marval of technology
25
26
A. Stern, mechanical calculator, 19th c.
Polish notation – J. Łukasiewicz
Calculator Feliks – Feliks Dzierżyński
Foundations of computer cryptography
Negabinary arithmetic, UMC 1, 10 – Z. Pawlak informatyka + 26
Polish traces
Maciej M. Sysło
27
Elliott 803 na UWr,
1965
History, not far away… Elliott 803 – 1965
40 mln
… and later
28
Calculator replaced devices
which contributed to its
invention!!!
1 bn in 2008
Till 1972…
Maciej M. Sysło
Maciej M. Sysło
Today… We have supercomputers too.
Cray-1 (1976)
250,000,000 FLOPS
IBM Blue Gene/L (2005)
80,000,000,000,000 FLOPS
29
Jaguar 2009
1,000,000,000,000,000 FLOPS
Maciej M. Sysło
Today… we have a supercomputer used by everyone.
Google – served by the most powerful computer !!
30
Since when???
New tech???
What new technology will be
invented on IBM PC
that is going to replace PC?
Contemporary technology
31
Where does this difference
between the past and the future
come from?
Why do we remember the past but
not the future?? [Stephen W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time]
Till 2???… ?
Maciej M. Sysło