computer networking fundamentals_topic1

COMPUTER

NETWORKING

FUNDAMENTALS

EC 301

CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION TO

NETWORKING Prepared By:

Sheila/JKE/PKB

DURATION

6 HOURS (3 weeks) Lecture

CLO 1

Explain the hardware and network devices to built

LAN for a specific implementation (C2)

CHAPTER 1

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202.188.0.134

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COMPUTER HARDWARE??

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING

COMPUTER HARDWARE??


HARDWARE Input

Device

Output

Device

Processing

Device

Storage

Device

COMPUTER SYSTEM?


HARDWARE SOFTWARE ? The instructions given

to the computer in the

form of a program

which are used for

different purposes.

COMPUTER SYSTEM ??


an advanced

electronic

device Input Output

raw data

from the user

processes

under the control set of instructions

gives the result

saves

In the storage space

COMPUTER NETWORK??


Network comprise 2 or MORE computers

that have been

connected

A group of device, known as a node

connected to media

transmission.

The computers can be geographically located anywhere.

Enable them to communicate with each other and share resources and files.


COMPUTER NETWORK??

HUB

HUB

HUB

ROUTER

REPEATERS

ATM TELEKOM MALAYSIA

BR

IDG

E B

RID

GE

SERVER

WORKSTATION

HUB

HUB

HUB

HUB

Computer networks can be used for several purposes: Facilitating communications.

Sharing hardware.

Sharing files, data, and information.

Sharing software.

people can communicate efficiently and easily

via :

Email, instant messaging, chat rooms,

Telephone, video telephone calls and

video conferencing.

each computer on a network may

access and use hardware resources

on the network, such as printing a

document on a shared network

printer.

user may access data and

information which stored on other

computers on the network.

Users connected to a network may run application programs on remote computers.


STAND-ALONE COMPUTER

NETWORK COMPUTER




Connected to Printer / scanner individually

Stored on Workstations / Pendrive / CD

Connected to internet Security software installed On

each computer. User keeps

security software updated.

Physical security typically poor

Connecting teams through phone


NETWORK COMPUTER


A single stand-alone

computer can be very

useful BUT it is when

connected to other

computers that it

becomes possible to

do some of the most

powerful things.

NETWORK COMPUTER


Share Printer / scanner Stored on server . All files can be

shared

Shared internet connection Security software installed on

server. Client for security software

installed on workstations. Server

auto updates workstations.

Physical security for servers good

Connecting teams through email /

2 TYPES of NETWORK

P2P NETWORK

CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK


P2P NETWORK

are more commonly

implemented where less

then ten computers are

involved and where strict

security is not necessary.


P2P NETWORK

each computer in the

network act as both client or

server for the other

computers in the network

allowing shared access to

files/email with every other

computer on the network

and peripherals without the

need for a central server


P2P NETWORK

all computers in the

network to use the same or

a compatible program to

connect to each other and

access files and other

resources found on the

other computer.


CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK

Suitable for larger network

A computer network in which one

centralized

Powerful computer is a hub to

which many less powerful

personal computers or

workstations are connected

Clients run programs and access

data that are stored on the server


PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK

Easy to setup. More difficult to set up.

Less expensive. More expensive to install.

Can be implemented on a wide range of

operating systems.

A variety of operating systems can be

supported on the client computers, but

the server needs to run an operating

system that supports networking.

More time consuming to maintain the

software being used (as computers must

be managed individually).

Less time consuming to maintain the

software being used (as most of the

maintenance is managed from the

server).


P2P vs C/S

PEER-TO-PEER NETWORK CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK

Very low levels of security supported or

none at all. These can be very

cumbersome to set up, depending on the

operating system being used.

High levels of security are supported, all

of which are controlled from the server.

Such measures prevent the deletion of

essential system files or the changing of

settings.

Ideal for networks with less than 10

computers.

No limit to the number of computers that

can be supported by the network.

Does not require a server. Requires a server running a server

operating system.

Demands a moderate level of skill to

administer the network.

Demands that the network administrator

has a high level of IT skills with a good

working knowledge of a server operating

system.


P2P vs C/S

CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK ELEMENT


2 . Client

1. Server

4. Network Interface Card

5 Network Operating System

3. Workstation

6. Node

7. Connectivity

Device

8 Backbone

9. Segment

10. Topology

11. Transmission

Media


1. Client

A computer on the network that requests resources or services from another computer on a network

client could also act as a server. The term client may also refer to the human user of a client workstation or to client software installed on the workstation.



