3-*Understand the history and evolution of computer hardwareIdentify the major types and uses of microcomputer, midrange, and mainframe computer systemsOutline the major technologies and uses of computer peripherals for input, output, and storageLearning Objectives

3-*Learning ObjectivesIdentify and give examples of the components and functions of a computer systemIdentify the computer systems and peripherals you would acquire or recommend for a business of your choice, and explain the reasons for your selection.

3-*Case 1: Mobile and Wireless TechnologyThe challengeProvide mobile computing capabilitiesDeliver applications for use on small LED screensCommon applicationsPolice workAnti-terrorismGlobal employee communication and collaboration

3-*Case Study QuestionsWhat are some of the benefits that organizations could realize by connecting all of their employees by mobile devices?Are the CIOs in the case saying that ROI is not important when deploying mobile computing devices?The case suggests that an increasingly popular mobile device is the Black Berry. What is it about the BlackBerry that makes it so popular?

3-*Pre-Computer CalculationsCounting on fingers and toes Stone or bead abacusCalculate comes from calculus, the Latin word for stone1642: first mechanical adding machineInvented by Blaise PascalWheels moved countersModified in 1674 by Von LeibnitzAge of industrializationMechanical loomed used punch cards

3-*Early Computing19th CenturyCharles Babbage proposed the Analytical Engine, which could calculate, store values in memory, perform logical comparisonsNever built because of lack of electronics 1880sHolleriths punched cards used to record census data using On/Off patternsThe holes turned sensors On or Off when run through tabulating machineThis company became the foundation for IBM

3-*Electronic Computers1946 - First Generation Computer ENIAC Programmable5000 calculations per secondUsed vacuum tubesDrawbacks were size and processing ability1950s ENIAC replaced by UNIVAC 1, then the IBM 704Calculations jumped to 100,000 per second

3-*Waves of ComputingLate 1950s - Second GenerationTransistors replaced vacuum tubes200,000 to 250,000 calculations per secondMid-1960s - Third GenerationIntegrated circuitry and miniaturization1971 - Fourth GenerationFurther miniaturizationMultiprogramming and virtual storage1980s - Fifth GenerationMillions of calculations per second

3-*Microcomputers1975ALTAIR flicking switches1977Commodore and Radio Shack produce personal computers1979Apple computer, the fastest selling PC thus far1982IBM introduced the PC, which changed the market

3-*Categories of Computer Systems

3-*Microcomputer SystemsUsually called a personal computer or PCComputing power now exceeds that of the mainframes of previous generationsRelatively inexpensiveAre the networked professional workstations used by business processionsVersions include hand-held, notebook, laptop, tablet, portable, desktop, and floor-standing

3-*Recommended PC Features

Business ProMultimedia HeavyNewcomer2-3 GHz processorMac G4 or 2-3 GHz Intel processor1-2 GHz Celeron processor512MB RAM512MB RAM256MB RAM80GB hard drive120GB+ hard drive40GB hard drive18-inch flat-panel display18-inch or larger CRT, flat-panel LCD, or plasma display17-inch CRT or 15-inch flat panel LCD

CD-RW/DVD drive or portable hard drives for backupCD-RW/DVD+RW driveCD-RW/DVD driveNetwork interface card (NIC)High-end color printerInternal, 56K modem

Basic speaker systemDeluxe speaker systemBasic inkjet printer

3-*Microcomputer UsesWorkstationsSupports have mathematical computer and graphics display demandsCAD, investment and portfolio analysisNetwork ServersMore powerful than workstationsCoordinates telecommunications and resource sharing Supports small networks and Internet or intranet websites

3-*Corporate PC CriteriaSolid performance at a reasonable priceOperating system readyConnectivityNetwork interface cards or wireless capabilities

3-*Information AppliancesHand-held microcomputer devicesKnown as personal digital assistants (PDAs)Web-enabled PDAs use touch screens, handwriting recognition, or keypadsMobile workers use to access email or the Web, exchange data with desktop PCs or serversLatest entrant is the BlackBerryPDAs include Video-game consolesCellular and PCS phonesTelephone-based home email appliances

3-*Midrange SystemsHigh-end network servers that handle large-scale processing of business applicationsNot as powerful as mainframesLess expensive to buy, operate, and maintainOften used to manageLarge Internet websitesCorporate intranets and extranetsIntegrated, enterprise-wide applicationsUsed as front-end servers to assist mainframes with telecommunications and networks

3-*Mainframe Computer SystemsLarge, fast, powerful computer systemsLarge primary storage capacityHigh transaction processingHandles complex computationsWidely used as superservers forLarge client/server networksHigh-volume Internet websitesBecoming a popular computing platform forData mining and warehousingElectronic commerce applications

3-*Supercomputer SystemsExtremely powerful systems designed forScientific, engineering, and business applicationsMassive numeric computationsMarkets includeGovernment research agenciesLarge universitiesMajor corporationsUses parallel processingBillions to trillions of operations per second (gigaflops and teraflops) Costs $5 to $50 million

