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COMPUTER HARDWARE
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a computer such
as monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk, mouse, system unit
(graphic cards, sound cards, memory, mother board and chips), etc. all of which you
can actually touch. Computer hardware is the physical components (devices),
which are the building blocks of personal computers. These are installed into
a computer case, or attached to it by a cable or through a port. In the latter case, they
are also referred to as peripherals. A combination of hardware and software forms a
usable computing system.
Hardware of a modern personal computer:
1. Monitor 2. Mother board
3. CPU 4. RAM
5. Expansion cards 6. Power supply
7. Optical disc drives 8. Hard disks drive
9. Keyboard 10. Mouse
Basics of Computer Hardware that runs inside your computer
Personal Computer Case: A computer case also known as a "computer chassis",
"tower", "system unit", "base unit" or simply "case" and sometimes incorrectly
referred to as the "CPU" or "hard drive" is the enclosure that contains most of the
components of a computer (usually excluding the display, keyboard and mouse).
Cases are usually constructed from steel (often SECC - Steel, Electro galvanized,
Cold-rolled, and Coil) or aluminum. Plastic is sometimes used, and other materials
such as glass, wood and even Lego blocks have appeared in home-built cases.
Modern personal computer
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umbe
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roce
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ory
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ally
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pute
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imate
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n rec
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ore in
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coo
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gnize
s pro
ksh
ksh
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at pro
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aging
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ms
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ize th
proce
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prod
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terio
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puter
inate
orma
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pes
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s mo
and i
oled
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e this
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ates a
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rmed
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r yo
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es al
cess
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essor
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m
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ions
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he c
imes
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ring
e the
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calc
es re
t sink
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r from
imply
g M
the c
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that
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type
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e com
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ply
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at oc
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othe
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ur co
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arit
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ccur
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all ac
rithm
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tions
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ush
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puter
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or d
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tation
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ter b
pute
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r disp
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it do
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er
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he p
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t
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t
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orati
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ents a
omp
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ory D
gh m
tify
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ts an
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uite
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mem
fy fa
rd dr
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res al
e two
uite
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ando
ng p
perm
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and h
puter
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te a
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fast,
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n is
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wo m
te a
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dom
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rman
of RA
ynam
d he
ter R
atic
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AMD
evice
mory
st, te
rive
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ll inf
o mem
a f
ings
om A
rogra
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r RA
ic RA
few
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ory i
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ve tak
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emo
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mic
nce r
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es or
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pt in
forma
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ams
nt m
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ic R
ce req
M.
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org
orp
or M
is tec
pora
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t in m
rmati
ory t
w or
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cess M
s is
mem
RAM
requ
M):
rgan
por
r Me
techn
orary
s tim
n me
ation
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orga
Micr
ss Me
is st
emo
AM
quire
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aniz
orat
Mem
hnic
ary f
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mem
ion in
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icron
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stor
ory
M):
ires
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nizati
ratio
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nicall
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e. H
emor
n in t
es -
aniza
ron c
emor
tored
ry ty
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es to
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ation
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mory
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ory.
n the
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izatio
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ory)
red i
type
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faste
ww
ww
ions
n are
ory
lly an
rms o
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. T
the c
RAM
ation
comp
ry)
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pe.
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ster t
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ns m
are f
any
s of
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. The
e com
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ons
mpan
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er
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er tha
sak
sak
man
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ny fo
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he C
omp
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s m
panie
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eras
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ksh
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er, th
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evice
rased
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an D
hie
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ous
rm o
torag
, the
CPU
uter’
nd R
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s vol
ice.
ed w
M fo
sim
shed.
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du
du
factu
us.
of
age.
he sa
PU c
ter’s
RO
nufac
are f
volati
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whe
for
imila
ed. T
RAM
cat
cat
cture
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e. G
sam
can
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OM
factu
e fam
latile
Cont
hen
r tem
ilar
. Thi
AM
tion
tion
e
elect
Gen
ame
an a
mem
M
cture
famo
tile ty
onten
en po
temp
ar to
his i
an
n.c
n.c
e PC
ectro
ener
e ca
n acc
emor
re
mous
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tent
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mpor
to a
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and
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com
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troni
erall
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ory.
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ype
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ower
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is
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m
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nic s
rally,
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rary
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proce
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ly, a
be a
ss it
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ored
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ry pu
apac
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stora
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e acc
it m
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ed in
s shu
purp
acito
essor
orage
cces
acces
muc
s fo
read
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hut
urpos
citor,
sors,
age, i
essin
cesse
uch
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ad a
n the
off
pose.
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amount is used as CACHE memory in the computer.
DDR (Double Data Rate SDRAM): DDR doubles the rate of data transfer of
standard SDRAM by transferring data on the up and down tick of a clock cycle. It is
incompatible with SDRAM physically, but uses a similar parallel bus, making it
easier to implement than RDRAM, which is a different technology.
ROM (Read Only Memory)
Read Only Memory or ROM can be programmed using a programmer and then it acts
as a “read only” device. This device is used as the textbook for
the CPU in the computer and is called ROM BIOS. It stores all
the basic information of programming the devices present inside
the system as well as the POST (Power On Self Test) sequence
which supports in OS Booting process. AMIBIOS and AWARD BIOS are the most
common ROM BIOSs.
