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Computer Networks COE 549 Directional Antennas for Ad-hoc Networks. Tarek Sheltami KFUPM CCSE COE http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/coe/tarek/coe549.htm. Outline. Introduction IEEE 802.11 (CSMA/CA) overview Motivations Problem statement Beamforming: Definition, types and advantages. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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April 22, 2023
Computer Networks COE 549Directional Antennas for Ad-
hoc NetworksTarek Sheltami
KFUPMCCSECOE
http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/coe/tarek/coe549.htm
2
Outline Introduction
IEEE 802.11 (CSMA/CA) overview Motivations Problem statement
Beamforming: Definition, types and advantages. Basic DMAC Challenges in Ad-hoc Networks using directional
antennas. Multi-Hop MAC (MMAC) Beamforming with Power Control Performance Evaluation
Ad Hoc Networks
04/22/23 3
A silenced node
A
B
C
D
Typically assume Omnidirectional antennas
Can Directional Antennas Improve Performance?
A
B
C
D
Not possible using Omni
04/22/23 4
A Comparison
Issues Omni Directional
Spatial Reuse Low High
Connectivity Low High
Interference Omni Directional
Cost & Complexity
Low High
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Motivation
• Are directional antennas beneficial to medium access control in ad hoc networks ?
– To what extent ?– Under what conditions ?
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• Sender sends Ready-to-Send (RTS) • Receiver responds with Clear-to-Send (CTS)
• RTS and CTS announce the duration of the imminent dialogue
• Nodes overhearing RTS/CTSdefer transmission for that duration– Network Allocation Vector (NAV) remembers duration
IEEE 802.11
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C FA B EDRTS
RTS = Request-to-Send
IEEE 802.11
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C FA B EDRTS
RTS = Request-to-Send
IEEE 802.11
NAV = 10
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C FA B EDCTS
CTS = Clear-to-Send
IEEE 802.11
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C FA B EDCTS
CTS = Clear-to-Send
IEEE 802.11
NAV = 8
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C FA B EDDATA
•DATA packet follows CTS. Successful data reception acknowledged using ACK.
IEEE 802.11
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C FA B EDACK
IEEE 802.11
04/22/23 13
IEEE 802.11
• Channel contention resolved using backoff– Nodes choose random backoff interval from [0, CW]– Count down for this interval before transmission
Random backoff Data Transmit
Random backoff Wait
backoff
backoff Data Transmit
WaitA
B
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Antenna Model
2 Operation Modes: Omni and Directional
A node may operate in any one mode at any given time
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Antenna Model
In Omni Mode:• Let us assume that nodes receive signals with
Gain Go
In Directional Mode:• Directional Gain Gd (Gd > Go)
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Directional Communication
Received Power (Tx Gain) * (Rx Gain)• Tx Gain = Transmit gain in the direction of receiver• Rx Gain = Receive gain in the direction of the transmitter
AB C
Convention: A link shown by overlapping beams along the line joining the transmitter and receiver. Nodes C, A form a link. C, B do not.
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B
Directional Neighborhood
A
• When C transmits directionally•Node A sufficiently close to receive in omni mode
•Node C and A are Directional-Omni (DO) neighbors
•Nodes C and B are not DO neighbors
C
Transmit BeamReceive Beam
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Directional Neighborhood
AB C
•When C transmits directionally• Node B receives packets from C only in directional mode
•C and B are Directional-Directional (DD) neighbors
Transmit BeamReceive Beam
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• A technique in which the antenna pattern is switched (or steered) to a desired direction.
• Two types: switched & steered beam.
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Antenna Beamforming
- Steered beam: can direct the beam to the desired direction. (cost more but better performance)
- Switched beam: can select one from a set of predefined beams/antennas
S D S D
21
1. Longer range Why?
higher antenna gain in the desired directionBenefits:
better connectivity and lower end-to-end delay
2. Higher spatial reuseWhy?
Reduced interference (narrower beamwidth)Benefits:
increased capacity and throughput
04/22/23
Antenna Beamforming
22
Identify the challenges encountered in MAC when beamforming antennas are used in Ad hoc networks and find the possible solutions of those problems in the literature.
