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1©2004 Raj Jain
Computer Networking: Computer Networking: Recent Developments, Recent Developments,
Trends, and IssuesTrends, and IssuesCTO and Co-founderNayna Networks, Inc.San Jose, CA 95134
Raj Jainand Adjunct Professor
Ohio-State UniversityColumbus, OH 43210-1277
These Slides are available athttp:/www.cse.ohio-state.edu/~jain/talks/trends04.htm
3©2004 Raj Jain
! Impact of Networking! Life Cycle of Networking Technologies! Top 10 Developments of 2004! Optical Networking Developments: Core, Metro,
Access! Networking Technologies: Failures vs Successes! Wireless Networking: Issues
OverviewOverview
4©2004 Raj Jain
Impact of NetworkingImpact of Networking! Death of Time and Space ⇒ Globalization! High data rate ⇒ Short product life cycles! Long term = 12 year or 102 years at most! Distance between research and products has narrowed ! 3-6 years PhD research ⇒ Topic out-of-date by graduation! New Opportunities/Challenges for educators (globalization)! New challenges for learners (Immediacy)! A handheld device has enough storage to carry a small library! Computers have bigger memory than humans
⇒ Knowing where to find the information is more important than the information
! Web ⇒ Information production and dissemination costs = zero⇒ Too much (mis) information = Needles in the haystack
7©2004 Raj Jain
Life Cycles of TechnologiesLife Cycles of Technologies
Time
Number of Problems Solved
Research Productization
8©2004 Raj Jain
Hype Cycles of TechnologiesHype Cycles of Technologies
Potential
TimeResearch Hype Dis
illusionmentSuccess orFailure
9©2004 Raj Jain
Industry GrowthIndustry Growth
Time
Number ofCompanies
NewEntrants
Consoli-dation
StableGrowth
10©2004 Raj Jain
Top 10 Developments of 2004Top 10 Developments of 2004! Large investments in Security ! Wireless (WiFi) is spreading (Intel Centrino)! Broadband Access is growing faster than cell phones! Fiber is creeping towards home! Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) is in the Mainstream! Digital media (Video and Music) in the family room! Multi-service IP: Voice, Video, and Data ! Smart Cell phones with PDA, email, video, images! Multi-Protocol Label Switching for traffic engineering! Ethernet end-to-end! Instant Messaging enters the corporate communications
12©2004 Raj Jain
Dense Wavelength Division MultiplexingDense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
! 7λ× 200 Gbps (NTT’97)! 19λ× 160 Gbps (NTT’99)! 160λ× 20 Gbps (NEC’00) ! 128λ× 40 Gbps to 300 km (Alcatel’00)! 1λ×1200 Gbps to 70 km using TDM (NTT’00)! 64λ× 40 Gbps to 4000 km (Lucent’02)! Theoretically 1022 Wavelengths on one fiber (Lucent’99)! Potential: 58 THz = 50 Tbps on 10,000 λ’s! Ref: Optical Fiber Conference (OFC) 200x.