Note: Number of organizations manufacturing ROMs, among which Transcend,
Kingston, Micron companies are famous.
The Types of ROM
PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory): PROM or one-time
programmable ROM can be written to or programmed via a special device called
a PROM programmer. Typically, this device uses high voltages to permanently
destroy or create internal links within the chip. A PROM can only be programmed
once.
EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory): EPROM can be
erased by exposure to strong ultraviolet light (typically for 10 minutes or longer),
then rewritten with a process that again needs higher than usual voltage applied. But
most EPROM chips exceeds 1,000 cycles of erasing and reprogramming.
FLASH ROM: (or simply flash) is a modern type of EEPROM invented in 1984.
Flash memory can be erased and rewritten faster than ordinary newer designs
feature very high endurance (exceeding 1,000,000 cycles). Modern NAND flash
makes efficient use of silicon chip area, resulting in individual ICs with a capacity
as high as 32 GB as of 2007, allowed NAND flash to replace magnetic in some
applications (such as USB flash drives). Flash memory is sometimes called flash
ROM or flash.
EEPROM (Electrically EPROM): EEPROM is based on a similar semiconductor
structure to EPROM, but allows its entire contents (or selected banks) to be
electrically erased and then rewritten electrically, so that they need not be removed
from the computer (or camera, MP3 player, etc.). Writing or flashing an EEPROM
is much slower (milliseconds per bit) than reading from a ROM.
EAPROM (Electrically Alterable ROM): EAPROM is a type of EEPROM that
can be modified one bit at a time. Writing is a very slow process and again needs
higher voltage (usually around 12 V) than is used for read access. EAPROMs are
intended for applications that require infrequent and only partial rewriting.
EAPROM may be used as non-volatile storage for critical system setup information
in many applications.
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evolution of Laser Disc technology. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony
independently from the mid-to-late 1970s.
Note: Sony, Samsung, Amkette are the famous CD manufacturers.
Floppy Drive:
A device that is used to read/write to floppy diskettes. Figures of floppy diskettes
are shown below.
Note: Quite a few organizations are
manufacturing Floppy Drives for PC among
which SONY, SAMSUNG, ACER are famous.
HARD DISK DRIVES
The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a
computer. The operating system, software titles and most other files are stored in the
hard disk drive. HDD (abbreviation), hard drive, hard disk, fixed drive, fixed disk,
fixed disk drive, hard drive is sometimes referred to as the "C
drive" due to the fact that Microsoft Windows designates the "C"
drive letter to the primary partition on the primary hard drive in a
computer by default. Hard disks are popular because their price to performance ratio
is very good. For very high performance, SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface)
is the ideal option, if price is not a criterion. The Latest trend is SATA 1 and SATA 2.
SATA hard disc has double the speed of hard disc. HDD of Western Digital Figure
shown below.
Note: Number of organizations use to manufacturing FLOPPY DRIVES for PC
among which SONY, SAMSUNG, WESTERN DIGITAL, ACER are famous.
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system 2).
EISA BUS
EISA has a 32-bit Address and Data bus and 10MHZ CLK speed. Extended
Industry Standard Architecture (in practice almost always shortened to EISA and
frequently pronounced "eee-suh") is a bus standard for IBM PC compatible
computers. It was announced in September 1988 by a consortium of PC clone
vendors as a counter to IBM's use of its proprietary Micro Channel architecture
(MCA) in its PS/2 series.
VL BUS / VESA LOCAL BUS
The VESA Local Bus (usually abbreviated to VL-Bus or VLB) was mostly used in
personal computers. VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association) Local Bus
worked alongside the ISA bus; it acted as a high-speed conduit for memory-mapped
I/O and DMA, while the ISA bus handled interrupts and port-mapped I/O. It is a 32-
bit bus which was positioned local to the CPU and hence its name. Therefore it could
support high bus speeds (that of the CPU).
PCI BUS
PCI has many benefits over other bus types. First of all, it supports 64 bit and 32-bit
data paths. So it can be used both for 486 and Pentium based systems. PCI can run up
to 33MHZ speed and has the advantage of being isolated from the CPU. INTEL
developed this bus.
PCMCIA: (PC Memory Card International Association)
The PCMCIA was first designed for expanding the memory in small, handled
computers. PCMICIA’S bus width is only 16 bits, but a 32-bit version is on its way.
There are three types of cards namely - Type 1 (3.3 m thick) - used for memory card.-
Type 2 (5 mm thick)- used for modem and LAN adapter.- Type 3 (10.5 mm0 thick) -
used for most common applications like PC hard disk Cards.
ADD ON CARDS or Expansion Cards: Used to add / improve functionality to the
computer. These are cards plugged on to the main board, the mother board (The one
that houses the CPU & RAM / ROM Bios). Each performs specific functions of
interfacing the Motherboard to peripheral device like mouse, Monitor etc. Some Add-
ons are discussed below.