Research Problem
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The two most impacted networking mechanisms as a result of using beamforming antennas are
1. Neighbor discovery identifies the one-hop neighbors
2. MAC provides distributed access to the channel
Challenges in Ad-hoc Networks
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24
DMAC is MAC with directional (beamforming) Antennas.
Two Operation Modes: OmniOmni and Directional
A node may operate in any mode at any given time
DMAC
04/22/23
Basic DMAC
• Assumption: Location of neighbors is known.• Sender transmits Directional-RTS (DRTS) • A node listens omni-directionally when idle,
– RTS received in Omni mode.
• Receiver sends Directional-CTS (DCTS)• DATA, ACK transmitted and received directionally.• Operation is the same as 802.11 but with directional
antennas and , and with the use of DNAV (directional NAV)!!
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26
Basic DMAC
Why DNAV (directional Network allocation Vector)? Asnwer: to combat directional exposed terminal problem. increased spatial reuse and throughput
A C
BE
D
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27
Neighbor discovery
New notions of neighbors:
B
A
Nodes A and B are OOOO neighbors. Nodes C and A are not OOOO Nodes C and B are not DODO
C
but DODO neighbors.but DDDD neighbors.
Transmit antenna
Receive antenna
OO Omni Omni
DO Dir. Omni
DD Dir Dir
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28
Neighbor discovery • How to know the direction of the intended node?
– CTS, DATA, ACK are much easier than RTS– Two possible ways:
• From the AOA (Angle_of_Arrival ) of RTS and CTS.• Or from self location information included in RTS and CTS.
– Directing the beam towards the destination for DRTS is challenging. Possible solutions:
• Most MAC proposal assumes that this information is available by routing protocol. Each node know its location (by GPS or any location estimation method).
• By AoA cashing of overheard packets (ex. Takai et al.[2])• Circular DRTS • ORTS.
04/22/23
29
DMAC by Takai et al. [2]• Goals: send RTS directionally without location knowledge.• Employs DNAV
– It is set according to AoA of the RTS/CTS dialog• Employs AoA cashing
– The direction of neighbors is cashed based on the estimation of AoA of the overheard packets.
• RTS is send directionally if the direction of the intended destination is available in the cash
• RTS is sent omnidirectionally if the direction of the destination is not available in the AoA cash or CTS is not received after directional RTS transmission.
• 3 to 4 times improvement in throughput compared to 802.11
04/22/23
Neighbor discovery
30
• Extended transmission range– Beamforming enables longer range– Advantages: reduced # of hops, e2e delays and better
connectivity (sparse networks)– Most of MAC proposals are not able to achieve the
maximum possible range• OO, OD link only,
– For Maximum range: • DD link
– MMAC by Choudhury et al. [3]
04/22/23
Neighbor discovery
31
MMAC by Choudhury et al. [3]- Knowledge of neighbors location is assumed- Goal: improve system performance (e2e delay and throughput)
by extending the range of transmission (DD link).- Similar to basic DMAC + DD link- DD link can be established by multi-hop RTS (MHRTS)
D
B
A
C
E
DO Link
DD LinkMHRTS
DATA
MHRTS
MHRTS
DRTS
DCTS
04/22/23
Neighbor discovery
Multi Hop RTS – Basic Idea
A B
C
D EF
G
DO neighbors
DD neighbors
A source-routes RTS to D through adjacent DO neighbors (i.e., A-B-C-D)
