Computer Organization Lecture 02

8/10/2019 Computer Organization Lecture 02

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IT225: Computer Organizations

August 20, 2014 (Wed)

Lecture 2


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Assignments

Reading for today

1.1 (structured computer organization) 1.2 (milestones in computer architecture)

Skim 1.3 (the computer zoo)

1.4.1-1.4.2 (skip 1.4.3) (example computer families)

for Monday

1.5 (metric units)

Ch 2.1.1-2.1.4 (processors)

Watch the following Youtube Video

Inside microchip (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGN-

KLABVLk How mircochips are made

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2KcZGwntgg)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4ngrnLULOY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGN-KLABVLkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGN-KLABVLkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2KcZGwntgghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4ngrnLULOYhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4ngrnLULOYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2KcZGwntgghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGN-KLABVLkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGN-KLABVLkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGN-KLABVLk


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Assignments-continued

Homework#1

Due Wed (August 27th) @ 11:55pm Available right now on Reggienet


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Outline

What drives new trends in computer industry?

Technology; cost vs. performance

Structured Computer Organization

The Computer ZOO

Example Computer families

metrics


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Review: The Digital Computer

Machine to carry out instructions

A program

Instructions are simple Add numbers

Check if a number is zero

Copy data between memory locations Primitive instructions in machine language


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Review: Big gap between what human

wants and machine can do

You wish if you could do the following:

You: Siri, will you marry me?

Siri: No, we barely know each other

You: You are very disappointing! Then,

let me know if 143 is a prime number

Siri: yes, it is a prime number


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Review: Big gap between what human

wants and machine can do

In reality, You write the following program:

main()

{

for (int i=1; i < 143; i++)

Your program is translated into the following

assembly/machine language code:

mov ax, 1

Add ax, ax,1

.


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Structured Computer Organization, 6thEdition by Tanenbaum and Austin, Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2012

Languages, Levels,

and Virtual Machines (1)

Figure 1-1. A multilevel machine.

.

.

.


9/40Structured Computer Organization, 6thEdition by Tanenbaum and Austin, Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2012

Languages, Levels,

and Virtual Machines (2)

Figure 1-1. A multilevel machine.

.

.

.



Contemporary Multilevel Machines (1)

Figure 1-2. A six-level computer. The support method for each

level is indicated below it (along

with the name of the supporting program).

.

.

.



Contemporary Multilevel Machines (2)

Figure 1-2. A six-level computer. The support method for each

level is indicated below it (along

with the name of the supporting program).

.

.

.


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Basic JVM Components

The Java Virtual Machine

Classloader

Executionengine

Host operating system

Program

Class

fi les

The Java

APIs

class f i les

Native methods invocation


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Java -> IJVM


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Milestones (1)

Figure 1-4. Some milestones in the development

of the modern digital computer.

.

.

.



Milestones (2)



.

.

.



Milestones (3)




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Computer Generations

Zeroth GenerationMechanical Computers (16421945)

First Generation

Vacuum Tubes (19451955)

Second GenerationTransistors (19551965)

Third Generation

Integrated Circuits (19651980)

Fourth GenerationVery Large Scale Integration (1980?)

Fifth Generation

Low-Power and Invisible Computers


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1-19

Mechanical Computers

Babbages Analytical Engine

Copyright 2010 JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.

Abacus


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1-20

Vacuum tube, Transistors, IC, and VLSI


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How transistor works:


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1-22

Early History

1642: Blaise Pascal invents a calculating machine 1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that

uses punch cards

1800s: Charles Babbage attempts to build an analytical engine

(mechanicalcomputer)

Augusta Ada Byron develops many of the fundamental

concepts of programming George Boole invents Boolean logic.


Note: focus on words in red color


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1-23

Modern Computer Development

1937: Mark I is built (Aiken, Harvard University, IBM). First electronic computer using relays. 1939: ABC is built

First fully electronic digital computer. Used vacuum tubes.

1943-46: ENIAC (Mauchly, Eckert, University of

Pennsylvania). First general purpose digital computer. 1945: Von Neumann architecture proposed.

Main concept: Stored program in memory

Proposed digital logic (i.e., use binary rather than decimal)

Still the standard for present day computers. 1947: Creation of transistor

(Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain, Bell Labs).

1951-2: EDVAC and IAS

IC and VLSI

. Copyright 2010 JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.


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1-24

Early Computers

ENIAC


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAnhFNJgNYY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxj6h5JyfXs

V N M hi (f fi t )
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAnhFNJgNYYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxj6h5JyfXshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxj6h5JyfXshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAnhFNJgNYY


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Von Neumann Machine (from first gen)

- stored program in memory

The original Von Neumann machine.

(from first gen)


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Review: Von Neumann Machine (from first gen)

- stored program in memory

The original Von Neumann machine.

Program + Data

1. add

2. subtract

3. and

4. if result is false, jump

5. move.

CPU

PDP 8 I ti Si l B


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PDP-8 InnovationSingle Bus

(from second gen.)

The PDP-8 omnibus


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Outline

What drives new trends in computer industry? Technology; cost vs. performance

Milestones in computer architecture

A few key ideas

The Computer ZOO

Example Computer families

Processors


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Technological and Economic Forces

Figure 1-8. Moores law predicts a 60 percent annual increase in

the number of transistors that can be put on a chip. The data

points given above and below the line are memory sizes, in bits.


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The Computer Spectrum (1)

Figure 1-9. The current spectrum of computers available.

The prices should be taken with a grain

(or better yet, a metric ton) of salt.


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The Computer Spectrum (2)

Figure 1-10. A printed circuit board is at the heart of every

personal computer. This one is the Intel DQ67SW board. 2011

Intel Corporation. Used by permission.


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Microcontrollers

Appliances

Communications

gear Computer

peripherals

Entertainment

devices

Imaging devices

Medical devices

Military weapon

systems

Shopping devices

Toys


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Introduction to the x86 Architecture (1)

Figure 1-11. Key members of the Intel CPU family. Clock

speeds are measured in MHz (megahertz),

where 1 MHz is 1 million cycles/sec.

.

.

.


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Figure 1-11. Key members of the Intel CPU family. Clock

speeds are measured in MHz (megahertz),

where 1 MHz is 1 million cycles/sec.


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Figure 1-12. The Intel Core i7-3960X die. The die is 21 by 21 mm

and has 2.27 billion transistors. 2011 Intel Corporation.

Used by permission.


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Figure 1-13. Moores law for (Intel) CPU chips.


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Introduction to the ARM Architecture

Figure 1-14. The Nvidia Tegra 2 system on a chip.

2011 Nvidia Corporation. Used by permission.


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Introduction to the AVR Architecture

Figure 1-15. Microcontroller classes in the AVR family.


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Metric Units

Figure 1-16. The principal metric prefixes.


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Metric Units

The principal metric prefixes.

NOTE: - Memory size is represented in binary number Therefore, 1MBis 1024

kilobytes, or 1048576 (1024x1024) bytes, not one million bytes

H t k b d idth i t d i d i l b Th f

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Computer Organization Lecture 02