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1/14/2009Computer Functions and
Applications 1
Computer Functions and Applications
Presenter: Paul I. Lin, P.E.http://www.etcs.ipfw.edu/~lin
Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology
Purdue University Fort Wayne CampusJan. 14 2009
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Applications 2
Outline
Computer BasicsKey Events in the History of ComputingClasses of Computer SystemsThe Evolution of Operating SystemsComputer Networks and InternetsComputer ApplicationsProgramming Language DevelopmentMicroprocessorsMicrocomputersNetworking Equipments
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Applications 3
Computers Basics
Definition:Computer: Websters dictionary: a programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data
Related Disciplines (hardware/software/firmware)
Electrical Engineering/Electrical Engineering TechnologyComputer Science, Computer Engineering, Computer Engineering TechnologyInformation System, Information Technology
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Applications 4
Computers Basics
Von Neumann ArchitectureUniversity of PennsylvaniaThe first stored-program computer that allowed storing of instructions and data in the same memory (4096 x 40 bit wide)An ALU (arithmetic and logic unit)A control unit (60 op-codes/commands)
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Applications 5
Computers Basics
Improvement on von Neumann Architecture
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)Control UnitMemoryInput/output
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Applications 6
Computers Basics
Types of modern computersMainframe, Super Computer (parallel processors)Minicomputer (phased out), Super MiniMicroprocessor, MicrocontrollerMicrocomputer, Personal ComputersSpecialized processors (digital signal processors)
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Applications 7
Key Events in the History of Computing
Prepared by J.A.N. Lee, Stanley Winkler with Copy by Merlin Smith for the IEEE Computer Society for distribution in 1996 as part of the 50th anniversary activitieshttp://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/50th/30.minute.show.html
The Abacus
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Applications 8
Key Events in the History of Computing
Algorithm 12th centuryDeveloped a concept in process of counting and arithmetic to achieve some goalsby Mukhammad ibn Musa Al'Khowarizmi, a Tashkent cleric
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Applications 9
Key Events in the History of Computing
Adding Machine - 1642
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Applications 10
Key Events in the History of Computing
1801: in France, Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented an Automatic Loom for the control of patterns in fabrics
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Applications 11
Key Events in the History of Computing
1822: Charles Babbage, England, invented the Difference Engine for the purpose of computing
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Applications 12
Key Events in the History of Computing
1835-38: Konrad Zuse, in Berlin, Germany, invented Z1, a relay computer, using binary arithmetic
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Applications 13
Key Events in the History of Computing
1836-39: John Vincent Atananasoff and John Berry, developed the ABC Computer at the University of IowaLinear equations
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Applications 14
Key Events in the History of Computing
1946: ENIAC, the first true computer, University of Pennsylvania
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Applications 15
Key Events in the History of Computing
1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invented the device called Transistor (transfer resistance)
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Applications 16
Key Events in the History of Computing
1948: T. J. Watson Sr, IBM, ordered Selective Sequence Control Computer
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Applications 17
Key Events in the History of Computing
1949:The National Bureau of Standards, US, worked on two computers:
SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer) SWAC (Standards Western Automatic Computer)
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Applications 18
Key Events in the History of Computing
SWAC (Standards Western Automatic Computer)
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Applications 19
Key Events in the History of Computing
1951: The Whirlwind, Real-Time Processing Computer, MIT
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Applications 20
Key Events in the History of Computing
1951: Core Memory (RAM) of the Whirlwind Computer
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Applications 21
Computer History (continue)
1952: John von Neumann and his ENIAC Computer at Princeton University
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Applications 22
Key Events in the History of Computing
1959: ERMA (Electronic Recording Machine Accounting), General ElectricMagnetic Ink Recognition (MICR)ATM
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Applications 23
Key Events in the History of Computing
1964: IBM System/360, 32-bit CPU, 16K to 1M memory, 16 32-bit registers, 24-bit address bus, 128-bit data bus
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Applications 24
Key Events in the History of Computing
1965: Time-Sharing Computer, GE650
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Applications 25
Key Events in the History of Computing
Minicomputers (1960s)Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC) PDP-8 (Programmed Data Processor): using integrated circuits, 12-bit ($25,000), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-8PDP-11: 16-bit time-shared, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11
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Applications 26
Key Events in the History of Computing
Cray Super Computer (1986)
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Applications 27
Key Events in the History of Computing
Microprocessors (CPU on a chip)INTEL (Integrated Electronics) founded by Bobert Noyce and Gordon Moore, in 1968Intel Microprocessor Chip
4001, a 2K ROM, 4-bit I/O port 4002, 320-bit RAM, 4-bit output port4003, 10-bit serial-in, parallel-out shift register4004, 4-bit processor (1971), 2250 transistors
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Applications 28
Classes of Computer Systems
Single Instruction, Single Data StreamComplex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data Stream) ComputerMISD (Multiple Instruction, Single Data) Processing N ProcessorsMIMD (Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data) Processing N Processors