When D receives RTS, it beamforms towards A, forming a DD link
04/22/23 32
MMAC protocol
B
C
D E
F
G
H
A transmits RTS towards D
A
04/22/23 33
MMAC protocol
B
C
D E
F
G
H
DNAV
A
H updates DNAV
04/22/23 34
MMAC protocol
B
C
D E
F
G
H
A transmits M-RTS to DO neighbor B
A
04/22/23 35
MMAC protocol
C
D E
F
G
H
A
B forwards M-RTS to C (also DO)
B
04/22/23 36
MMAC protocol
B
C
D E
F
G
H
A beamforms toward D – waits for CTS
A
04/22/23 37
MMAC protocol
B
D E
F
G
H
A
C forwards M-RTS to D
C
04/22/23 38
MMAC protocol
B
E
F
G
H
C
A
D beamforms towards A – sends CTS
D
04/22/23 39
MMAC protocol
B
E
F
G
H
C
D
A
A & D communicate over DD link
04/22/23 40
MMAC protocol
B
E
FH
C
A
Nodes D and G similarly communicate
G
D
04/22/23 41
42
Problems in DMAC
There are two main problems associated with DMAC:
1. New Hidden Terminals 2. Deafness
04/22/23
43
Case 1. E is out of RTS/CTS range of
A/C communication
ACE
AE
D
The node is hidden to the ongoing communication of other node when it didn’t hear the RTS/CTS transmission while it can interfere
Case 2. Loss in channel state
D
C
Collision
Collision
The antenna of E is directed twards DRTS/CTS of A/C CANNOT be heard by E
Problems in DMAC 1. New Hidden Terminals
04/22/23
44
• A node A is deaf with respect to nodes X, Z, if it cannot receive from nodes X, Z due to beam direction while it can receive if it was in omni mode.
• Effects:– Waste the capacity and energy (due unproductive control packets).– Introduce unfairness (increased backoff interval).
RTS
RTS A BX
Z
DATA
X and Z do not know node A is busy. They keep transmitting RTSs to node A
Problems in DMAC2. Deafness
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45
• Hidden terminals and deafness are the two critical problems in DMAC.
• Possible Solution:– Send RTS and/or CTS omnidirectionally while
DATA/ACK are sent directionally. Example:
DMAC by Ko et al. [5]
Problems in DMAC
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46
- Knowledge of neighbors location is assumed- Multiple directional antennas for each nodes (switched beam)- Goal: increase spatial reuse while reducing control packet collisions.- DATA/ACK is directional- CTS is omnidirectional = OCTS- Two schemes for RTS:- Scheme 1 : DRTS (Directional RTS) only- Scheme 2 : ORTS/DRTS
A
BS
DX
S can send to D but not to X Both schemes send DRTS
DS
Scheme 2 sends RTS in all directions (ORTS) if no antenna is blocked
A
B
Problems in DMACDMAC by Ko et al. [5]
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47
Performance • Offers about 50% better throughput compared to IEEE 802.11,
depends on Topology• Scheme 1 vs. Scheme 2:
– Scheme 2 tries to reduce collision of control packets at the source while scheme 1 tries maximize spatial reuse in the vicinity of the source.
– No significant performance difference
Problems in DMACDMAC by Ko et al. (Cont.)
04/22/23
48
Problems with DMAC
Possible Solution to unfairness caused by Deafness:ToneDMAC by Choudury et al. [6]• Goal: to reduce the effect of unfairness caused by Deafness by
identify Deafness from congestion• RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK are sent directionally• After RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK exchange, A and B send their tones
omnidirectinally.• neighboring nodes that overhear the tones will know that node A or B
was engaged in communication.• Throughput is 2 times better than DMAC.
– Fairness is improved.
C will know that B was deaf. It will reset the backoff window to the minimum value.