2. Server

A computer on the network that manages shared resources

usually have more processing power, memory, and hard disk space than clients.

run network operating software that can manage not only data, but also users, groups, security, and applications on the network



3. Workstations

All of the user computers connected to a

network are called workstations.

A typical workstation is a computer that is

configured with a network interface card,

networking software, and the appropriate

cables.



3. Workstations

Workstations do not necessarily need floppy

disk drives because files can be saved on

the file server.

Almost any computer can serve as a

network workstation



4. Network Interface Card (NIC)

NIC provides the physical connection

between the network and the computer

workstation.

Most NICs are internal, with the card fitting

into an expansion slot inside the computer.



4. Network Interface Card (NIC)

NICs are a major factor in determining the

speed and performance of a network.

The three most common network interface

connections are Ethernet cards, LocalTalk

connectors, and Token Ring cards.



5. Network Operating System (NOS)

is the software that runs on a server and

enables the server to manage data, users,

groups, security, applications, and other

networking functions.




The network operating system is designed

to allow shared file and printer access

among multiple computers in a network,

typically a local area network (LAN), a

private network or to other networks.




The most popular network operating systems

are :

Microsoft Windows Server 2003,

Microsoft Windows Server 2008,

UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, and

Novell NetWare.



6. Node

A client, server, or other device that can

communicate over a network and that is

identified by a unique number, known as its

network addressers.



7. Connectivity device

A specialized device that allows multiple networks or multiple parts of one network to connect and exchange data.

A client/server network can operate without connectivity devices.

However, medium- and large-sized LANs use them to extend the network and to connect with WANs.



8. Segment

A network segment is a part of a computer

network.

The nature and extent of a segment depends

on the nature of the network and the device or

devices used to interconnect end stations.

Device including routers, switches, hubs,

bridges, or multi-homed gateways



9. Backbone

The part of a network to which segments and

significant shared devices such as routers,

switches, and servers.

A backbone is sometimes referred to as "a

network of networks," because of its role in

interconnecting smaller parts of a LAN or

WAN.



10. Topology

The physical layout of a computer network.

Topologies vary according to the needs of the

organization and available hardware and

expertise.

Networks can be arranged in a ring, bus, or

star formation, and the star formation is the

most common.



11. Transmission media

The means through which data is transmitted

and received.

Transmission media may be physical, such as

wire or cable, or atmospheric (wireless), such

as radio waves.



CATEGORIES OF NETWORK

WIDE AREA

NETWORK

METROPOLITAN

AREA NETWORK

LOCAL AREA

NETWORK

the largest network

very expensive to setup

high speed

a larger network than LAN

smaller than a WAN.

connects computer users in a particular

geographic area or region.

A group of computers that share a common

connection

in a small area or even in the same

building

an office or home network

connected by Ethernet cables

have high Speed connections.

Connect devices in a building


LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)


the computers are relatively close together.

can be constructed only with two computers and one printer only, or can be extended in one building to include audio and video peripherals.

LAN size is limited to a distance of several kilometers

LANs would be within the same office, a single building, or several buildings close together.

Common LAN topologies are bus, star and ring.

LAN has a data rate of 4 Mbps to 100 Mbps.

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

Connecting device between several buildings or area (city).


METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)


METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

is a network that interconnects users with

computer resources in a geographic area or

region LARGER than that covered by even a

large LAN but SMALLER than the area

covered by a WAN

Can send data, audio and video at long distances around the world.


WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

A computer network that spans a relatively

large geographical area.

Computers connected to a WAN are often

connected through public networks, such as

the telephone system.

They can also be connected through leased

lines or satellites.

The largest WAN in existence is the Internet.


WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)


INTERNET is a global network

that links computer networks around the world

Internet is from

Internetworking word, that meaning of communication between networks.

a network of network.


INTRANET A contained collection of computers and

networks within an organizations

connecting the organization's members and/or employees to a range of computer services, resources, and information.

firewall is used to separate the Intranet from the Internet and to get permission to access the source.


INTERNET VS INTRANET

Defines the way in which computers, printers, and other devices are connected.

the layout of the wire and devices as well as the paths used by data transmissions.


NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Commonly referred to as a linear bus, all the devices on a bus topology are connected by one single cable.


BUS TOPOLOGY

Bus is a passive network.

messages are usually broadcasted to every

computer

Computers in a network bus lines just listen in

to find out whether there is data that is sent.

This computer does not respond to send data to

the computer next to it.

If the computer fails, it does not give effect to

the entire network.


BUS TOPOLOGY

Advantages Disadvantages

Quick, reliable in building a small

network, easy to use and

understand

make a lot of network traffic is extremely

slow bus. Because any computer can

send signals at any time, these interfere

with each other

cable to connect your computer

does not need much, so prices are

cheap

Each barrel connector will weaken the

signal, if too many connections can result

in signal is not received correctly

Easy to expand the bus. Two cables

can be connected to become

longer with BNC barrel

difficult to be recovered


BUS TOPOLOGY

The star topology is the most commonly used architecture in Ethernet LANs.

It connecting all the cables from the computer to a central location, where everything will be connected to a device known as a hub


STAR TOPOLOGY

Each computer in a star

topology communicate with the

central hub that sends the

message to the all computers

(in a star network broadcast) or

only to a certain destination

computer


STAR TOPOLOGY

Advantages disadvantages

Easier to update and add computers in the

stars without disrupting network

If the central hub fails, the network

fails

Repairs of the network easily done in the

center of the stars

Requires device in the center of stars

for rebroadcast, or convert (switch)

network traffic

A damaged computer does not necessarily

affect the network

higher price because of all the cables

must be pulled from the center

Can use several types of cables within the

same network, with a hub that can accept

different types of cables


STAR TOPOLOGY

circuit arrangement in which

each network device is attached

along the same signal path to

other devices, forming a path in

the shape of a ring.

Each device in the network

(node) handles every message

that flows through the ring.


RING TOPOLOGY

Each node in the ring has a unique address.

Since in a ring topology there is only one pathway between any two nodes, ring networks are generally disrupted by the failure of a single link.

Similarly in the Ring topology message can travel in only one direction i.e clockwise or anticlockwise.


RING TOPOLOGY

The redundant topologies are used to eliminate network downtime caused by a single point of failure.

It is used to produce high-performance network: the network require special bandwidth for the features such as video and audio, or high performance is required when many users access the network


RING TOPOLOGY

Each computer receives the signal from the

computer next to it and send these signals to

the next computer

Since each computer send the signal it

receives, then the ring topology is an active

network.

No terminator is required because there is no

end in this topology


RING TOPOLOGY

Since the data is transferred as a sequence

of the same route the possibility of the

occurrence of data collisions do not occur

Maintenance work for this system is

somewhat similar to the star topology.


RING TOPOLOGY

Each node can be connected to the network

and can also be removed at any time without

affecting the whole system directly.

But one problem is if a node fails, the whole

network system is likely to be affected.


RING TOPOLOGY


As each computer is given the

same to achieve the token,

not a single computer can be

a monopoly network

The failure of a computer will cause

a network failure

not easy to repair if damaged

Increase or decrease the computer

will disrupt the network


RING TOPOLOGY

there is only one possible path

from one node to another node.

If any cable in that path is

broken, the nodes cannot

communicate.


MESH/HYBRID TOPOLOGY


As each computer is given the

same to achieve the token,

not a single computer can be

a monopoly network

Durable, eg failure media is not

disrupt the network when compared

with other topologies

It is easy to be recovered


MESH/HYBRID TOPOLOGY

NETWORK STANDARD

There are several organizations in the United

States and Europe that produces standards for

data communications and computer networks.

The role of these organizations are only

suggested standards.


NETWORK STANDARD The organizations are:

a. American National Standards Institute(ANSI)

b. Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) and Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

c. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)

d. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

e. International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

f. Internet Society (ISOC)

g. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)


NETWORK STANDARD

a. American National Standard Institute (ANSI)

is a private organization that coordinates all

standards organizations in the United States.

ANSI standards are among the organizations

involved in COMPUTER AND DATA

COMMUNICATIONS


NETWORK STANDARD

b. Electronics Industries Association (EIA)

is an organization representing many of

expenditures in the ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY.

Duties and responsibilities of EIA is more

focused on ELECTRICAL STANDARD

includingEIA-232-D and EIA-499: important

interface in the delivery / receipt of information


NETWORK STANDARD

c. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

(IEEE)

is a professional organization will issue a

standard in their respective fields and this

standard will be adopted by consumers.