3-*Computer System ConceptA system of hardware devices organized by functionInputKeyboards, touch screens, pens, electronic mice, optical scannersConverts data into electronic form for entry into computer systemProcessingCentral Processing Unit (CPU)CPU subunits: arithmetic-logic and control unit

3-*Computer System ConceptOutputVideo display units, printers, audio response units, and so onConverts electronic information into human-intelligible formStoragePrimary storage (memory)Secondary storage (disk drives)ControlCPU controls other components of the system

3-*Computer System Concept

3-*Computer Processing SpeedsEarly computersMilliseconds (thousandths of a second)Microseconds (millionths of a second)Current computersNanoseconds (billionth of a second)Picoseconds (trillionth of a second)Program instruction processing speedsMegahertz (millions of cycles per second)Gigahertz (billions of cycles per second)Commonly called the clock speed

3-*Computer Processing SpeedsThroughput The ability to perform useful computation or data processing assignments during a given periodSpeed is dependant onSize of circuitry paths (buses) that interconnect microprocessor componentsCapacity of instruction processing registersUse of high-speed cache memoryUse of specialized microprocessor, such as math coprocessor

3-*Moores LawA doubling in the number of transistors per integrated circuit every 18 to 24 monthsOriginally observed in 1965, it holds true todayCommon corollary of Moores LawComputing prices will be cut in half every 18 to 24 monthsThis has been consistently accurateApplies to cost of storage as well

3-*Moores Law

3-*Case 2: Apple ComputerApple dropped from market leader to niche player due toClosed systems with proprietary hardware and softwareIncompatibility with PC applicationsCompetition from Microsofts Windows OS, which was mass-marketing to PC manufacturersAlso a closed system, iPod has most of market Struck copy-protection agreements with music companies

3-*Case Study QuestionsDo you agree that Apple will dominate the digital music market for years to come?Can the technology and business strategies Steve Jobs implemented with the closed system of the iPod be applied successfully to the iMac and other Apple closed-system computer products?Will the cachet of the iPod and the capabilities of Boot Camp and the Leopard version of Apples OS X lure more Windows PC users to the Mac lineup of desktops and portables?

3-*PeripheralsPeripheral is a generic name for all input, output, and secondary storage devicesParts of the computer system, but not the CPUAre all online devicesOnline devicesSeparate from the CPU, but electronically connected to and controlled by itOffline devicesSeparate from and not under the control of the CPU

3-*Peripherals Advice

3-*Input TechnologiesKeyboardStill most widely used input deviceGraphical User Interface (GUI)Icons, menus, windows, buttons, barsSelected with pointing devicesElectronic MouseMost popular pointing devicePressing mouse buttons initiates activity represented by the icon selected

3-*Input TechnologiesTrackballStationary device, similar to mouseRoller ball moves cursor on screenPointing StickSmall eraser-head device embedded in keyboardCursor moves in the direction of the pressure placed on the stick

3-*Input TechnologiesTouchpadSmall, rectangular, touch-sensitive surfaceUsually on keyboardCursor moves in direction your finger movesTouch ScreenUse computer by touching screenScreen emits a grid of infrared beams, sound waves, or electric currentGrid is broken when screen is touched

3-*Pen-Based ComputingUsed in Tablet PCs and PDAsPressure-sensitive layer, similar to touch screen, under liquid crystal display screenSoftware digitizes handwriting, hand printing, and hand drawing

3-*Speech Recognition SystemsSpeech be the future of data entryEasiest, most natural means of human communicationRecognizing speech patternsDiscrete required pauses between each wordContinuous speech recognition software (CSR) recognized continuous, conversationally paced speech

3-*Speech Recognition SoftwareSpeech recognition systems digitize, analyze, and classify speech and sound patternsCompares to a database of sound patterns in its vocabularyPasses recognized words to the application softwareTypically requires voice recognition trainingSpeaker-independent voice recognition systemsAllows computer to recognize words from a voice it has never heard beforeTypically used in voice-messaging computers

3-*Optical ScanningDevices read text or graphics and convert them into digital input for a computersEnables direct entry of data from source documentsA document management library systemScans documents, then organizes and stores them for easy reference or retrieval

3-*Optical ScanningScannersCompact desktop models are popular for low cost and ease of useLarger, more expensive flatbed scanners are faster and provide high-resolution color scanningOptical Character Recognition (OCR)Software that reads characters and codesUsed to real merchandise tags, sort mail, score testsOptical scanning wands read bar codes

3-*Other Input TechnologiesMagnetic StripeReads the magnetic stripe on credit cardsSmart CardsMicroprocessor chip and memory on credit cardUse more in Europe than in the U.S.Digital CamerasAllows you to shoot, store, and download photos or full-motion video with audio into the PCImages and audio can then be edited or enhanced

3-*Other Input TechnologiesMagnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)Used by banks to magnetically read checks and deposit slipsRequires an iron oxide-based inkReader-sorter equipment magnetizes the ink, then passes it under a reading head to sense the signal