Sound Card: Used to input and output sound under program
control. Sound cards provide better sound quality than the built
in sound control provided with most computers. Figure of Sound
Card shown below but nowadays sound cards exists in built-in
present day Motherboard. Figure of Sound Card shown here.
Display Adapter:
These interface the main board or Motherboard with the monitor and there are several
types of cards. The variations are in resolution, number of
colors supported.Used to convert the logical representation of
an image to a signal that can be used as input for a monitor.
Figure of Display card shown below but nowadays Display
card exists built-in with latest (present) day Motherboard. The
figure of Display card shown here.
Network Card:
A Network Card also known as a network interface card (NIC), (or network
adapter or LAN adapter) is a computer hardware
component that connects a computer to a computer
network. It is used to provide a computer connection over a network. Transmit data at
10/100/1000 Mb/s. Realtech is one of famous manufacturer of NIC. Figure of
Network Card is shown here.
PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express)
It is new generation of graphics cards, officially abbreviated as PCIe. Most computer
use the PCI-express graphic card now.
EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter)
The Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) is an IBM PC computer display standard
specification. EGA produces a display of 16 simultaneous colors from a palette of 64
at a resolution of up to 640×350 pixels (640 X 350 modes). The EGA card includes a
16 kb ROM to extend the system BIOS for additional graphics functions.
VGA (Video Graphics Adapter)
Advanced versions of SVGA / TVGA which start from a resolution of 640 X 480
pixel PCs usually use a VGA (Video Graphics Array) analog
connector (also known as a D-Sub connector) that has 15 pins in
three rows. Because a VGA (analog) connector does not support the use of digital
monitors, the Digital Video Interface (DVI) standard was developed. Typically blue
in color. Figure of VGA Adapter shown here.
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
Introduced in the Celeron / P II based systems, this caters to the demanding
multimedia applications with its high performance. The Accelerated Graphics Port
is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to a computer's
motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics.
Originally it was designed as a successor to PCI type connections since 2004.
Ports: PORTS are used for connecting peripheral devices to your computer, which
are described in detail in below.
SERIAL PORT
Communication external to the computer is done serially (bit after bit) through
this port. It is used to connect communication devices like
mouse, modem etc. Often used to connect an older mice,
older external modems and older digital cameras, etc, to the
computer. The serial port has been replaced by USB in most cases 9-pin
connector. Small and short, often gray in color. Transmits data at 19 Kb/s. Figure
of SERIAL PORT shown here.
PARALLEL PORT
8 Bit data transfer takes place between the computer and
an external device. It is typically used to connect a
printer. Most often used to connect a printer to the
computer. 25-pin connector. Long and skinny, often pink in color. Transmits data at
50-100 Kb/s. Figure of SERIAL PORT shown here.
USB PORT
Universal Serial Bus now used to connect almost all peripheral devices
to the computer. USB 1.1 transmits data at 1.5 Mb/s at low speed, 12
Mb/s at full speed. USB 2.0 transmits data at 480 Mb/s. Figure of
USB PORT shown here.
GAME PORT: It is used to connect a joystick for playing games. IDE
(Integrated/Intelligent Drive Electronics) Interface: This interface is used to
communicate with IDE Hard disks.
Fire wire / IEEE 1394 Port: Often found on Apple Computers.
Often used with digital camcorders. Fire wire transmits data at
400 Mb/s. Fire wire 1394B (the new fire wire) transmits data at
3.2 Gb/s. Figure of Fire wire / IEEE 1394 Port shown here.
PS/2 Port: Sometimes called a mouse port was developed by IBM.
It is used to connect a computer mouse or keyboard. Most
computers come with two PS/2 ports. Figure of PS/2 Port shown
here.
Ethernet Port: This port is used for networking and fast internet connections. Data
moves through them at speeds of either 10 megabits or 100 megabits
or 1 gigabit (1,000 megabits) depending on what speed the network
card in the computer supports. Little monitor lights on these devices
flicker when in use. Figure of Ethernet Port shown here.
MODEL QUESTIONS
1. Personal computer hardware are -------- components. (physical)
2. A Power Supply Unit converts alternating current (AC) into low-voltage DC
power.
3. ------------- is a circuit board that allows the CPU to interact with other parts of the
computer (Motherboard)
4. ------------- is used to store information. (Memory)
5. CPU or Processor is the ----------- of any computer. (brain)
6. There are two memory types – One is RAM and another is ROM
7. RAM is -------------- (non-permanent). (volatile memory)
8. DRAM (Dynamic RAM) is similar to a capacitor.
9. SRAM (Static RAM) is used as ------------ memory. (CACHE)
10. DDR has doubles the rate of data transfer of standard SDRAM
11. ROM can be programmed using a programmer and then it acts as a ----------
device. (read only)
12. Floppy drives replace ---------- flash drive is re-writable and holds memory
without a power supply. (Flash drive)
13. ----------- is a computer hardware component that connects computer to a
computer network. (Network Card)
14. --------- sometimes called a mouse port, was developed by IBM (PS/2 PORT)
15. ----------- devices are required for users to communicate with the computer.
(Input / Output)
SK. Faiz Ahmed, Nellore.