In the computer world, better known in the

developing IEEE standard Local Area Network

(LAN) which is designated as IEEE 802.


NETWORK STANDARD

d. Internatinal Standards Organization (ISO)

is a voluntary organization with membership

from several countries.

ISO to work with other organizations such as

CCITT and ANSI standards to create some

standards such as HDLC (High-level data link

control)


NETWORK STANDARD

e. Internatinal Telecommunication Union (ITU)

an intergovernmental organization through

which public and private organizations develop

telecommunications.

The ITU was founded in 1865 and became a

United Nations agency in 1947.


NETWORK STANDARD

e. Internatinal Telecommunication Union (ITU)

It is responsible for adopting international

treaties, regulations and standards governing

telecommunications.

The standardization functions were formerly

performed by a group within the ITU called

CCITT, but after a 1992 reorganization the

CCITT no longer exists as a separate entity.



SOURCE DESTINATIONS CHANNEL

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION NETWORKING


SOURCE DESTINATIONS CHANNEL

Message sources are people

or electronic devices, that

need to send a message to

other individuals or devices.

the media that provides the

pathway over which the message

can travel from source to

destination.

The receiver of the

message


Most networks has one feature in common:

Transmitting information by breaking the original

information into a set of message (packets)

Transmitting packets sequentially

Reassembling packet back into original

information



In order to make sure the original message get transmitted correctly , computer networks used a set of rules:

Establish a link

Issue a command and command qualifier

Acknowledgement of command

Dissection message

Error detection and correction

Termination of transmission



Establish a Link



Establish a Link

Each packet is a string of bits and have to travel along way over a bunch of different network

Typically lots of computer sending and receiving information over the same network

The information getting sent can often get altered during transmission



Issues a command and Command Qualifier The SET NETWORK command allows to control

information about network services on an Open system.

Each structure defines a particular network service and contains the following information: Product name

Manufacturer

Type of network

Node name

Address(es)

Interface(s) (OpenVMS device driver)



Issues a command and Command Qualifier

Vendor-specific data

Status

Connections

Counters

Start command

Stop command

Path to the Point-to-Point Protocol utility (PPPD)

shareable image



Acknowledgement of Command



Router receiving

packets from DTE A

destined for DTE B

Without acknowledgment

the router forwards packets to the X.25 network and then

forwards acknowledgments from the network back to DTE A.

With acknowledgment

the router can acknowledge packets received from DTE A before it has received

acknowledgments from the network for the forwarded packets.

Acknowledgement of Command

Acknowledgment is transmitted between local

hops much faster and more efficiently than

between end-to-end hops.



Dissection Message

Proxies are good firewalls because the entire

packet is dissected and each section can be

examined for invalid data at each layer of the

OSI model.



Dissection Message

a proxy can examine a packet for information

contained in everything from the packet header

to the contents of the message.

Attachments can also be checked for viruses.

Messages can be searched for keywords that

might indicate the source of a packet.



Error Detection and Correction

Data can be corrupted during transmission.

ERROR = Data Send Data Received




2 types of ERROR

Single bit Error

In a single-bit error, only 1 bit in the data unit has changed.

Burst Error

A burst error means that 2 or more bits in the data unit have changed.



1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Parity bit will be in charge to make sure Total

bit 1 for bits words must be ODD

8 bits words

PARITY Bit

MSB LSB

1 + 1 = 2

EVEN

+ 1 = 3

ODD


PARITY CHECK - ODD PARITY

Parity bit will be in charge to make sure Total

bit 1 for bits words must be EVEN

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

8 bits words

PARITY Bit

MSB LSB

1 + 1 = 2 + 0 = 2

EVEN

EVEN


PARITY CHECK - EVEN PARITY

Method used to detect and correct error

Need to send extra bits with data

Redundancy bits are added by sender and removed

by the receiver

Allows the receiver to detect or correct corrupted bits


CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK


CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK

Sender Receiver


CHECKSUM Sender Receiver

Bin Dec Dec Bin

0111

7 7

0000

1011

11 11

1011

1010

12 12

1010

0000

0 0

0000

0110

6

7,11,12,0,6,9

6

0110

0000

0 9

1001

Sum 36 Sum 45

Wrapped Sum 6 Wrapped Sum 15

Checksum 9 Checksum 0

10 0100 36 10 1101 45 10 10

0110 6 1111 15

1001 9 0000 0

Error Detection VS Error Correction Detecting Error

Looking only to see if any error occurred.