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Applications 29
Evolution of Operating Systems
Simple batch (IBM OS 360)Multiprogrammed batched Time-SharingMulti-user (UNIX)Personal computer (Apple OS, IBM DOS/OS2, MS DOS and Windows)Real-Time systemsNetwork OSDistributed systems (resource sharing, speedup, reliability, communication)
1/14/2009Computer Functions and
Applications 30
Computer Networks and Internets
ARPA Networking Research (late 1960s) - U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA)TCP/IP Protocols Suites (some examples)
Error reporting mechanism: ICMPRemote host access: TELNETFile transfer: FTPRemote procedure call: RPCNetwork management: SNMPInitialization: BOOTP, DHCPEmailWorld Wide Web Pages and Browsing (hypermedia, hypertext)
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Applications 31
Computer Networks and Internets
TCP/IP protocolsIP (Internet Protocol Address)
Datagram forwarding and routing; 32-bit, IPv6 (128-bit)Initialization: BOOTP, DHCPNetwork management: SNMPError reporting mechanism: ICMP
TCP (reliable transport service)UDP (user datagram protocol)
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Applications 32
Computer Networks and Internets
Local Area NetworksEthernet, Token ring
Other Communication LayersModem, Cable modem, ASDLTwisted-pairsFiber opticsWirelessRadio
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Applications 33
Computer Applications
Scientific research, R&DBusinessTelecommunicationsEntertainmentMilitary/defense communications and controlsIndustrial automation and manufacturingNetworking and distributed processingInternet and Web applications (e-commerce and e-business)
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Applications 34
Programming Language Development
Machine code Assembly language1954: FORTRAN, (John Backus) for IBM 704 computer to express problems in mathematical formula1960s: Programming Language Development
Fortran (Formula Translation) - IBMNatural language-like (LISP)COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) was developed under NISTALGOL60 (Mathematical language)APL (IBM)BASIC
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Applications 35
Programming Language Development
Scientific and industrial programming applications1970s/1980s
C (AT&T Bell Lab)PascalForthPL/IADA (US Defense Department)Parallel Fortran, C (for super computer)
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Applications 36
Programming Language Development
Internet and Web Applications1990s
C++ JavaHTML/XMLScript languages
2000sC#, VB.NETOthers
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Applications 37
Microprocessors
Intel 8008, 8-bit Microprocessors (1972)8-bit Microprocessors (1974), 8-bit data bus, 16-bit address bus, 64k memory
Intel 8080Motorola MC 6800, (Metal Oxide Semiconductor technology)6502Zilog Z-80
1976: Intel 8085, 8-bit data bus, 16-bit address bus
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Applications 38
Microprocessors
Advanced MPU1978, Intel 8086, 40-pin, 10 MHz, 16-bit DB, 20 AB, 16-bit registers1979, Intel 8088, 40-pin, 10 MHz, 8-bit DB, 20-bit AB, 16-bit registers1982, Intel 80286, 68-pin PGA, 12.5 MHz, 16-bit DB, 24-bit AB, 16-bit registers1985, Intel 80386, 132-pin PGA, 33 MHz, 32-bit DB, 32-bit AB, 32-bit registers1989, Intel 80486, 168-pin socket 3, 50 MHz, 32-bit DB, 32-bit AB, 32-bit registers
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Applications 39
Micro-Computers
Earlier Microcomputers1975: Bill Gates and Paul Allen Basic compiler for Altair 8800 (6502 MPU)1976: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, Apple II Microcomputer (6502 MPU)Radio Shack, TRS-801980s (Open Architecture): IBM PC (8088 MPU), IBM PC XT (8088), IBM PC AT (80286), and PC compatibles
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Applications 40
Advanced MPUs64-bit MPU for Super Microcomputers1993, Pentium P5, 3.1 million transistors, 273-pin, socket 4/5, 66 MHz, 64-bit DB, 32-bit registers, 32-bit ABPentium MMX (1997), Pentium Pro (1995), Pentium II (1997), Celeron (1998)Pentium III (1999), 9.5 million transistors, 0.25 microns, 550/100 MHz, 64-bit DB, 32-bit registers, 36-ABMany other new MPU with integrated capabilities: wireless, etc
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Applications 41
MPU Manufactures
Intel http://www.intel.com/intel/product/index.htmIntel Pentium 4 ProcessorMobile Intel Pentium III Processor-MIntel Xeon ProcessorIntel Itanium ProcessorFreescale Semiconductors Inc/Motorola www.motorola.com/semiconductors
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Applications 42
Embedded Processors
Fujitsu, www.fma.fujitsu.comPIC Microchip, http://www.pic.com/Philips, www.semiconductors.philips.comNational Semiconductors, http://www.national.com/Cyclone Microsystems http://www.cyclone.com/TI, www.ti.com
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Applications 43
Specialized Processors
Digital Signal ProcessorTexas Instrument http://www.ti.com/Analog Device http://www.analog.com/
Special ApplicationsMAXIM www.maxim-ic.com
AI Techniques & Applications (Neural net, fuzzy, expert-systems)
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Applications 44
Specialized Processors
Ethernet-Enabled MPUhttp://www.rabbitsemiconductor.com/
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Applications 45
Programmable Chips
FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)ALTERA www.altera.comXILINX http://www.xilinx.com/Cypress www.cypress.com
Software Design ToolsSynopsys www.synopsys.com
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Applications 46
Application Processors
PDAPalmPocket PCCell Phone
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Applications 47
Networking Equipments
CISCO Systems http://www.cisco.com/3COM http://www.3com.com/index2.htmlNortel Networks http://www.nortelnetworks.com/index.html
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Applications 48
Computers for Automation and Measurement
SIXNET http://www.sixnetio.com/OPTO22 http://www.opto22.com/National Instrument www.ni.com
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Applications 49
Distance Learning Environment -1999-2001 by Prof. Paul Lin
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Applications 50
Internet Networking/Control Applications (1999-2001) by Prof. Paul Lin
LMC4 Controller 149.164..36..51Lab Web Server 149.164.36.204Linux Server 149.164.36.10SNAP Brain Ethernet 149.164.36.52Wireless SNAP Brain 149.164.36.55LA3021 PC Card Client 149.164.36.50Access Point Wireless Hub 149.164.36.56Web Cam 149.164.36.19Linux 7.0 Server 149.164.35.5 ECET_Apps 149.164.35.2Server in a box 149.164.36.20