3-*Output TechnologiesVideo DisplaysCathode-ray tube (CRT)Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)Active matrix and dual scanPlasma displaysUsed in large TVs and flat-panel monitorsPrinted OutputInkjet printers spray ink on a pageLaser printers use an electrostatic process similar to a photocopying machine

3-*Storage Tradeoffs

3-*Computer Storage FundamentalsUses a two-state or binary representation of dataOn or OffOn represents the number 1Off represents the number 0Data are processed and stored in computer systems through the presence or absence of On/Off signals

3-*Bit and ByteBitShort for binary digitSmallest element of dataEither zero or oneByteGroup of eight bits, which operate as a single unitRepresents one character or number

3-*Representing Characters in Bytes

3-*Using Binary Code to Calculate

3-*Storage Capacity MeasurementKilobyte (KB): one thousand bytesMegabyte (MB): one million bytesGigabyte (GB): one billions bytesTerabyte (TB): one trillion bytesPetabyte (PB): one quadrillion bytes

3-*Direct and Sequential AccessDirect or Random AccessDirectly store and retrieve dataEach storage position has a unique address and can be accessed in the same length of timeSemiconductor memory chips, magnetic disksSequential AccessData is stored and retrieved sequentiallyMust be accessed in sequence by searching through prior dataMagnetic tape

3-*Direct and Sequential Access

3-*Semiconductor MemoryMicroelectronic semiconductor memory chips are used for primary storageAdvantages: small size, fast, shock and temperature resistanceDisadvantages: volatility; must have uninterrupted electric power or loses memory

3-*Types of Semiconductor MemoryRandom Access Memory (RAM)Most widely used primary storage mediumVolatile memoryRead/write memoryRead-Only Memory (ROM)Permanent storageCan be read, but not overwrittenFrequently used programs burnt into chips during manufacturing processCalled firmware

3-*Flash DrivesSometimes referred to as a jump driveUses a small chips containing thousands of transistorsCan store data for virtually unlimited periods without powerEasily transported and highly durableStorage capacity of up to 1 GBPlugs into any USB port

3-*Magnetic DisksUsed for secondary storageFast access and high capacityReasonable cost

3-*Types of Magnetic DisksFloppy Disks (diskettes)Magnetic disk inside a plastic jacketHard Disk Drives (hard drives)Magnetic disk, access arms, and read/write heads in sealed module for stable environmentFixed or removableCapacity from several hundred MBs to hundreds of GBs

3-*RAID StorageRedundant Arrays of Independent DisksDisk arrays of hard disk drivesProvides virtually unlimited online storageCombines from 6 to more than 100 small hard disk drives into a single unitData are accessed in parallel over multiple paths from many disksRedundant storage of data on several disks provides fault-tolerant capacityStorage area networks can interconnect many RAID units

3-*Magnetic TapeSecondary storageTape reels, cassettes, and cartridgesUsed in robotic, automated drive assembliesArchival and backup storageLower-cost storage solution

3-*Optical Disks

3-*Uses of Optical DisksImage processingLong-term storage of historical image filesStorage of scanned documentsPublishing mediumAllows fast access to reference materialsCatalogs, directories, and so onInteractive multimedia applicationsVideo games, educational videos, and so on

3-*Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)One of the newest and fastest growing storage technologiesSystem for tagging and identifying mobile objectsUsed with store merchandise, postal packages, casino chips, petsSpecial reader allows objects to be tracked as they move from place to placeChips half the size of a grain of sandPassive chips derive power from reader signalActive chips are self-powered

3-*RFID Versus Bar CodingRFIDScans from greater distanceCan store dataAllows more information to be trackedPrivacy concernsInvisible nature of the systemCapacity to transmit fairly sophisticated messages

3-*Case 3: Self-Service KiosksSelf-service kiosks at airportsMore than half of Northwest Airlines eligible customers choose self-service check-inKiosks shave 5 to 15 minutes off the time Delta customers stand in lineCost savings are massiveVancouver Airport would need 145 additional check-in counters without the kiosks

3-*Self-Service Kiosk TechnologyNetworked special-purpose microcomputer terminalsVideo touch screensBuilt-in thermal printersMagnetic-stripe card readers

3-*Case Study QuestionsWhat computer system technologies and functions are included in self-service kiosks?What other technologies should be provided?What is the customer value of self-service kiosks for airline check-ins?What other services should be provided?What is the business value of self-service kiosks in the airline industry?Do self-service kiosks give airlines a competitive advantage?

3-*Case 4: Advances in Speech RecognitionComputerized speech has becomeSmarterEasier to useMore integrated with other applicationsInteractive Voice Response (IVR)Early systems were menu-drivenAdvanced are more conversationalAre now connected to other systems

3-*Case Study QuestionsWhat are the business benefits and limitations of IVR at Verizon and others?How could their use of IVR be improved?What types of business situations would benefit most from IVR technology?Which would benefit the least?Given the advancement in voice recognition software over the last 20 years, what types of new applications of IVR do you see in the next 20 years?