Correcting Error

More difficult because need to know the exact number of bits are corrupted and more importantly the location of the message

Number of error and size of message are also important factors



Termination of Transmission

each side of the connection terminating

independently.

When an endpoint wishes to stop its

half of the connection, it transmits a

FIN packet, which the other end

acknowledges with an ACK.

Therefore, a typical tear-down requires

a pair of FIN and ACK segments from

each TCP endpoint.



Termination of Transmission

After both FIN/ACK exchanges are

concluded, the terminating side waits for a

timeout before finally closing the

connection, during which time the local

port is unavailable for new connections;

this prevents confusion due to delayed

packets being delivered during

subsequent connections.




TERMINOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION NETWORKING

Message Encoding



Messages sent

across the network

are first converted

into bits by the

sending host.

Each bit is encoded into a pattern of light waves

or electrical impulses depending on the network

media over which the bits are transmitted.

The destination host receives and

decodes the signals in order to

interpret the message.

Message Encapsulation

Messages are encapsulated before being sent to the

appropriate location



Message Formatting

On a network messages are formatted into frames



Message Formatting



Message Size

Messages have size restrictions depending on the

channel used

Messages must be of a particular size

Ethernet message sizes are limited to 46-1500

bytes



Message Timing

the amount of time from the beginning until the

end of a message transmission.



Message Timing



Tx Msg

Rx Msg

Start

Tx Msg

End of

Msg

Start

ACK

Time

wait to

Tx ACK

Rx ready

to listen

for ACK

Start listening

Rx Msg

Min time to

wait Rx Msg

Message Timing Access method

Determines when a message can be sent to avoid collisions

Flow control

Determines how much information can be sent at any given time

Response timeout

Determines what action to take if there is no response in a reasonable time period



Message Timing



Message Timing

The packet transmission time in seconds can be

obtained from the packet size in bit and the bit rate

in bit/s as:

Packet transmission time = Packet size

Bit rate



Message Timing

Example:

Assuming 100 Mbit/s Ethernet and the maximum

packet size of 1526 bytes. Calculate the results in

Maximum packet transmission time?



Message Timing

Example:

Max packet transmission = Packet size

Bit rate

= 1526*8 bit

(1 Mbit/s)

122 s



Message Patterns

a network-oriented architectural pattern

describes how two different parts of a message

passing system connect and communicate with

each other.



Message Patterns



My friend at Putrajaya want to send me a files

using my PKB e-mail. After sending the email

she identify that the files that she has attached

cannot get through the PKB server. In a given

scenario, identify which terminologies can be

relate to this communication problem in

networking .



Networking equipment typically

refers to devices facilitating the

use of a computer network.

includes gateways, routers,

bridges, switches, hubs, and

repeaters.


FUNCTION OF NETWORING HARDWARE

A network interface controller

/network interface card is a

computer hardware

component that connects a

computer to a computer

network.



NIC

NIC provides the hardware interface between a

computer and a network.

A NIC technically is network adapter hardware in

the form factor of an add-in card



Various types of NIC

PCI NIC

PCI Express NIC

PCMCIA

On Board NIC

Wireless NIC



PCI NIC

Peripheral Component Interconnect is an industry

specification for connecting hardware devices to a

computer's central processor.

Both Ethernet and Wi-Fi network adapters for

desktop and notebook computers commonly utilize

PCI.



PCI NIC

PCI defines the electrical characteristics and signal

protocol used for two devices to communicate over

a computer's central bus.

PCI network adapters and other devices exist in

several different shapes and sizes



PCI Express NIC

It is used to connect Fast Ethernet Networks

together and it is connected to a PCI Slot located on

your computer's Motherboard



PCMCIA/PC card

Personal Computer Memory Card International Association is an industry organization best know for developing a standard network adapter using the PC Card form factor.

PC Card form factor was designed for thinness, and PCMCIA is therefore especially used mostly in removable peripherals that connect to a laptop.