A_TONE A B
CDATA
B_TONE
B_TONE
RTS
A_TONE
04/22/23
DMAC Tradeoffs
• Benefits
– Better Network Connectivity
– Spatial Reuse
• Disadvantages
– Hidden terminals
– Deafness
– No DD Links
04/22/23 49
Impact of Beamforming on Ad-hoc Networking:MAC , Neighbor discovery, Route discovery
Our Goal is to study the impact of Antenna beamforming on MAC.Examples: (Assume CSMA/CA )
Without beamforming With beamforming
A B C D A B C D
Exposed terminal problem No problem
A B A B
E
No problem Deafness Problem
C
D
E
C
D
04/22/23 50
51
Beamforming with power control
• Power control by it self can achieve higher performance– Reduce interference– Lower energy consumption
• Power control + beamforming can substantially improve the performance
No power control or beamforming
Area = A
r/2
r
Power control only
Area = A/4
r/2
Beamforming only
Area = A/6
Power control or beamforming
Area = A/144 !!!
A rough comparison of relative interference reduction, assuming 10 degrees directional beamwidth, and r 4 propagation. [1]04/22/23
Performance
• Simulation– Qualnet simulator 2.6.1– Constant Bit Rate (CBR) traffic– Packet Size – 512 Bytes– 802.11 transmission range = 250meters– DD transmission range = 900m approx– Beamwidth = 60 degrees– Channel bandwidth 2 Mbps– Mobility - none
04/22/23 52
MMAC Hop Count• Max MMAC hop count = 3
– Too many DO hops increases probability of failure of RTS delivery
– Too many DO hops typically not necessary to establish DD link
A
B
C D EF
G
DO neighbors
DD neighbors
04/22/23 53
MMAC - Concerns
• Neighbor discovery overheads may offset the advantages of MMAC
• High traffic – lower probability of RTS delivery• Multi-hop RTS may not reach DD neighbor due to deafness or collision•No more than 3 DO links is used for each DD link
04/22/23 54
Aligned Routes in Grid
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Sending Rate (Kbps)
Agg
rega
te T
hrou
ghpu
t (K
bps)
802.11DMACMMAC
04/22/23 55
Unaligned Routes in Grid
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Sending Rate (Kbps)
Agg
rega
te T
hrou
ghpu
t (K
bps)
802.11DMACMMAC
04/22/23 56
“Random” Topology
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Sending Rate (Kbps)
Agg
rega
te T
hrou
ghpu
t
802.11DMACMMAC
04/22/23 57
“Random” Topology: delay
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500Sending Rate (Kbps)
Avg
. End
to E
nd D
elay
(s)
DMACMMAC
04/22/23 58
• Nodes moving out of beam coverage in order of packet-transmission-time– Low probability
• Antenna handoff required– MAC layer can cache active antenna beam– On disconnection, scan over adjacent beams– Cache updates possible using promiscuous mode– Evaluated in [RoyChoudhury02_TechReport]
Mobility
04/22/23 59
Broadcast• Several definitions of “broadcast”
– Broadcast region may be a sector, multiple sectors
– Omni broadcast may be performed through sweeping antenna over all directions [RoyChoudhury02_TechReport]
A
Broadcast Region
04/22/23 60
61
References1. Basagni, M. Conti, S. Giordano, I. Stojmenovic, eds, Mobile Ad
Hoc Networking, IEEE Press/Wiley, August 2004. 2. M. Takai, et al., “Directional virtual carrier sensing for directional
antennas in mobile ad hoc networks”, ACM MobiHoc 2002, pp 39-46, June 2002
3. R.R. Choudhury, X. Yang, N.H. Vaidya, and R. Ramanathan, “Using directional antennas for medium access control in ad hoc networks”, MOBICOM 2002, pp 59-70, September 2002
4. N.S. Fahmy, T.D. Todd and V. Kezys, “Ad hoc networks with smart antennas using IEEE 802.11-based protocols”, IEEE ICC 2002, pp 3144-3148, May 2002
5. Y-B Ko, V. Shankarkumar and N.H. Vaidya, “Medium access control protocols using directional antennas in ad hoc networks”, IEEE INFOCOM 2000, pp 13-21
6. Choudhury, R.R.and Vaidya, N.H., “Deafness: a MAC problem in ad hoc networks when using directional antennas” ICNP 2004, Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols, pp:283 - 292 , 2004