Distance
Bitrate λ
15©2004 Raj Jain
Core Optical NetworksCore Optical Networks! Higher Speed: 10 Gbps to 40 Gbps1
! Longer Distances: 600 km to 6000 km! More Wavelengths: 16 λ’s to 160 λ’s! All-optical Switching: Optical-Optical-Optical (OOO) vs
Optical-Electro-Optical (OEO)
! 1May 25, 2004: MCI 40 Gbps between two IP routers in San Francisco and San Jose, http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/040525/dctu050_1.html
21©2004 Raj Jain
RPR: Key FeaturesRPR: Key Features
! Dual Ring topology! Supports broadcast and multicast! Packet based ⇒ Continuous bandwidth granularity! Max 256 nodes per ring! MAN distances: Several hundred kilometers.! Gbps speeds: Up to 10 Gbps! Too many features and alternatives too soon (702 pages)
A
CD
B
23©2004 Raj Jain
Networking: Failures vs SuccessesNetworking: Failures vs Successes! 1980: Broadband (vs baseband) Ethernet! 1984: ISDN (vs Modems)! 1986: MAP/TOP (vs Ethernet)! 1988: Open System Interconnection (OSI) vs TCP/IP! 1991: Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB)! 1994: CMIP (vs SNMP)! 1995: FDDI (vs Ethernet)! 1996: 100BASE-VG or AnyLan (vs Ethernet)! 1997: ATM to Desktop (vs Ethernet)! 1998: Integrated Services (vs MPLS)! 1999: Token Rings (vs Ethernet)
24©2004 Raj Jain
Requirements for SuccessRequirements for Success! Low Cost: Low startup cost ⇒ Evolution! High Performance! Killer Applications! Timely completion! Manageability! Interoperability! Coexistence with legacy LANs
Existing infrastructure is more important than new technology
25©2004 Raj Jain
Access NetworksAccess Networks! 63.84 M DSL subscribers worldwide. 2003 growth rate of
77.8% is more than the peak growth rate of cellular phones.! All countries are racing to a leadership position in broadband! Digital-Divide ⇒ 30M subs@10Mbps, 10M@100Mbps in
Japan by 2005! Telecom epicenter has moved from NA+Europe to Asia Pacific Rank Country DSL per
100 PhonesRank Country DSL per
100 Phones1 South Korea 28.3 6 Israel 14.52 Taiwan 19.8 7 Denmark 14.23 Belgium 16.7 8 Finland 13.64 Hong Kong 16.1 9 Singapore 13.45 Japan 15.7 10 France 12.1
32 USA 5.6
27©2004 Raj Jain
Ethernet to the First Mile (EFM)Ethernet to the First Mile (EFM)
DataVoice
Video
Satellite dish
SD
C isco A S 58 00 S ERI ES
Po w e r
C I S C O Y S T E M SS
InternetS D
C isc o A S 58 00 S E RI ES
Po w e r
C I S C O Y S T E M SS
VoIP
T1/E1
Electrical & SONET/SDH
CATV
Video
30©2004 Raj Jain
Wireless IssuesWireless Issues! Security (IEEE 802.11i)! Higher Data rate (IEEE 802.3n, 100 Mbps, using
Multiple-input multiple-output antennae)! Longer distance (WiMAX, >1Mbps to 50 km)! Seamless Networking ⇒ Handoff (IEEE 802.21)! Mobility (IEEE 802.20)! Automated RF management (Cell sites)! Large scale networks (RFID, Sensors)
31©2004 Raj Jain
MobilityMobility! 1.35 Billion Mobile subscribers vs 1.2 Billion Fixed
line subscribers at the end of 2003 [ITU]! 70% of internet users in Japan have mobile access! Vehicular mobility up to 250 Km/h (IEEE 802.20)
32©2004 Raj Jain
Sensor NetworksSensor Networks! A large number of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional, and
small sensor nodes consisting of sensing, data processing, and communicating components
! Key Issues:1. Scalability2. Power consumption3. Fault tolerance4. Network topology5. Transmission media6. Cost7. Operating environment8. Hardware constraints
Internet
Sensor Field
SinkTask Manager
33©2004 Raj Jain
DestinationDestination
Change rate to 12.3 Mbps
SourceSource
Traffic ManagementTraffic Management
! DECbit scheme: One Bit in the header ⇒ Go up/Down! Used now in Frame Relay (FECN)! Used in ATM (EFCI) ! Slow-start in TCP/IP (Additive Increase, Multiplicative
decrease)! Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) in TCP/IP
! In July 1994, we proposed Explicit Rate Approach for ATM/ABR. 100+ Contribution. Current standard.
! Thirteen patents. Collaboration with industry.