On Board NIC

A LAN connection or network connection

In a desktop, NIC's, video cards, sound cards and such can be inserted into physical slots on the motherboard but in a laptop there is no room for such a configuration. All of these things are built right in to the motherboard. Some desktops integrate these things as well but still maintain the slots as described above. So, an "onboard" or integrated NIC card would not be plugged into one of these slots.



Wireless NIC

WNIC is a network interface controller which connects to a radio-based computer network rather than a wire-based network

A WNIC is an essential component for wireless desktop computer.

this card uses an antenna to communicate through microwaves.



A HUB is a device

that provides a

central connection

point for cables from

workstations, servers

and peripherals.



HUB/SWITCH

multi slot

concentrators which

can plugged a number

of multi-port cards to

provide additional

access as the network

grows in size.



HUB/SWITCH

2 Types of HUB

1. PASSIVE concentrators/hub

No voltage supply

allow the signal to pass from one computer to another without amplify the signal.

2. ACTIVE concentrators/hub

Need voltage supply to electrically amplify the signal as it moves from one device to another

Act like repeaters that can extend the length of a network.



HUB/SWITCH

an electronic device that

receives a signal, cleans it of

unnecessary noise,

regenerates and retransmits it

can be separate devices or they can be incorporated into a concentrator/hub.



REPEATERS

it is necessary to

regenerates the signal

signal

Long Distance Cable

signal

a signal loses strength as

it passes along a long

distance cable

The repeater electrically

amplifies the signal it

receives and rebroadcasts it

at a higher power level

the signal can cover

longer distances without

degradation


REPEATERS


a device to allows segment of a large network into two smaller to reduce the amount of traffic on a networks and make the traffic more efficient.

2nd Network

BRIDGE

1st Network


BRIDGE


BRIDGE also can filters data traffic at a network boundary.


BRIDGE


2nd Network 1st Network

can connect the 2 network. adding new wiring scheme into an older wiring

scheme or

To up-date the network

New Network Network

BRIDGE


BRIDGE


2nd Network 1st Network

MONITORS the information traffic on both sides of the network so that it

can pass packets of information to the correct location.



BRIDGE

1st Network

2nd Network

LISTEN" to the network and automatically figure out the address of each

computer on both sides of the bridge.



BRIDGE

1st Network

2nd Network

INSPECT each message and broadcast it on the other side of the network.



BRIDGE

1st Network 2nd Network

MANAGE the traffic to maintain optimum performance on both sides of the network (like

a traffic cop at a busy intersection during rush hour.



BRIDGE

A ROUTER translates information from one network to another

it is similar to a super

intelligent bridge.

A ROUTER select the best path to route a message, based on the destination address and origin.



ROUTER

The ROUTER can direct traffic to prevent

head-on collisions or traffic

It is smart enough to know when to direct

traffic along back roads and shortcuts.



ROUTER

is a network point that acts as an entrance to

another network.

an internetworking system capable of joining

together two networks that use different base

protocols.



GATEWAY

The computers that

control traffic within a

company's network or at

a local Internet service

provider (ISP) are gateway

nodes.



GATEWAY

In PKBs, a computer server acting as a gateway node and it also acting as a proxy server and a firewall server.

A gateway is often associated with both a router, which knows where to direct a given packet of data that arrives at the gateway, and a switch, which furnishes the actual path in and out of the gateway for a given packet.



GATEWAY

Tell the class, what is the function of

computer network hardware?

Name 2 out of 5 of the computer network

hardware that u remember.

Identify which computer network hardware

can select the best path to bring a message,

based on the destination address and origin.


REFLECTION

Sketch a simple peer to peer computer

network at your house to show connection

between 4 individual user playing and

sharing web game.


ACTIVITIES

Construct a diagram of the local area

network in JKEs Multimedia Computer Lab

which include 40 connected PCs and 1

shared printer. The lab have 10 Ethernet

jack. Add any network hardware to apply to

the connection.


ACTIVITIES

The network in JKEs Office includes 44 connected PCs, 2 shared printers and 4 telephones with their own Ethernet jack. If there are 2 more PCs and 1 wireless router need to be add in the office but with no more Ethernet jack available. Design the connection to show the new JKEs office network. Add any network hardware to apply to the connection.


ACTIVITIES

NEXT : TOPIC 2

THE OPEN SYSTEM

INTERCONNECTION (OSI)

MODEL AND NETWORK

PROTOCOL

Documents

computer networking fundamentals_topic1