34©2004 Raj Jain
OCARnetOCARnet! Ohio Computing and ATM Research Network ($1.7M+)
OARnetOARnet Ohio Super-ComputerCenter
Ohio State Univ
Univ ofCincinnati
Univ ofDayton
WrightStateUniv
Univ ofToledo
ClevelandState Univ
vBNS/MCI
NASAKentStateUniv
622 Mbps
155Mbps
WorkgroupSwitchWide-areaSwitch
45 Mbps
35©2004 Raj Jain
Wireless NetworkingWireless Networking! “An Experimental Testbed for Research in Advanced Wireless
Communications,” $1.5M from NSF! In collaboration with EE Dept experts in Antenna design ! Dynamically adapt to measured error characteristics:
! Media Access Protocol! Transport protocol (retransmissions)! Hand-off strategies
! Modem design for optimal higher-layer performance! Use two ECN bits and congestion coherence to distinguish
errors and congestion in wireless networks
36©2004 Raj Jain
CollaborationCollaboration! Inter-Faculty: Joint funding with other faculty in the
dept: Wu-Chi, Steve Lai, D. Panda, A. Arora! Inter-Department: Joint funding with other Depts.:
EE (Stan Ahalt, Jennifer Hoe, Yuan Zhang, Mike Fitz), OSC (Al Stutz), OARnet (Doug Gale, Eugene Wallis)
! Inter-University: OCARnet, ODEN! With Industry:
! Joint research proposals with Nokia, ...! Research Sponsored by: NASA, FORE, Nokia, ...! New Technology Seminars at Nortel, Lucent, ...
! Industry Forums: IETF, ATM Forum, TIA, IEEE, Networld+Interop
37©2004 Raj Jain
Top Networking Research TopicsTop Networking Research Topics1. Security2. Large scale wireless networks (RFID, Sensors)3. Mobility4. High-Speed wireless5. Optical packet switching6. Network-based computing (Grid computing)
38©2004 Raj Jain
Recent Funding OpportunitiesRecent Funding Opportunities! $40M from NSF on networking research. Two focus areas:
! Programmable wireless networks! Networking of sensor systems
! NIST SBIR:! S/w Tools For IEEE 1451-Based Smart Sensor Networks! Secure Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
! DOE $400M ! Massively parallel computing ! Lightweight operating systems for parallel computers
! DARPA: ! Internet Control Plane! All-optical Packet Router $18M
40©2004 Raj Jain
Fiber Access Thru Sewer Tubes (FAST)Fiber Access Thru Sewer Tubes (FAST)! Right of ways is difficult in dense urban areas! Sewer Network: Completely connected system of
pipes connecting every home and office! Municipal Governments find it easier and more
profitable to let you use sewer than dig street! Installed in Zurich, Omaha, Albuquerque,
Indianapolis, Vienna, Ft Worth, Scottsdale, ...! Corrosion resistant inner ducts containing up to 216
fibers are mounted within sewer pipe using a robot called Sewer Access Module (SAM)
! Ref: http://www.citynettelecom.com, NFOEC 2001, pp. 331
41©2004 Raj Jain
FAST InstallationFAST Installation
1. Robots map the pipe2. Install rings3. Install ducts4. Thread fibersFast Restoration: Broken sewer pipes replaced with
minimal disruption
42©2004 Raj Jain
SummarySummary
1. Collapse of Space and Time ⇒ Global competition and opportunities
2. Hype Cycles of Technologies ⇒ Recovering from the bottom
3. Core market stagnant. Metro and Access more important.
4. SONET vs Ethernet in Metro. Need carrier grade Ethernet.
5. Low cost is the key to success of a technology
6. FTTH is finally happening. EPON will lead.
7. Key issues in Wireless are Security and Mobility
43©2004 Raj Jain
Networking Trends: ReferencesNetworking Trends: References! References on Networking Trends,
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/refs/ref_trnd.htm! References on Optical Networking,
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/refs/opt_refs.htm! References on Residential Broadband,
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/refs/rbb_refs.htm! References on Wireless Networking,
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/refs/wir_refs.htm